Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Kufanekiselwe Izindaba Ezingokobufakazi

Izimiso ze-Propoigal (PR) zijonge ukuhumusha amavoti akhankaselwe ezihlalweni zomthetho ngendlela enciphisa ukuhlanekezelwa kwesabelo sombango esithandwayo sevoti kanye nengxenye yezihlalo zephalamende. Ngokungafani nokuthatha zonke izimiso ezifana nezokuqala-kuqala-phambili (FPTPP), lapho umvoti ovota kakhulu esifundeni ewina isihlalo futhi wonke amanye amavoti elahlwa ngokuphumelelayo, izinhlelo zePR ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho namaqembu anezihlalo ezinezi ezisekela eliphansi angamelela kahle. Isimiso esiyinhloko silungile: uma iqembu lamukela amaphesenti angu-30 omvoti wevoti wezwe, kufanele libambe cishe amaphesenti angu-30 ezindawo zokuvota.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuphumelela kwezimiso ze-PR ekudluliseleni ukuma okulungile, ukukhuthaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi, nokusingatha izinselele ezivela kwezombangazwe eziningi. Ngokugxila ezibonelweni zezwe langempela nasekucwaningeni okungokwezimo, sizohlola izinzuzo ezikhona ngokumelene nokuhweba futhi sicabangele indlela i-PR engavumelana ngayo nemongo ehlukile yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ezakhamuzini, abakhi bezimiso, nabashisekeli benguquko abafuna izimiso ezizithandayo eziqinisayo kunokuguqula isimiso sombuso.

Umlando Ongokomlando Wokumelela Izindaba

Izimpande zokuhlakanipha kokumelelwa kwezindawo ezilinganisiwe zihlehlela emuva phakathi kwekhulu lama-1878. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ummeli wezibalo nokhetho uD’Hondt wasungula enye yezindlela zokwaba isihlalo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu (indlela yeD’Hondt). Ngaphakathi kwekhulu lama-1878. Ngaso sinye isikhathi, ummeli nesazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi u-Thomas Haretas [ wasikisela ukudluliswa komzimba owodwa (indlela yokusebenza). Ukwenziwa kwesizwe kwakuqala kwezwe kwenzeka eBelgium ngo-199979, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 amazwe aseYurophu, kuhlanganise ne-Denmark, ne-Netherlands (i-STLT.) kwamunye indlela ye-PLTB.

Izimiso zePR zathola enye inzuzo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, lapho idemokrasi entsha ifuna ukugwema ukuntengantenga okuhlangene nemiphumela ehlukene kakhulu yokukhetha. Namuhla, amazwe angaphezu kuka-80 asebenzisa iPR endlini yawo ephansi yephalamende, futhi amaningi ayisebenzisa okhethweni lwesifunda noma lwezwe. Ukuphakama kwePR kuye kwashukunyiswa isifiso sokwandisa ukufakwa, ukunciphisa amavoti alahlwayo, futhi akhuthaza ukuthatha igalelo elikhulu kwezombangazwe.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokumelela

Ukumelelwa kwenqubo akuyona indlela eyodwa kodwa kuwumkhaya wezindlela zokukhetha. Ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kuyahluka endleleni amavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni nendlela abavoti abaveza ngayo abakuthandayo.

Uhlu PR

Ku-Uluhlu PR, abavoti bafaka i-collet yohlu lweqembu lezombangazwe. Ama-sett esishaya-mthetho asakazwa ngamaqembu ngokwezigaba zawo. Ukwabiwa kungalinganiswa ngokusebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ezibalo (ngokuvamile indlela ye-D’Hondt noma i-Hare paration enezisele ezinkulu kakhulu. Uhlu lwe-PR lungavalwa (ama-PR angakhetha iqembu kuphela, hhayi abavoti) noma ukuvula (amavolute angaveza izintando zabanye phakathi kwababebebekiwe ohlwini).

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

STV inguhlobo olunezilinganiso ezilandelanayo. Abameleli banezigaba ngokuthanda, futhi isilinganiso esilinganayo ("3] i-Droop +/dermine i-commeters umnyango wokukhetha. Amavoti asuka kubavoti abakhethiwe nakuvoti abasusiwe adluliselwa ngokwezintando ezilandelayo zabavoti. I-STV isetshenziselwa ukukhetha amaphalamende eRepublic of Ireland naseMalta, futhi kwezinye izivoti zendawo eScotland naseNew Zealand. Ngenxa yokuvota abavoti abambalwa abakhethiwe, i-STV ingaveza ukumeleka komuntu siqu kakhulu kunezimiso zohlu.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

I-MMP ihlanganisa izingxenye zezihlalo ze-PR kanye nezingxenye ezimbili. Abavoli bavame ukuvota kabili: esinye se-sommeleli wendawo (ngokuvamile esikhethwe yi-FPTP) nesinye sohlu lweqembu. I-MMP isetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa izihlalo ezizimele ukuze ukwakhiwa kwezihlalo kubonise izinga levoti leqembu. Izwe elinjenge-Jalimane, iNew Zealand, neBolivia lisebenzisa i-MMP. Nokho, lesimiso senhlanganisela sihlose ukulondoloza ukuma kwendawo lapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi i-votibility ingadidaba ezinye izivoti, futhi isimiso sidinga inzuzo eklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze kuviswe isilinganiso seqembu elifuna ukuvota izihlalo noma ukulingana.

Ezinye Izici Ezihlukahlukene

Ezinye izindlela zihlanganisa uhlu-olwahlu lwe-PR olunomngcele (umz., 5% eJalimane), oluvimbela amaqembu amancane kakhulu ukungena ephalamende, kanye ne-propartiationationationationation [[ ehlanganisa ukulingana phakathi kwezifunda eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Izinzuzo Zokumelela

Abasekeli be - PR baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sinikeza izinzuzo eziningi kunezindlela eziningi ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sezikhuthazo eziyinhloko.

Ukukhuliswa Kwemibono Ehlukahlukene

Ngokuhlisa umnyango wokuwina izihlalo, izimiso zePR zenza ukuba amaqembu ezombangazwe angene ephalamende. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amaqembu amele amaqembu amaphalamende ezinhlanga ezimbalwa, izithakazelo zezifunda, izimbangela zendawo ezungezile, noma izinhlangano ezintsha zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, New Zealand [isimiso sePLT] ngemva kokushintshwa kwe-MMP, i-Māori Party ne-Green Party azuza ukuba khona kwephalamende okwakungakho ngaphansi kwe-FTPP. Sween's isimiso sePR sinikeza izihlalo zezihlalo eziyisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu, okubonisa udwebo olubanzi lwemibono ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu. Ukuguqula ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo ze-PLTP, futhi kuhlanganisa amaqembu ezombangazwe.

Ukunciphisa Imithombo Yamanzi

Ezimisweni zeziqu ezinkulu, ukuvota komvoti olahlekile kudlalwa kakhulu; kukhetho lwe-FPTP, ngokuvamile amaphesenti angu-40-50 amavoti angase angayi kulowo ophumelele esifundeni ngasinye. Izimiso zePR zinciphisa kakhulu inani lamavoti alahlwayo ngoba ngisho namaqembu amancane angathola ukumeleka uma edlula emnyango ongokomthetho. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwemali elahlwayo kungakhuthaza ukuvota okukhudlwana, njengoba abavoti bekholelwa ukuthi ukukhetha kwabo kunethuba lokuthonya umphumela.

Intuthuko Ekhuphukile

Ukucwaninga okuvamile okuhonjiswayo okwenziwa yiNhlangano ye-International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Anice (IDEA) kuthole ukuthi amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ze-PR athambekele ekuphumeleni kakhulu kunalawo asebenzisa izimiso eziyinhloko. Isizathu esivamile siwukuthi abavoti ePR banomuzwa wokuthi ivoti yabo “bashoshongo" ngoba inikela ngokubalwa kwesihlalo seqembu lonke kunokuba ilahleke ngokwentando yabo ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphephile. Isibonelo, [ [Belium[FT] [i] (uvota okungenamdlanga)] kanye [i] [i] kakhulu] [inani eliphakeme] [indawo yokuzithandela] kusekela amazinga angaphezulu kakhulu) kokubili amaphesenti angu-80, kuyilapho amazwe anjenge-United States (injini) evame ukubheka i-5] ngaphandle kwemithetho ehlukene. Nakuba ihlelwe ngokwezimo yomthetho zezombangazwe.[FLT]

Ohulumeni Abasekela Inkolo Nezombangazwe Ezihlangene

PR cishe ayilokothi iveze izikhulu eziyinhloko; kunalokho, ikhuthaza uhulumeni ohlangene. Nakuba abanye abagxeki bebheka imifelandawonye njengengantengi, izazi eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi ezombangazwe ezihlangene zikhuthaza ukuhlobana, ukuyekethisa, nokuqhubekisela phambili kwezimiso. Emazweni anjenge iJalimane[ ne[FLT] [[FLT]] NTALT] [[[FLT]]] Amaqembu [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [izinto ezikhona [izinto eziningi], amakhabethekamelo aye abusa ngokuphumelelayo amashumi eminyaka, alungisa izimiso ngezindlela ezishintshashintshayo ezingenzeka ngaphansi kokushintsha izakhiwo ezinkulu ezihlukene. PR ithambekele ekuvezeni uhulumeni ombono wovota okuziphatha endaweni yokukhetha kakhulu.

Ukubhalwa Okungcono Nokumelela Okungaqondakali

Ngenxa yokuthi izimiso zePR zingakhetha amalungu amaningi esifunda ngasinye, ngokuvamile ziholela ekwahlukaneni okukhulu phakathi kwabamisi-mthetho ($_abesifazane abaningi, amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga, kanye namashende amaningi avela ezizindeni ezingezona ezezigelekeqe. Ukusetshenziswa kwamaqoqo ezinhlabeni zeqembu kungathuthukisa lomphumela. Ukuhlola kwe- Interparliamentary Union kubonisa ukuthi amazwe anePR noma izimiso ezixubeneyo aye athuthukisa, ngokwesilinganiso, umfuziselo wabesifazane basephalamende, uma kuqhathaniswa no-1,6% ezimisweni ezinkulu. Ukuba nephalamende ebonisa isilinganiso esikhulu somphakathi esingathuthukisa izinga lokwenziwa kwezimiso zomphakathi nokwethenjwa umphakathi.

Izinselele Zokumelela

Asikho isimiso sokukhetha esiphelele, futhi izimiso zePR zifika nesethi yazo siqu yezinselele ezibalulekile okumelwe zisingathwe ngokucophelela.

Ukuhlukana Nokungezwani Kukahulumeni

Inkinga evame ukukhonjwa kakhulu ye-PR iwukuthi ingaholela ephalamendeni elihlukene kakhulu. Uma amaqembu amaningi amancane ewina izihlalo, kungaba nzima ukwakha umfelandawonye neqembu elicacile nesimiso esihlangeneyo. u-Italiya] [ wabhekana nalenkinga iminyaka eminingi, ohulumeni abahlala njalo ngesilinganiso seminyaka emibili. Ukungantengi kunganqanyuswa lapho amaqembu angena kakhulu noma amelene nesimiso somkhakhakhakha. Italy , ukusetshenziswa kwePRC ehlanzekile nkathini yempi yempi kubangele izinguquko ezivamile (ohulumeni abangamashumi amabili phakathi kuka-1966 no-196), kodwa ukwamukela izivumelwano ezihlangeneyo. Nokho, [[FLT] kunezinquluko eziningi zezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezivumelwano zesivumelwano eJalimane, futhi abenziwe ngokomthetho wombuso ozinziwayo.

Ukudideka Okuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuguquguquka Kwemisindo

Ama-collet anezinqhingana, izimiso ezimbili zokulinganisa, kanye nezibalo zingadida abavoti abajwayele ukuvota okulula kwe- “X”. E-New Zealand, ukulandela ukushintshela ku-MMP, imikhankaso yemfundo yabavoti kwakudingekile ukuchaza inqubo ye-STV, abanye abavoti bakuthola kunzima. Nokho, ukucutha akunciphisi ukuvota okungagwegwegwesi; ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nasezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ekugcineni abavoti bavumelana, futhi ukungakhethi okucatshangelwayo kwesimiso kungabuyisela ukudideka kokuqala.

Amandla Emikhosi Enamandla

I-PR inganikeza amaqembu ahlaseleka kakhulu ancishwa ngaphansi kwemithetho emikhulu. Impumelelo engokokhetho yamaqembu alungile kakhulu Sweden [I-PULT] (I-Sween Democrates]) kanye IsiJalimane [ [i-Altern] [i-Jalimane]) iphakamise ukukhathazeka mayelana nokweqiniswa kwemibono eyingozi. Amanye amazwe akhuluma ngalento ngokumisa umnyango omncane wevoti (umz. 5,% eJalimane, 3%) kwaIsrayeli. Amanye athembele ezindinganisweni zokwahlulela ezithiwayo ezithiwayo ezimelene ne-Geneontitua. Ukuhweba kuyancipha okunganciphisa isilinganiso futhi kunciphe isilinganiso esifanelekile.

Ukuhlobana Okubuthakathaka

Uhlu olukhulu lwe-PR lunganciphisa ukuhlobana phakathi kommisi-mthetho nomthetho othile wezwe. Ezimisweni lapho amalungu eqembu ebhala uhlu, amalungu ngamanye angase alandise kakhulu ebuholini beqembu kunakuvoti bendawo. I-MMP ne-STV izama ukulondoloza ukuxhumana kwendawo, kodwa ngisho nakulezo zimiso ubuhlobo obuqondile buvame ukuba bungcono kakhulu kunasezifundani ezizimele ze-636. Lokhu kungabi nasibopho sendawo kungaholela ekuvotini kwevoti, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukumelela Inqubo

Ukuhlola indlela i - PR esebenza ngayo emazweni ahlukahlukene kusiza ekucaciseni ukuphumelela kwangempela kwezwe layo nasezimweni lapho iphumelela noma intengantenga.

IJalimane: Ukuqina nge - MMP

Isimiso se-Mixed Úsebenza kusukela ngo-1949 futhi sibhekwa kabanzi njengesibonelo sokuzinza. Abavoter bakhetha ingxenye yeBundestag evela ku-661 malungu ezifundazwe (kuyi-FPTP) kanye nengxenye kwezinye ezihlelweni ezivaliweyo. Iqembu linquma ukusakaza isihlalo sonke, ngokulungisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isilinganiso somphakathi silingana. Izindawo ezincane kakhulu zivimbela ukungena, kuyilapho ubuntu babameleli bendawo bunikeza inkonzo yobukhonya. Ohulumeni be-Coalition banikeza inkonzo esemthethweni, kodwa ivoti yethemba eliqinisekile (okudinga ukukhethwa kwenkosi ebuyiselweyo ngesikhathi esisodwa) iye yavimbela uhlobo lwezimo ezingabonakali kwezinye izimiso zephalamende. Ingxenye ye-Jalimane ehlangene yomphakathi nezokuzinziwa ngokuzinziwa ngokuzinzisayo. Ingxenye ye-PR iveza ngokuphicondayo ukuthi i-Priery ayibangela ukungaphikiswa okunga.

ESweden: I - High Turnout Ne - Broad Consenus

ISweden isebenzisa isimiso somdwebo we-PR esivaliweyo ngomnyango wezwe lonke (noma 12% endaweni eyodwa). Umphumela uba indawo ehlukene kakhulu ekhipha i-pakati [1] kwesobunxele noma phakathi kwe-critive productive. UVoter revamout ulokhu udlula 85%, futhi isimiso sijabulela ukusekelwa okukhulu. Isibonelo saseSweden sibonisa ukuthi ububanzi be-alcential bungahlala ngokulawula okuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi uma amaqembu enesiko lokuxoxa nokuhlehla. Ukuba khona kwemiphakathi eyisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu eRiksdag akukuvimbeli ukwakhiwa kwamakhabethe alungisa izinqandama; kunalokho, sikhuthaza ukusekelana okubanzi. I-62 (i-69", ne-“Alldance") ezihlanganisa izivumelwano ezihlanganisa izivumelwano eziningi.

INew Zealand: Ukushintsha Okuphumelelayo

I-New Zealand yasuka ku-FPTP yaya ku-MMP ngo-1996 ngemva kwemidwebo emibili eyabonisa ukunganeliseki okusakazekile ngesimiso sabaphathi bezwe. Ushintsho lwaholela epalamende elihlukene kakhulu, ne-Green Party, New Zealand Kuqala, futhi i-Māori Party ithola izimpawu ezivamile. I-Caltition nohulumeni abambalwa baye baba yinqubo esemthethweni, efuna amaqembu axoxa ngokuhlukana kwemibono. Nakuba ukukhathazeka kokuqala ngokuzinziwa kwezimiso, kusukela ngezikhathi ze-Green Party, kuhlanganise nenkathi ende ye-Place Clark (1999-2008) kanye nobudlelwane obungaguquguqukiyo ngemva kuka-2017. Umphakathi ukwaneliseka kwesimiso kusekulokhu kuphezulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kweqembu lokuvota kuye kwandisa ukubaluleka kwezimiso zendawo zomphakathi kubantu bendawo.

INetherlands: Ithonya Elibi Kakhulu

I-Netherlands isebenzisa uhlu lwezwe lonke lwe-PR enomnyango ophansi kakhulu (0.67% wevoti). Umphumela ungomunye wezimiso zokukhetha ezihambelanayo emhlabeni, ngokuvamile uveza amaqembu angu-10-855 ku-1506seate Tweede Kamer. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlukana, i-Netherlands ijabulela uhulumeni abahlangeneyo, besizwe esisizwa amasiko ezombangazwe e-prangmatism nezivumelwano zesivumelwano se-scrinion. Indaba yamaDashi ibonisa ukuthi ukwehlukana okukhulu akuholeli ukukhubazeka uma amaqembu ethanda ukubambisana. Nokho, isimiso sibhekenezinselele: izingxoxo zomfelandawo zingathatha izinyanga, futhi amaqembu aphethe i-Propulist aye athola izihlalo eziphawulekayo ohlwini lwamuva, ukuhlola izivumelwano zesimiso sokuzivuselela.

Ukuqhathaniswa Nezimiso Ezinkulu

Ukuqonda amandla nobuthakathaka be - PR kulula uma kuqhathaniswa nenye indlela evelele: u - ­ ­ ­ ­ u - past ­the preprepread (FPTP), osetshenziswa emazweni anjenge - United Kingdom, iCanada, neNdiya.

Ukumelela

I-FPTP ehlelwe ngokulandelana ngaphansi kwe-preset encikene nezithakazelo zendawo. Kukhetho lwe-2019 lwe-UK jikelele, i-Conservative Party yawina 56% yezihlalo kuma-44% kuphela evoti, kuyilapho ama-Liberal Democrat awina 1.7% zezihlalo nge-11,6% yevoti. Ukungalingani okunjalo kungasusa abavoti futhi kwakha “izihlalo ezilondekile” lapho umphumela unqunyelwe khona. Izimiso ze-PR ziqeda kakhulu lokhu kujijela, ziqinisekisa ukuthi isihlalo sihlanganyela eduze izibuko zevoti.

Ukulandisa Nokuqina

Izimiso zokuhwebelana ezilinganiswe ngokulandelana kwemithetho ukuze zikwazi ukulandisa ngokucacile: iqembu elilodwa lingakha uhulumeni neningi elisebenzayo, futhi abavoti banga “lahla izigwegwe” ngokuqondile. EPR, umthwalo wemfanelo wesimiso udluliswa phakathi kwamalungu ahlangene, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabavoti ukujezisa noma ukuvuza amaqembu athile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimiso zobushiqela zingaveza izinguquko ngokubhuduzelayo lapho ohulumeni beshintsha, kuyilapho ohulumeni bemifela ndawonye bethambekele ekulondolozeni imithetho eqinile.

Ukukhetha Ivoter

Izimiso zePR zinikeza abavoti uhlu olubanzi lwedili, olungandisa ukuvota nokwaneliseka. Ku-FPTP, ukuvota okusemthethweni kuvamile: abavoti bangashiya iqembu elithandwayo ngoba bacabanga ukuthi alinawo ithuba lokuwina isifunda. i-PR inciphisa isidingo sokuvota okusemthethweni, ivumela abavoti ukuba baveze lokho abakuthandayo.

Indima Yezikhala Nesilinganiso Sesigodi

Ukusebenza kwanoma isiphi isimiso se-PR kuxhomeke kakhulu ezilinganisweni ezimbili eziklanyweyo: i-votal devince (iphesenti eliphansi lamavota kumelwe lamukelelwe ukuwina izihlalo) kanye nobukhulu besifunda (izihlalo eziningi ezabelwe esifundeni ngasinye). Izibopho eziphansi nezinkulu ziveza imiphumela elinganayo, kodwa futhi zikhulisa nokuhlukana. Izitebhisi eziphakeme (umzk., 5% eJalimane) zinciphisa ukudilika kodwa zingadebeki amaqembu amancane kodwa asemthethweni. Izinga eliphezulu futhi: isifunda esisodwa esinezihlalo ezingu-400 silingana kakhulu, kanti isifunda esinezihlalo ezintathu kuphela (njengoba ezinye izihlalo zendawo yohlu lwe-PR) siveza imiphumela elinganiselwe.

Ukucwaninga okungokwemisebe kwe I-IDEA ye-memorial kubonisa ukuthi umnyango ofanele wokulinganisela ukumelelwa nokuzinza uphakathi kwe 3% ne 5%. Amazwe amaningi ashintsha le milinganiso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ashintshele ukusebenza kwesimiso sezwe.

Izinguquko Nezinguquko

Amazwe asebenzisa iPR ngokuvamile aguqula uhlelo lwawo ukuze axazulule izinselele ezivelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Italy isuka ku-PR ehlanzekile iya ku-partical protein system precitinational profection ngo 1993, bese ebuyela emuva kuhlelo olungcono ngo-2017, ekufuneni okuqhubekayo ukuzinza. u-ISRAYEAS uknokhilosi lwawo kusukela ku-1.5% kuya ku-2% ngo-192, khona kuya ku-3% ngo-2014, emzamweni wokunciphisa ukwehlukana. Lezinguquko zibonisa ukuthi akukho mklano eyodwa esebenzayo ezombangazwe eyenzekayodwa, futhi ezihlelwa ngezikhathi ezithile.

Okunye ukuguqula ukusetshenziswa kohlu oluvulekile ukunikeza abavoti ithonya elithe xaxa ngokukhetha abavoti. Emazweni anjenge Finland kanye [[FLT]] ne[FLT]Brazil, ukuvula umbangi PR kunyuke i-intra6patratratratrasychy umncinti futhi kuvunyelwe uvotah "ukhetho lwabo". Nokho, izinhlu ezivulekileyo zingaholela futhi emkhankanyeni omkhulu phakathi kwabathazeli beqembu elifanayo, futhi zingalula isiyalo.

Ukugxekwa Namaphutha

Abagxeki bePR bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni abahlangene ngokwemvelo abakho abakhombanga kakhulu, futhi ukuthi i-PR inika amaqembu angenamingcele. Nokho, le mibuso eqinile engasekelwa njalo ngobufakazi. Imibuso eminingi eqinile nechumayo yentando yeningi ($8 Germany, Sweden, New Zealand, i-Puse PR ngokuphumelelayo. Lapho iPR iye yabangela ukungahleleki (njengase-Italy noma e-Israel), inkinga ngokuvamile yayibangelwa ukuhlukana okukhulu, okungasingathwa ngokuphakamisa umnyango noma ngokukhuthaza impucuko ehlangene.

Okunye ukugxeka okuvamile ukuthi i-PR inciphisa ukulandisa, ngoba ababambi beqembu bangasolana ngezimiso ezingathandeki. Kodwa ukuhlola kokulandisa okuhlangene eJalimane nase-Netherlands kusikisela ukuthi abavoti bayakwazi ukubona amaqembu ayinhloko kuhulumeni futhi bawakhokhele noma babajezise ngokufanelekile. “ukubekwa kwecala” kuphansi kunesimiso esivamile, kodwa akungekho.

Njengesazi sezezombangazwe Pippa Norris siphikisa, imishini yobunjineli obukhethiweyo ingaphansi kwe-mongo ebanzi yezombangazwe. Izimiso zePR zisebenza kangcono kakhulu uma zibekwe emphakathini onezinhlangano zentando yeningi eziqinile, imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile, nokuzimisela ukuyekethisa. Emazweni anokwehlukana okujulile kwezinhlanga noma kwemibono, ngisho nesimiso sokuhlukanisa isilinganiso esikhulu asinakuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwentando yeningi ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezengeziwe.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa Lokumelelwa Kwamazwi

Ukumelelwa kwezindawo kuseyithuluzi elinamandla lokwakha izishaya-mthetho ezihlanganisayo ezibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindlu zokhetho. Ukuphumelela kwazo akufani: kuxhomeke ekushintsheni okukhethekile, umnyango, isifunda, nempucuko yezombangazwe yezwe ngalinye. Uma kuklanywe ngokunengqondo, izinhlelo zePR zinikeza izimemezelo eziphakeme kubantu abambalwa, umvoti ophezulu, kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezindlela zokukhetha epalamende. Izinselele zokwehlukana, ubunkimbinkimbinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokungena kwezekelela kwemithetho yezezimali zingancishiswa ngemikhawulo, imithetho yezezimali, nemikhankambiso.

Njengoba idemokrati icabangela inguquko yentando yeningi (ne-codemokrati) ehlanganisa i-Canada, i-United Kingdom, ne-South Korea) ubufakazi obuvela emazweni asebenzisa i-PRûa buyoba balulekile. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, kodwa isimiso sokuthi isishayamthetho kufanele sibonise amavoti siyisisekelo senkolelo yentando yeningi yanamuhla. Ukumelelwa kwezakhiwo kunikeza indlela eqondile yokufinyelela lesosibuko, futhi emazweni amaningi siye sazibonakalisa ukuthi siyasebenza futhi siqinile. Ngokuhlola impumelelo nokwehluleka kwePR emhlabeni wonke, singaklama izimiso ezisekela idemokramente eziqinisa idemokrasi kunokuba zisi.