Imishini Yegunya Le - Veto Nemithetho Engalawuleki

U-Vto umqulu ohlukanisa imibuso ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo. Inikeza igatsha eliphetheyo `noma umongameli, umbusi, noma i-monarch' igunya lokwenqaba imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Lomandla alawulayo axoxisana phakathi kwamagatsha futhi avimbele amajaji noma angekho umthetho wemithetho. Nokho akukho cebo eliphelele; izimiso eziningi zihlanganisa inqubo yokulawula evumela umkhandlu wemithetho ukuba umise umthetho naphezu kokuphikisa kwesikhulu. Ukuqonda ukufakwa kwemithetho phakathi kwe-vetoes nemithetho kudingekile edingekile ekuqondeni indlela ohulumeni abalinganisela ngayo igunya nesibopho sokulandisa.

Lesi sihloko sihlola imisuka, izinhlobo, nokusetshenziswa okuwusizo kwamandla e - veto, ukubusa kwemithetho, nezibonelo ezingokoqobo zezwe ezivela e - United States, eNdiya, e - United Kingdom, nasemikhandlwini yomhlaba wonke enjenge - United Nations Security Council.

Ayini Amandla E - Veto?

Ithathwe emazwini esiLatini “ Ngiyakwenqabela,” amandla avela ngokomlando njengethuluzi lokuvimbela igatsha elilodwa ekulawuleni. Kumarepublic anamuhla, kusebenza njengesehlo esingesihle: umphathi angavimbela umthetho, kodwa isishaya-mthetho angawulawula lowo ovimbeleyo nge-atmajority. I-veto ayiwona amandla omthetho we-propatial; amandla asebenza awe-amandla aphinde aphinde ahlolwe. I-chemed i-scription i-dictived ishondment enziwayo enziwayo emthetho wesizwe, futhi imithetho ethile iyahluka kakhulu.

Imishini ingasetshenziswa ngenxa yezizathu zomthetho - sisekelo (isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi isikweleti sephula umthetho - sisekelo) noma izizathu zesimiso (isikhulu asivumelani nezinzuzo zomthetho). Ezimisweni zobumongameli njengeUnited States, iveto iyithuluzi elinamandla; ezimisweni zephalamende njengeUnited Kingdom, i - monarch’sveto isuke ingasebenzi kakhulu futhi undunankulu ulawula ngesijeziso seqembu kunokuba alawule i - veto esemthethweni.

Izinhlobo Zamandla E - Veto

Izimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zegunya le - voto.

IVeto Ngokwayo

I-veto ephelele inikeza isikhulu esiphethe igunya elinganqunyiwe lokubulala isikweleti. Akukho mthetho owenziwe ngokukhokhwa. Loluhlobo lukhona kwezinye izi-monarchy zomthetho-sisekelo naku-United Nations Security Council, lapho ilungu ngalinye elihlala njalo lingavala khona noma isiphi isinqumo esincane. ENdiya, umongameli unezikweletu zemali kodwa futhi angabuyisela izikweletu zemali ezingakhokhelwanga imali engasasebenzi ekuthatheni imvume yokuphinda ithathelwe phansi; uma iPhalamende lidlulise futhi, umongameli kumelwe avume.

I - suspensive Veto

Ngaphansi kwe-vto ebuzayo, umphathi ubuyisela isikweleti ngokuphikisa, kodwa isishaya-mthetho singayidlulisa i-veto ngeningi elivamile. Lesimiso sisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi zaseYurophu engqungquthela yesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Estonia, umongameli angabuyisela isikweleti kanye; uma iPhalamende lisidlulisa futhi lingashintshi, umongameli kumelwe abuye alethe. I-vto ehlose umthetho kodwa ayiqali ukubulala.

I - pocket Veto

I-veto ephaketheni iyenzeka lapho umphathi engenzi lutho emalini ethatha inkathi emisiwe, evumela ukuba ife ngaphandle kokulahlwa okungokomthetho. E-United States, uma i-Congress ibambene ne-odors phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi iletha isikhokhelo futhi umongameli engasayini, isigwebo asiwubeki umthetho. Lokhu kunikeza umongameli indlela yokuvimbela umthetho ngaphandle kokuzama ukuwenqaba. Ababusi abaningana base-U.S. nabo banamandla angena ephaketheni.

Line

Futhi ibizwa ngokuthi iveto eyingxenye, umugqa uvumela umphathi ukuba ashaye izindleko ezithile noma amalungiselelo ngemali ngenkathi egunyaza wonke amanye. Ababusi abaningi base-U.S. banalo mbuso, kodwa umongameli wase-U.S. akanawo. INkantolo Ephakeme yagadla i-Line To Veto Act ka-1998 ( Clinton v. City of New York), ibusa i-oggcinitionentione. Noma kunjalo, 44 inikeza ababusi babo i-Line Countlement Veto Act esetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izindleko zemali.

I - Veto Efanelekayo

ENingizimu Afrika, umongameli angabuyisela incwadi yezivumelwano eMhlanganweni weSizwe, kodwa umhlangano ungathatha inombolo yama-2 93. Uma isambathiso siphathelene nezindaba zesifunda, i-National Council of Provinces kumelwe futhi ivunyelwe yinani elingu-2. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sisekela ngokuqinile ukumisa imithetho emelene nomphathi.

Ukubusa Kwe - Veto Ezimisweni Ezihlukahlukene Zezombangazwe

AmaRepublic Kamongameli: IUnited States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (Article I, Ingxenye 7) unika umongameli izinsuku eziyishumi ukuba asayine noma afake isikwele. Uma uMkhandlu usesiqenjini, i-veto ingangashabalaliswa ngevoti yama 933 emagumbini womabili. Lomnyango ophakeme wenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka; ngokomlando, cishe amaphesenti amane kuphela ama-vetoes angamele. I-veto iyithuluzi elibukhali: umongameli kumelwe amukele noma alahle zonke izikweletu (ayikho izimali). I-Banevase idinga i-bistarian superjoor, okunzima ukufinyelela ezikhathini ezibandawini.

Isimiso Sephalamende: I - United Kingdom Ne - India

EUnited Kingdom, inkosi inelungelo lokuvala ukuvunyelwa kwenkosi (i-veto), kodwa ayikho inkosi eye yayisebenzisa kusukela ngo-7088. Empeleni, uhulumeni ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya - mthetho, futhi amandla angokomthetho adinga i-veto ayidingi. INdiya inikeza ingxube: umongameli angathumela isikhwama semali ukuze aphinde ahlolwe, kodwa uma iPhalamende lisidlulise, umongameli kumelwe avume. Nokho, ngokuqondene nezikweleta zemali, umongameli uphethe i-veto egcwele. Umongameli waseNdiya uphethe futhi isikhwama esikweletini sikahulumeni ezimweni ezilinganiselwe.

Izindikimba Zamazwe Ngamazwe: UMkhandlu Wezokulondeka WeZizwe Ezihlangene

I-UN Security Council inikeza ilungu ngalinye lamalungu ayo ahlala njalo amahlanu (i-China, iFrance, iRussia, i-United Kingdom, i-United States) amandla phezu kwezinqumo ezingaphansi kwe-octal. Lombuso uye wasetshenziswa kangamakhulu amaningi, ikakhulukazi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Akukho nqubo yokulawula inqubo yemithetho ekhona; i-veto ikhona ngokuphelele. Imizamo yokwandisa amalungu ahlala njalo noma ukulinganisela i-veto ekusebenziseni izenzo zonya olubanzi.

Inqubo Engalawuleki Yemithetho

Imvume ivumela isishaya-mthetho ukuba simise isikweleti naphezu kwe-veto. Lenqubo ilandela lezi zinyathelo:

  1. Ukubuya kweBhili: Umphathi ubuyisela izindleko endlini yakhe yendabuko ngomyalezo weveto ochaza ukuphikisa.
  2. Ingxoxo:[ Impikiswano eqalayo yegumbi lomyalezo weveto. Ngokuvamile isibhaka-mali silethwa ngokushesha evotini.
  3. Izimiso eziningi zidinga ama-2 {3] { ama-3:31] amaningi amalungu akhona navota, noma amalungu aphelele. E-U.S., i-voti emibili 933 yama-tenator akhona nevoti iyadingeka.
  4. Isenzo somkhandlu esihlangene:[ Uma igumbi lokuqala lidlula, umlomo uya egumbini lesibili, okumelwe futhi ufeze ukufezeka okufanayo. Ukwehluleka kunoma yiliphi igumbi kusekela iveto.
  5. Isivumelwano:[ Uma kuqedwe womabili amagumbi, ingcabo iba umthetho ngaphandle kwesignesha sesikhulu. Kwamanye amazwe, umphathi kumele aphinde abhale umthetho, kodwa ukukhomba kuguqule iveto iphupho.

Imizamo yokungakhathaleli iqalile ngoba ifuna ukuvumelana kakhulu. Kuyi-Congress yase-U.S., ngu-111 kuphela ku-2 590 umongameli (cishe u-4,3%) oye wachazwa kusukela kuGeorge Washington. Impumelelo ephawulekayo ihlanganisa uMthetho wamalungelo oMdabu ka-1866 (oweqela u-Andrew Johnson’sven’s) ne-War Powers Resolution ka-1973 (onqoba uRichan Nixon’s.)

Ukuhlola Icala Elingokomlando

E - United States: U - Andrew Johnson Nomthetho Wehhovisi

Umongameli uAndrew Johnson washo iTenare of Office Act ngo - 1867, eyayidinga imvume yokususwa kwezikhulu zekhabethe. UKhomishane washaya umthetho waze washaya umthetho waholela ekulahlekeni kukaJohnson. Lelicala libonisa indlela ukushelela nokuhluza okungabangela ngayo izinhlekelele zomthetho - sisekelo.

Irekhodi LikaFranklin Roosevelt

I-FDR yakhipha izikweleti ezingu-635 phakathi nobumongameli bayo, ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye umongameli. ISishaya-mthetho singaphezu kweziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela kulezo zibhedu. Ukusetshenziswa kwakhe njalo kwe-veto ngokwengxenye kwakuyimpendulo ezinqumweni zeNkantolo ePhakemekazi ezashaya umthetho we-New Democratic Democratic Reta; wasebenzisa usongo lweveto ekulungiseni izikweletu. Izinga eliphansi lokulawula libonisa i-Dodemocratic eKhonselamenti phakathi nawo-1930, eyayivumelana nezinhlelo zikamongameli.

ENdiya: UMongameli We - Veto Encwadini Yemfundo YaseKerala

Ngo-1958, uMongameli Rajendra Prasad wasebenzisa i-vestave eyisaphula umthetho odluliswa yisishaya-mthetho saseKerala, eveza ukukhathazeka ngamalungelo amancane. Lo mthetho wabuyiselwa esishaya umthetho, kodwa awuzange udluliswe ngendlela efanayo. Lelicala laqokomisa indima kamongameli njengomqaphi woMthetho-sisekelo, nakuba amandla engasetshenziswa kakhulu.

UMkhandlu Wezokulondeka WeZizwe Ezihlangene: I - Vetoes YaseSiriya

Kusukela ngo - 2011, iRussia iye yakhipha izinqumo eziningi ze - UN Security Council ezihloselwe ukubeka izijeziso noma ukuthatha izinyathelo zokusiza abantu kuhulumeni waseSiriya. Lezi zigwegwe, ngokuvamile ezihlangene neChina, ziye zavala imingcele yokulwa kweqembu. Ukungakwazi ukuqeda i - veto kuye kwaholela ekutheni kufuneni inguquko, kuhlanganise nokuzibamba ngokuzithandela ezimweni zobudlova.

Ukufuna Ubunzima Nokugxeka

Imoto Ehambayo Futhi Ilibazise

Iveto esetshenziswa njalo ingavala umthetho. Ohulumeni abahlukene, izikhulu zingakhipha zonke izikweletu ezinkulu zeqembu eliphikisayo, ziholele ekubulaweni kwemithetho elawulayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli wase-U.S. uBarack Obama wabhekana neRepublican Congress eyadlula izikweletu eziningi ze-repeal à ÚACA; wafaka izindleko ngasinye. I-griplock yaphoqelelwa ukuhlehla kuphela lapho i-injini enkulu ikhona.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

I-Line xetam ventoes nevetoes ezilinganiselwe zinganikeza izikhulu amandla amakhulu kakhulu ekulawuleni ukusetshenziswa kwemali nemininingwane yesimiso. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ababusi bezwe abanomthetho onamandla okulawula i-profetam bangaphinde basebenzise imali ngezindlela ezingekho izinhloso zendlu yomthetho, zilulaze amandla omthetho. Ngo-2018, uMbusi uWisconsin Scott Walker wasebenzisa amagama akhe angaphelele ukususa i-veto eyodwa emibhalweni yemithetho, ishintshe incazelo yemithetho kamuva incishiswe yi-system ye-seculture.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuyekethisa

Ngokudidayo, amandla angakhuthaza ukuxoxisana. Ukwazi ukuthi iveto kungenzeka, abashaya imithetho bangahlanganisa izinto eziza kuqala ezikweletini ukuze bagweme ukuthatha izintambo eziphezulu. Ezimisweni zephalamende, usongo lokwenqaba ukuvunyelwa yinkosi (nakuba kungavamile) lungaphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba avumelane ngokwengeziwe. Ngaleyo ndlela iveto yenza “isikhawu esiphazanyisiwe” esikhuthaza ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Izinkinga Zomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke

EMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha weUN, i-veto yamalungu ahlala njalo iye yagxekwa njengesithiyo esingekho sedemokrasi nesithiyo sokuthatha isinyathelo ezinkingeni zomphakathi. iVeto Initiative eyamiswa yiFrance neMexico ngo-2015 yasikisela ukuthi amalungu amahlanu ahlala njalo agweme ngokuzithandela ukusebenzisa le-veto uma kwenzeka izenzo zonya. Okwamanje, iFrance ne-UK kuphela okusayinwe kuyo; iRussia, iChina, ne-U.S.

Imikhuba Yamuva Nezimpikiswano

I - U.S. Veto Esetshenziswa Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Abameli uGeorge W. Bush, uBarack Obama, uDonald Trump, noJoe Biden baye basebenzisa iveto ngesilinganiso esingafani. UTrump wafaka izikwele eziyishumi phakathi nenkathi yakhe, zonke ezazingathandeki ngeDemocratic precure Controlographic House kodwa hhayi ngeNdlu yeNkathi. Ukubekwa kwezwe eliphakeme cishe kuye kwadlula, njengoba umnyango wama-360 emagumbini womabili. Lokhu kuthathe i-veto yasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lenqubo lokuvimbela umthetho kunokuba kube yi-partum.

Izinqubo Zokushintsha Kwezimo

Izifunda-mazwe eziningi zase-U.S. ziye zamisa imithetho elinganisela noma enwetshisa i-veto. Umbusi waseKentucky angafaka i-profilestion à à traitem vento appropria, kuyilapho umbusi kaMaine angabuyisela izikweleti ngokuphikisa futhi kudingeka amavoti amabili 933 ukuze athathe izintambo. Ezinye izizwe ziye zazama “iphakethe” enqabela umbusi ukuba avume noma alahle isikhwama somthetho, anciphise amandla omngcele we-tan cellitem queto.

Izinkampani Zezinguquko Zamazwe Ngamazwe

I-UN General Assembly iye yaphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe nokushintshwa kwenguqulo ye-Security Council, kuhlanganise ne-veto system. Ngo-2022, umhlangano wamukela isinqumo esifuna ilungu elihlala njalo elifuna ukuchaza i-veto elisebenzisayo empikiswaneni ekhethekile, kungabi yisilinganiso esincane sokulinganisa. I-veto ilokhu ingenye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu zombuso wezizwe zonke.

Isiphetho

I-Vto ukunqoba amandla nezimiso zokushaya umthetho kuyizindlela ezibalulekile zokulondoloza amasheke nezilinganiso. Baqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingamisa imithetho ngalinye, liphoqelele ukuxoxisana nokuvumelana okubanzi. Umklamo wezimiso zeveto . "Noma ihlelwe iphelele, i-spensive, iphakethe, noma umugqa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abafundi bakahulumeni nomthetho kufanele baqaphele ukuthi amaveto awazona nje izithiyo ezisemzimbeni; angamathuluzi asebenzayo aveza imiphumela yesimiso sokulungisa. Ukuhlolwa kwamandla eveto kukhanyisa ukuqina okungapheli phakathi kwempumelelo nokuhlela, phakathi kokubusa okuningi nesivikelo esincane. Njengoba izimiso zokubusa zivele, impikiswano ngegunya leveto, ikakhulukazi eziminyameni zomhlaba wonke.