Isingeniso: Ukulinganisela Kwegunya Nenkululeko

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho yobugebengu kuyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi ohleliwe. Kuyindlela okugcinwa ngayo ukuhleleka, amalungelo avikelwe, futhi kuphishekelwa ubulungisa. Phakathi kwalokhu kuqashelwa yizikhulu zamaphoyisa, ezinikwe igunya elikhulu lokuhlola ubugebengu, ukubopha, nokuqinisekisa ukulondeka komphakathi. Nokho, leligunya aliphelele noma alilawuliwe. Ukuqonda isilinganiso esiqondile samandla amaphoyisa nokulinganiselwa kwawo okuhambelana kubalulekile ukuze kokubili abaphathi bemithetho kanye nezakhamuzi abakhonzayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunemininingwane engokomthetho yezimiso zomthetho, izinhlelo ezisebenzayo, nokungaqiniseki okuchaza ukuphatha kwanamuhla eUnited States, kunikeza umbono olinganiselwe ngendlela isimiso esilwela ngayo ukulinganisela isidingo sokugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo kanye nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Umlando Wamandla Amaphoyisa

Amaphoyisa anamuhla awumkhiqizo wenguquko engokomthetho, yezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Izindlela zakuqala kakhulu zamaphoyisa, njenge-Rome *vigiles* noma isimiso sesifunda sesonto samaNgilandi, zabekwa endaweni yazo futhi ngokuvamile zamiswa emphakathini, zinegunya elincane elingokomthetho. Ukushintshela emabuthweni aphakathi, amaphoyisa angochwepheshe eyenzeka ngekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi ngokumiswa kukaSir Robert Peel i-Dorperpolitan Police ngo-189. Izimiso zikaPeel zagcizelela ukuvinjelwa kobugebengu, ukubambisana komphakathi, nokusetshenziswa okuncane kwethonya namuhla.

E-United States, izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kweBill of Rights nezifunda kodwa ngokuphikiswana nomthetho. Amadolobha aseMelika akuqala akha iminyango yamaphoyisa ekhonjwe ngesimiso saseLondon, kodwa ukukhuliswa kwesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lama-20 ngokuphawulekayo kwaphinde kwamiswa kabusha kwegunya lamaphoyisa. Ukuqonda le mithetho engokomlando kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kweSivumelwano samalungelo amaphoyisa ngokumelene nezwe, kusukela ekunqanyulweni kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane nesine, izinqumo zeSigwebo saseWarren Court enqubweni yobugebengu ngawo-1960, kanye nenhlangano eyalandela yokuthuthukisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi ngokuncishwa kwemithetho yomphakathi. Ukuqonda leli thuba elingoko kusiza ukuba kuhlanganiswe impikiswano eqhubekayo ngemithetho eqhubekayo engokomthetho yokunqanda amakhamera enziwe ngendikimba.

Amandla Amaningi Angokomthetho Angokomthetho

Igunya lamaphoyisa e-United States aliveli emthonjeni owodwa kodwa ehlelweni lwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, imithetho engokomthetho, nezimiso zokwahlulela. Loluhlelo olunemipheme luqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho zingaphansi kokuhlolwa kwangaphandle nokuthi amalungelo omuntu ngamunye awathatheki kalula.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ikakhulukazi iBill of Rights, umisa imingcele engaphandle kakhulu yamandla amaphoyisa. ISichibiyelo sesine sinqabela ukuseshwa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, sifuna ukuba “kusekelwe i-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi sichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe, futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa.” ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuzivikeleni futhi siqinisekise inqubo efanele, kuyilapho iSimemezelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala nosizo lomphakathi. Lezi zigwegwegwesi zipho zipho ziphoqelelwa ngomthetho owedwayo, okuthola ubufakazi bokuvikelwa kwalezi sivikelo ekusetshenzisweni enkantolo — imfundiso esungulwe * eUnited States * (1914) futhi zisebenzise ezizweni ze-Ohio.

Imithetho Eqoshiwe

Ngalé koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ivumela izinhlangano zomthetho ukuba zihlole futhi zifake amaphoyisa emongweni oqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-guvel i-pamet noma i-Profes of Police Miscuracy umthetho (344 U.S.C.601) uvumela i-Umnyango woMahlulelo ukuba uhlole futhi ubeke umthetho ophoqe amacala asebenza ngokungafanele. Imithetho inikeza isiqondiso esiningi kunemithetho ehleliwe. Izindawo zikahulumeni, imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho, izinqubo zokuboshwa, kanye nokusingatha ubufakazi kudinga incazelo ehlukahlukene kakhulu. Imibuso eminingi iye yamukela “ukuvimbela ukulawulwa kwemithetho edinga ukulawulwa kwemithetho engaphezulu kakhulu. Imithetho yemithetho ngokuvamile inikeza iziyalezo eziningi kunemiyalo ezindaweni lapho kunezingaqondakali“ ezibangela khona ukulinganiselwa okunengqondo”

Umthetho Wamacala Nezahlulelo

Izinqumo zeLandpour Court ziye zayilungisa ngokuphindaphindiwe imingcele yamaphoyisa. Terry v.O.O. (1968) zasungula ukuthi abaphathi bangayeka futhi bafake i-frank umuntu uma benokungabaza okunengqondo kobugebengu, indinganiso ephansi kunesizathu esilindelekile. [FLT]]Manda v.[FLT][FLT][F:3] [1998]] [66] idinga ukuba kucatshalwe amalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. [[FLT:] gram v. [[FLT] .] [19989]) i-mfactiverightricial ekuhloleni amandla amakhulu. Lezizigilayelelo ezinkantolo ezisethi ezivamile zicutshiswe kakhulu; azidingi ukuculi (ishwa njalo, i-ethofu yomthetho, i-etho yomthetho yomthetho.) i-onke i-onke i-erome

Amaphoyisa Ayasebenzisa

Ukuqonda uhlelo lomthetho kuyingxenye yesithombe. Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhosi yamaphoyisa usuku lonke — ukuboshwa, ukuseshwa, nokusetshenziswa kwegunya — kuhilela izinqumo zomzuzwana ezivame ukuvivinya imingcele yomthetho.

Amandla Okuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kuyindlela eqondile yokugomela iziphathimandla zamaphoyisa, ehilela ukuncishwa kwenkululeko. Ukuze ukuboshwa kuvunyelwe, izikhulu kumelwe zibe nesizathu esingokomthetho — inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni, ukuthi umuntu uye wenza noma usezokwenza ubugebengu. Indinganiso yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi siphakeme kunesizathu esinengqondo sokusola kodwa siphansi kakhulu kunobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa. Abaphathi bangabopha ngokungenasizathu ngenxa yamaphutha awenziwe phakathi kwabo noma amaphutha aphazamisa ukuthula. Nokho, ukuboshelwa ekhaya, iSichimende sesine ngokuvamile sidinga ukugcinwa kwezimo ezingekho ngokomthetho, njengoba kubekwe kungenakungabaza okunengqondo. . . . v[FLT]

Ngokuvamile, ukuboshwa kungumvuthwandaba wophenyo, kodwa futhi kungenzeka ngaso lesosikhathi. Ukuboshwa komthetho kungabekelwa inselele ekucinezelweni kwecala, lapho umahluleli enquma ukuthi isikhulu sasinezaba ezanele yini. Uma ukuboshwa kutholakala kungekho emthethweni, ubufakazi obutholakala ngemva kokuboshwa bungakhishwa.

Ukufuna Nokusimama

ISichibiyelo sesine esinqabela ukuphenywa okungenangqondo singenye yezindawo ezicazululwe kakhulu zenqubo yamaphoyisa. Ngokuvamile, ukufuna kudinga incwadi esekelwa yizizathu okungenzeka ukuthi isekelwe futhi ichaze indawo nezinto okumelwe zihlolwe. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqopha iziphazamiso eziningana ezivumela ukuphenywa okungenamvume ezimweni ezithile:

  • Isenzakalo sokufuna ukuboshwa: izikhulu zingase zisesha indawo engaphakathi komthetho osheshayo womphathi ukuze ziqinisekise ukuphepha futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi (Chimel v. California, 1969]).
  • Izimo eziqondene: Izimo ezihlanganisa ingozi eseduze, ukuxoshwa okukhulu komsoleki obalekayo, noma ingozi yobufakazi obulahlekile zingathethelela ukuseshwa ngaphandle kobulungisa.
  • Ukuhamba ngemoto okuzenzekelayo:[ Amaphoyisa angasesha imoto ngaphandle kophawu uma kungenzeka ukuthi anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inento engekho noma ubufakazi bobugebengu (] Carloll v. United States, 1925).
  • [ Imvume:[ Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhloleni, izikhulu azidingi imvume. Nokho, kumelwe uvume ukhululeke futhi uzenzele; ukuvuma nje egunyeni akwanele.
  • Imfundiso yombono oPlain: izikhulu zingathatha ubufakazi obusobala uma bekhona ngokomthetho futhi isimo esibangelayo sento sisobala ngokushesha.

Lezi zingxenye ziklanyelwe ukuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba asebenze ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni ezinamandla, kodwa futhi adale izindawo ezimpunga. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzakalo sokufuna ukuboshwa silinganiselwe Riley v. California (2014, ekholelwa ukuthi izikhulu ngokuvamile zingase zingasenzi ukwaziswa engqamulweni ye-cellphone ngaphandle kwemvume, ngisho noma zibophile umnikazi. Imithetho enjalo ibonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokwahlulela wokuvumelanisa iSiphendulo sesine nezimiso zezesayensi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla

Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa mhlawumbe kuyisici esicubungula kakhulu nesiphikisana kakhulu. Indinganiso engokomthetho ivela ku- Graham v. Connor, ehlola ukuphoqelelwa kwempoqo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine esithi “ukucabangela”. Lokhu kuhlola kucabangela:

  • Ubungako bobugebengu okuthiwa balowo osolwayo.
  • Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abasolwayo babewusongo olusheshayo ekuphepheni kwezikhulu noma kwabanye.
  • Ukuthi umsolwa wayemelana nokuboshwa noma ezama ukubalekela ngokubaleka.

Okubalulekile, ukucabangela kwahlulelwa ngokombono wesikhulu esicabangelayo esisembonini, ngaphandle kwama-20/20 ahambela phambili. Ngisho nalendinganiso ebekelwe indinganiso, ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwamandla kuye kwatholakala kungenangqondo lapho usolwa engahlomile, ethobelana, noma eboshiwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukufa okuphezulu kwe-panel njengeye-George Floyd, iBreonna Taylor, noDanielna Taylor, noDaniel Prude beye bahola ezinjwayelweni zezinguquko, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kwemiqathango, umsebenzi-to-irvene, futhi banwebe ukusebenzisa amakhamera. [[FLT:] Isikhungo sokucwaninga sobuculinto [2020] [FLT] [FLT] [2020]

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Amaphoyisa

Nakuba kudingeka amaphoyisa, angaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho, engokokuziphatha, nengokwesiko ehloselwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa nokulondolozwa komphakathi.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungokomthetho

Umthetho-mthetho nomthetho ulinganiselwe kakhulu. Umthetho wokuhlukanisa uvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokwenza ubufakazi obungakholeki ngokungemthetho. Miranda[ umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi atholwa phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo lobujuqu angokuzithandela futhi aqondiswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokuvikela imfucumfucumfucu ivikela izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa, entweni ebekelwe icala ngaphandle kokuba ahluleke ngokusemthethweni. Lemfundiso iye yaphikiswana — abagxeki bayivimbela ukulandisa okungagunyaziwe kokuziphatha okungagunyaziwe, kuyilapho abasekeli bethi ivumela izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo zokwehlukana ngaphandle kokwesaba ukumangalela. INkanto ephakeme ibonise ukuzimisela ukubheka ukufaneleka komthetho wokuzilawula, nakuba ingawuyenzi.

Ukucabangela Okunengqondo

I-Protolic ye-Epal idlulela ngalé kwalokho okungokomthetho. Abaphathi babhekana nezinkinga ezingapheli zezimiso zokuziphatha: lapho besebenzisa ukwahlulela ngokufanele, indlela yokulinganisela ukugcinwa komthetho nozwela, nendlela yokugwema ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga noma kwezenhlalo. International of Kings Association of Police (IACP)[FLP] inikeza izimiso zokuhlenga nokuqondisa kwezimiso zokuziphatha okugcizelela ubuqotho, ukungaguquguquki, nenhlonipho ngesithunzi sobuntu. Nokho, ukuwohloka kwezimiso zokuziphatha — njengo-perjury, ukuphikisa, noma ukuhileleka emikhubeni yokungathakazelelwa kwezelelene — kungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi nokungahleleki kwezimiso zomthetho. Ukuqeqesha izimiso zokuziphatha nokungalawule kuyingxenye yezimiso manje kuyisicishicindeze kakhulu, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke ekuqiniseni umsebenzi wezikhulu.

Isivikelo Semvelo

Izinqubo zokuqondisa ezingokwesiko ezinjengezibhodi zobubonisi, uphenyo lwezindaba zangaphakathi, nokuhlola okuzimele kusebenza ekuhloleni amaphoyisa. Amadolobha amaningi asungule amabhodi okuhlola avamile anezinga elihlukene legunya — amanye angatusa kuphela isenzo sokuyala, kuyilapho amanye angatusa ofakazi abangaphansi kwempoya futhi aqhube ubufakazi. Amakhamera omzimba aba yithuluzi elibanzi lokuphendula, ukunikeza umbhalo wezenzo zamaphoyisa nomphakathi. i-evio i-odobo ngezindlela ze-odolesce yaseMelika i-Beat[FLT[:1] athola ukuthi amakhamera omzimba anciphisa izikhalo ezikhalo ezikhundlayo zezelo, nakuba ubufakazi buxubene. Okokugcina, imfuneko yokunikeza imibiko ebanzi ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwempoqophelo ngayinye noma ukwenziwa kwephepha elibolile.

Ubuhlobo Bomphakathi Nokulandisa Kwamaphoyisa

Ukugcinwa komthetho okuphumelelayo akuyona indlela eyodwa. Amaphoyisa ancike ekuthembekeni komphakathi, okuthi nakho kukhuthaze ukubambisana nokubika ubugebengu. Uma lokho kuthembana kuwohloka, sonke isimiso sobulungisa siyahlupheka.

Ukubaluleka Kwamaphoyisa Omphakathi

Amaphoyisa omphakathi agxila ekuqondiseni amaphoyisa asebenza ngokuphambanisa izinkinga. Abaphathi bakhuthazwa ukuba bakhe ubuhlobo nezakhamuzi, bahlanganyele imihlangano yomphakathi, futhi bahambisane nezinhlangano zendawo. Lokhu kubonise isithembiso ekunciphiseni ukwesaba ubugebengu nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda komphakathi kwamaphoyisa. Ngokwesibonelo, “uhlelo lwezezenzo zobuphekula” luphatha ubudlova njengendaba yezempilo yomphakathi, ukusebenzisa izisebenzi ezingenela ukungenela imidlalo yomphakathi kanye nabaphazamisa ubudlova ukuphazamisa izingxabano ngaphambi kokuba zikhule. Nakuba le nqubo i-pancea, i-pancacea yomphakathi ingakha iziteshi zokuxhumana ezenza izenzo zokusebenza ngokuthula.

Imishini Nemizamo Yokulungisa Izono

Ngenxa yokubhikisha kwesizwe futhi ifuna ukuba amaphoyisa anciphe noma ashintshe, iminyango eminingi iye yathatha izinyathelo ezintsha zokulandisa.

  • Amakhamera e-Body-worn: Manje asesilinganisweni eminyangweni eminingi, lamakhamera anikeza umlando ongathathi hlangothi wokuxhumana futhi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuba avulelwe phakathi nawo wonke abaphathi bomthetho.
  • Izimiso zesixwayiso zakuqala:[ Izinhlelo zedata-drive ziveza izikhulu ezinokukhononda okuningi noma ezisebenzisa izenzakalo ezicimekayo, eziholela ekuqeqesheni futhi noma ekungeneni.
  • Ukungaqondisi okuzimele: Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zadala amaphoyisa noma izinqumo zemvume kuMnyango wobulungisa ngemva kokuthola izindlela zokuziphatha okubi.
  • Bhanan ngaphandle kwemvume yekhonki: ngokusabela ekufeni kukaBrenna Taylor, amazwe amaningana namadolobha aye avimbela noma avimbele imvume yokungangeni i-knock, eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa.

Lezinguquko azimukelwa emhlabeni wonke — ezinye izinyunyana zamaphoyisa ziphikisa ukuthi zisebenza ngemicu yenyama futhi zandisa ingozi — kodwa ukuhlola kusikisela ukusekela komphakathi kabanzi kokuveza izici eziningi nokulandisa. Inselele iwukusebenzisa izinguquko eziphumelelayo ngaphandle kokululaza ukuphepha kwesikhulu.

Isiphetho: Ngasesikhathini Esilinganiselwe Esizayo

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho yobugebengu kudinga ukulinganisela okubucayi. Amaphoyisa kumelwe abe namandla anele okuvikela umphakathi futhi abangele izaphula-mthetho, kodwa lawo mandla kumelwe abekwe njengelungelo lokuvimbela ukucindezelwa. Umthetho womthetho — imithetho yemithetho, imithetho, nemithetho elawulayo — unikeza isisekelo, kodwa akuwona ukuzibulala. Kudingeka ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuguqula izenzakalo zesikhathi esithile, kanye nesibopho kukho kokubili ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nemiphakathi akhonza kuyo ukuba kube nesibopho somunye. Njengoba imingcele yezimiso zobuchwepheshe nezithembiso zezenhlalakahle ziyoqhubeka zivivinywa, imingcele yamandla amaphoyisa iyaqhubeka ikhona. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani okhathalela umthetho, amalungelo omphakathi, nokulandela umphakathi.