Inqubo yomthetho injini yokubusa kwentando yeningi, iguqula imibono nezimiso ezidinga ukumiswa njengemithetho ehlangene. Nakuba ngokuvamile ibhekwa njenge-acane ne-ant-evel, ukuqonda lenqubo iyisisekelo sesizwe esisebenzayo. Inika othisha, abafundi, kanye nezakhamuzi amandla okulandelela i-arctic commond, ilindele ukulawulwa kwayo, futhi ihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekulungiseni imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwethu. Lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo esigabeni ngasinye sohambo lwe-mthetho, futhi kunikeza imithombo yezemfundo ejulile yezenhlalakahle.

Ukubukeza Inqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Phakathi nendawo, inqubo yomthetho iyindlela ehlelwe kahle yokuguqula isiphakamiso sesimiso sibe umthetho obophayo. E-United States, lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho se-bamaral Congress , iNdlu yabameleli neSigele (isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya). Le nqubo iveza iziphetho eziningi namasuntswana aklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuthatha umthetho oqinile noma ongabalelwanga kahle. Unyaka ngamunye, izinkulungwane zemali ziyasungulwa, kodwa kusinda isiqephu esiqinile sezokuzwa kwekomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, nokubuyisana phakathi kwamagumbi. Uhambo luhlanganisa izigaba eziyisithupha eziyinhloko: ukusungula, ukubukeza, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa ikomiti yokwenza ingqungqungquthela (uma), ukuvuma nokugunyaza inkampani.

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise inqubo yemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwazi ukuthi inhlekelele yesivumelwano inqunywa kakhulu ekomitini ukuba inike abantu amandla okuqondisa imizamo yokuqondisa amalungu ekomiti abalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubo ayimi ndawonye; ivumelana nemithetho yephalamende, izimpawu, nokuziphatha okuhleliwe kwabenzi bemithetho. Umphumela uyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ekhanyayo, lapho ifakwa umphakathi onolwazi, ingaveza imithetho evumelanayo nephumelelayo.

Ibhayisekili Lokuphila: Isiteji Ngezinga Eliningi

Ukumenyezelwa Kwencwadi

Imali iqala ukuphila kwayo lapho ilungu leKhongolo-karth--"umxhasi" eliyingenisa ngokuyikhomba eNdlu noma eSigele. Endlini, kubekwa isikweleti somabhalane; eSigeqeni, inikwa umphathi weSigele. Umthetho unikwa inombolo (umk. H.R. 1 noma S. 1) futhi unyatheliswe ukusakaza. Nakuba noma yimuphi ummisi wamalungelo engokomthetho engaveza isikweleti, amathuba entuthuko ngokuvamile axhomeke esabelweni sekomitini yezisebenzi zomxhasi nasesikhulu.

Amabhuloho anezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inezinjongo ezihlukile:

  • Ibhulobhu ze-Public - - ithinta umphakathi jikelele futhi ikhulume ngezimiso ezibanzi njengezokunakekela impilo, intela, noma ukufuduka.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Izincwadi – Nikeza impumuzo kubantu abathile noma izinhlangano, njengokunikeza umuntu oqanjiwe ilungelo lokuba isakhamuzi noma ukubuyisa ukumangalela uhulumeni.
  • Isinqumo somfantu – isetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho-siseko, ukuthatha indawo, noma ukunwetshwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo. Zidinga ama-35 eningi kuwo womabili amagumbi, futhi, ukuze kulungiswe, ukuhlaziywa, ngezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezifunda.
  • Izinqumo zeKonquerum - Izindaba ezithinta womabili amagumbi (umz., izinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela, imithetho ishintsha) futhi aziphathi amandla omthetho.
  • Izinqumo ezilula – Bheksicilo yegumbi elilodwa futhi ayithunyelwa kuMongameli.

Ukuqonda uhlobo kucacisa izinga lemali nendlela edingayo yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhefu lomthetho lidlula izigaba eziningi zomphakathi ngoba lithinta iqembu elincane kuphela, kuyilapho isinqumo esihlangene sokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo sidinga ukuthatha amasu amakhulu nhlangothi zonke.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, lesi sikwengamela sibhekiswa ekomitini emile (noma ngezinye izikhathi ekhonkisweni ephansi (ngokuvumelana nemithetho). AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi wokushaya umthetho uyenzeka khona. Aphatha ukuqulwa kwemithetho, aqoqe ubufakazi obuyingcaciso, futhi aphawule isikhwama esihlongozayo. Lesisiteji sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umgcini-zintambo" ngoba umthetho ohlulekayo ukuzuza intuthuko yekomiti.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko yamakomiti zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuhlola okucashiwe - Amalungu ahlola ulimi lolimi, athole imiphumela engahlolwanga, futhi ahlole amagalelo.
  • [ uzwa [ - - OFakazi abavela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, amaqembu enzalo, amathangi okucabanga, nemiphakathi ethintekile inikeza ubufakazi nemibono. Ukuzwa kusobala, kunikeza izakhamuzi ifasitela lokucabanga ngemithetho.
  • I'ss sessions's's'scroww - - amalungu amaKomiti aphikisanayo futhi avote ekulungiseni, ukuhlanganisa umsuka "wehlanzekile" wemali. Umkhiqizo wokugcina uvotelwa yikomiti egcwele.

AmaKomiti angabulala futhi isikweleti ngokusifaka esibhukwini, qha, anqabe ukwenza. Noma, angabika incwadi elungile, engafanele, noma ngaphandle kokutusa. Umbiko wekomiti uyincwadi egxekayo, echaza injongo yomthetho wesikhwama kanye nesisekelo sokulungisa imvume ngayinye. Kulawo mthetho olandela umkhondo, umbiko wekomiti uyi-goldmine yokwaziswa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izikweleti eziningi zifa ekomitini. Ngokwemininingwane evela eGovTrack.us, cishe amaphesenti amane kuphela ezikweletu eziqalayo aba umthetho. Lokhu kwenza ikomiti iqophelo elibalulekile lokuqapha. Amalungu ekomiti aqalayo ukuxhumana aqale ngethuba elingaphambili."ngaphambi kokuba ukuqulwa kwecala kuhlelelwe `ukuhlolwa ngokungathi sína.

Indima Yezibopho Ezingaphansi

Amakomiti amaningi amile afaka amakomiti akhethekile anezikhundla eziphethe izihloko ezimngcingo. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Committee on Energy and Commerce inezibopho ezingaphansi kwezempilo, iNdawo Ezungezile, ne-Consumer Protection. Imali elawula izinga lendiza ingaqala ukuya e-Subster Comptee on Environment, lapho ochwepheshe bengena khona shí entweni yesayensi nasemiphumeleni yezomnotho. Ikomiti yangaphansi ifaka umbiko ekomitini egcwele, futhi ukutusa kwabo kuvame ukuguqula ikomiti yokugcina.

Impikiswano Neziphendulo Ezivamile

Uma isikweleti sesikhishiwe ekomitini, sibekwa ekhalendeni lemithetho ukuze sihlolwe. Endlini, iKomiti Yemithetho ibeka izimpikiswano zengxoxo − ukuthi kunini lapho uhlangothi ngalunye luthola khona, okuvunyelwayo, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho ovaliwe noma ovulekile uyasebenza. ESigqeni seNkathi Yezigele, impikiswano ngokuvamile ayilinganiswa ngaphandle kokuba ukunyakaza kwe-gasss (kuvota ama-60) kulinganiselwe. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izivumelwano zeSigelethi "icebo le-acrome" noma "imvume" zisebenza njalo.

Inkulumo - mpikiswano yamafloor ifeza izinjongo eziningi:

  • [ Imfundo - Amagunya nomphakathi bafunda ngokubaluleka komthetho ngezinkulumo nangezingxoxo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukucwengisisa – Izichibiyelo zingaguqula isikweleti ukuxazulula amaphutha aqokonyiswe phakathi nenkulumo.
  • [ ukulandisa [ - Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe bathethelele obala izikhundla zabo, ezingathinta amathemba okukhetha futhi.

Impikiswano iyinto edinga ukuhlolwa kwangempela kanye kanye kanye kanye neqophelo lokuma komkhulu. Izingqapheli kufanele zihlukanise phakathi kwezinguquko ezithuthukisa isikweleti nokuthunyelwa kwezombangazwe. Izindaba zesitezi se-C-SPAN zihleli, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele indlela abameleli bazo abakhuluma ngayo futhi zivote ngayo.

Ukuhalalisela Ebhulohweni

Ngemva kwempikiswano, izindleko zifakwa evotini. Indlela iyahlukahluka ngokwezici ezikhona futhi umbuzo okhona uyahluka:

  • Joice Vote - Isikhulu esengamele sibuza "yeya" no"nay" bese simemezela ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olunqobile. Amavoti ezwi avamile ezilinganisweni ezingangqubuzani, kodwa awabhali izikhundla ngazinye.
  • I-Diatepulte Vote - Amalungu amele ukubalwa; amagama awabhalwa. Isetshenziswa uma kuphikiswa ngevoti yezwi.
  • I-Recored Vote (Ucingo Oluphelele) - ivoti yelungu ngalinye iqoshiwe ngomshini noma ngegama. Lena indlela ebonakala kakhulu, yenza umphakathi ubone ukuthi ubani ngempela osekela noma ophikisayo.
  • I-Ebectronic Vote - Endlini, amalungu asebenzisa amakhadi okuvota afakwe eziteshini; imiphumela ivele ivele ivele ngokushesha ebhodini le-electronic yegumbi.

Iningi lalabo abavota (i-quorum) liyadingeka ukuze idluliswe. Okuhlukile kuhlanganisa izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo (izingxenye ezimbili) kanye ne-veto (isithathu sawo womabili lamakamelo). Izindawo eziseceleni zingaqina, futhi isikhathi sokuvota ngokuvamile sihlelwa ngokuhleleka ngesiqondiso seqembu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusekelwa.

Izakhamuzi zingathola amarekhodi okuvota ngezindawo ezinjenge-Congress.gov noma i-GovTrack.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani: IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, kumelwe baxazulule ukungaboni ngaso linye ngaphambi kokuthumela inguqulo eyodwa kuMongameli. Yilapho kungena khona ikomiti evumelanayo. Ihlanganisa amalungu avela kuzo zombili izikhundla . Ngokukakhulu amalungu amakomiti ahlobene nendaba.

Imisebenzi yekomiti yomhlangano zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubona izindawo zokungavumelani phakathi kwalezi zinguqulo ezimbili.
  • Ukuphothula isikweletu esinobunye esinezakhi ezingcono kakhulu (noma ukuhlehla okungathandeki) kwento ngayinye.
  • Ukusungula umbiko womhlangano ochaza ulimi oluvumelanayo nokuthi kungani ilungiselelo ngalinye lalishintshwa noma ligcinwe.

Umbiko wengqungquthela kumelwe uvunyelwe yiwo womabili amagumbi ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa (ezimweni eziningi). Lokhu "kuthathe noma ukushiyela khona" izindawo zokwakha ezinamandla amakhulu ezandleni zabaphingeleli. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amakomiti engqungquthela angavikela ulimi lokugcina ekuhlolweni komphakathi ngokugcwele, njengoba izakhiwo zokugcina ezinezelwe ngezikhathi ezithile zifakwa ngaphakathi. Nokho, ukubonakala kombiko wengqungquthela ."ocendings "ogadawe ku-ilayini--ne----ingine"odockss" ukuze ahlukanise izinqumo.

Kwezinye izimo, izindleko zigwema umhlangano osemthethweni ngokusebenzisa indlela "i-ping-pong", lapho kushintshana khona izinguqulo zamakamelo kuze kufinyelelwe isivumelwano. Ngandlela-nye, ukubuyisana kuqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izindlu zivumelana nombhalo ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubekele egatsheni eliphethe.

Ukuvunyelwa Umongameli

Uma amagumbi amabili esevumele inguqulo yokugcina, ibhaliwe (inyatheliswe esikhumbani) bese ithunyelwa kuMongameli. UMthetho-sisekelo unika uMongameli izinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku zokuthatha isinyathelo ngamaSonto) ukuba enze okuthile. Izinketho zicacile:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Uphawu lweBhili - Iba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku olucacisiwe oluphumelelayo.
  • Ukubuyisela kuBill – uMongameli uyibuyisela eSishayamthetho ngokuphikisa. UKhongolo-khandlu lungadlula iveto ngenani eliphindwe kabili nesithathu emagumbini womabili, kodwa ukukhomba akuvamile (engaphansi kwesihlanu% samavetoes).
  • [[UMTL:0] vumela ukuba ube ngumthetho ongenasitifiketi - Uma uMongameli engenzi phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useseqenjini, umlomo uvele ube umthetho.
  • i-Pocket Veto - Uma iziKhomishane zikhona ngaphambi kokuba izinsuku eziyishumi ziphele, uMongameli angamane angawunaki umthetho, futhi awuwubeki umthetho. Lena indlela esebenzayo yokubulala umthetho ngaphandle kweveto ecacile.

Isinqumo sikaMongameli sithonywa ukuhleleka kwesimiso, ukucabangela kwezombangazwe, kanye neseluleko seHhovisi lokuphathwa kwegebezelo noHlanzelo (OMB), esihlaziya imiphumela yemali ngayinye. Ukusayina izimemezelo zokuphawula ezibhalwe phansi kwakhishwa nguMongameli lapho esayina isitatimende somthetho, nakuba isisindo sazo siphikisana.

Indima Yokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayiyona isimiso esivalekile; ichuma ngokufakwa komphakathi. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu ezenkolo, namabhizinisi asebenza kuzo zonke iziteji:

  • AmaLegislator ahlangeneyo - Izinhlamvu, ama-imeyili, izingcingo, nokuvakashela amahhovisi esigodi kuseyizindlela eziphumelelayo zokuveza ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa. Izinkathazo ezihlangene ngokuvamile ziveza izilinganiso kubenzi bomthetho abangawasebenzisi.
  • Ukuhlolwa kweMizwa[ - - Amakomiti amema abantu ukuba banikeze ubufakazi. Nakuba ofakazi abaningi bengochwepheshe noma abagcobi, izakhamuzi ezivamile zingafakaza, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zendawo.
  • Monitoring kanye no-Advocacy - Inzuzo engekho nezinhlangano ezigadayo zilandela izikweletu, ziqaphe amalungu azo, futhi ziqoqe imikhankaso yotshani. I-intanethi ye-intanethi ihlele lenqubo, yenza ukuba ulwazi lwemithetho lutholakale kunoma ubani onesiyaluzi.
  • Ingxenye emaHholo eTown[ - Amalungu oMkhandlu ubamba imihlangano yehholo ledolobha ukuze ahlole umbono womphakathi. Ukubonisa, ukubuza imibuzo, nokuxoxa izindaba zomuntu siqu kungathonya isimo sommisi-mthetho.

Kubafundisi, ukufundisa inqubo yomthetho akuphelele ngaphandle kwengxenye esebenzayo. Iziqeshana zemithetho ezihleliwe, ukubhalela abameleli, noma ukulandelela imvume ngoKhongolo.gov ingaguqula imiqondo efiphele ibe yimfundo engokoqobo. Conreg. Website ye-'mnut'[ inikeza ukufinyelela ngokukhululekile kokubhala izingcama zemithetho, imibiko yekomiti, amarekhodi ovota, nezimiso zokuzwa. Ngokufanayo, SATE[FLT] ne Houses of mests [FLT:]

Izinselele Ezivamile Enqubweni Yokushaya Imithetho

Naphezu kwenqubo yayo, inqubo yokushaya umthetho ibhekene nokugxeka okuphikelelayo. I-Gridlock, ukuhlanganisa izithakazelo ezikhethekile, kanye nethonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile kunganqanda noma kusonte izikweletu ezithandwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-finbuster eSigeqeni, ivumela idlanzana ukuba livimbe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba amavoti angu-60 avume ukuqeda impikiswano. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuncikelweni kwendlela yokubuyisana kwemali (inqubo) edinga kuphela abantu abambalwa kodwa elinganiselwe ekuxazululeni izindaba.

Enye inselele umthetho wentela oyinkimbinkimbi nomthetho wokuqondisa, ongenza izikweletu zezinkulungwane zamakhasi ubude. Izakhamuzi ngokuvamile zizama ukuchaza ukuthi umthetho uzokuthinta kanjani ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke. Izindlela zokubonisana, njengokufushanisa ulimi olucacile emibhalweni yamakomiti, zizimisele ukuvala leligebe.

Ukuqonda lezinselele kuhlomisa abameleli ukuba basebenzele emabhodleleni. Ngokwesibonelo, isikweleti esivalwe ekomitini singabuyiselwa esixukwini esilandelayo noma sifakwe njengesilungisi sesivumelwano sokudlulisa. Lamacebo angokwemiqondo abalulekile ekusebenziseni umthetho.

Isayensi Yesayensi Yemvelo Yezigebengu

Ukuze alandele inqubo yokushaya umthetho, umuntu kumelwe ajwayelane namagama afanayo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ikhalenda – Isimiso sezindleko silindele isenzo esisesitezi.
  • Inqubo ye- [ – Inqubo yeSigele yokuqeda i-filbuster, idinga amavoti angu-60.
  • Isicelo sokudlulisa - Ithuluzi lendlu lokuphoqa isikweleti ekomitini ngaphandle kwemvume yekomiti (idinga amasayithi angu-218).
  • Omnibus Bill – Ibhukwana elilodwa eliqukethe izinto eziningi ezihlukene, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziselwa ukudwetshwa.
  • [ i-Pocket Veto - i-veto engaqondi kaMongameli ngokungasayini isibhamu ngemva kwe-Congress Congress.
  • Isivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano esisheshayo - Isivumelwano esisheshayo esiseSigeqeni sokudlula izinqubo ezivamile uma kungekho zinqubo ezingamalungu.

Ukuhlakanipha kwalamagama kwenza umuntu akwazi ukufunda ngokucace kakhulu imibiko yezindaba namaphepha asemthethweni. Ekutadisheni ngokujulile, Govtrack.us unikeza ukubonakala kokwaziswa kanye nokufushaniswa kwesiZulu komsebenzi womthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele Ngokufunda Ukufunda Nokubhala

Inqubo yomthetho ingabonakala i-labyrinthne, kodwa ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo kuyisici, hhayi isilwane. isigaba ngasinye (kusukela ekuthulweni kwesigqebhezana sikamongameli) kunikeza amathuba okufakwa, ukuhlola, nokuthuthukisa. Ngokuqonda lezi zigaba, izakhamuzi zingahamba ngaphandle kokuzihlola zidlulele ekubopheni isibopho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi obhalela ummeleli incwadi yakho yokuqala, umqeqeshi ohlela izifundo, noma ummeli ozama ukwakha isikhwama, ulwazi lwendlela umthetho owenziwe ngayo ithuluzi lakho elinamandla kakhulu.

Idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli. Uma abantu befunda ukusebenzisa inqubo yomthetho, basiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ifeza okuhle emphakathini. Imithombo ekhonjwe ngenhla ```Izinhlelo zokufundisa umphakathi' njenge i-Federal Judiary's judiary's [ . Ngakho nikeza isisekelo semfundo yaphakade. Ngakho hamba phambili: landela isimemezelo, ungenele ukuzwa, noma umane ubize ummeleli wakho. Yonke imizamo yokuthatha igalelo eqinisa indwangu yeze-gorannce.