Iminikelo yezombangazwe yakha izimali eziqinile zezimiso zokukhetha zentando yeningi, okwenza abazosebenza kanye namaqembu ezombangazwe bakwazi ukuxhumanisa iziteji zabo nokuqoqa abavoti. Nokho, ukugeleza kwemali kwezombangazwe kunezingozi ezinkulu zenkohlakalo nethonya elingadingekile uma zingaqalwa. Isimiso esiqinile somthetho sibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi futhi siqinisekise ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kwezombangazwe kuhlala kufinyeleleka futhi kulungile. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola imithetho, ukulinganiselwa, nemikhuba engcono kakhulu ehlobene neminikelo yezombangazwe, ukunikeza abanikeli, izisebenzi zemikhankanti, kanye nezakhamuzi ezibophele ukwandisa ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuqondiswe kulendawo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Seminikelo Yezombangazwe

Iminikelo yezokwakha engokomthetho elawula iminikelo yezombangazwe ihluka kakhulu ezizweni ezihlukene, kodwa izimiso ezivamile zisekelwe ezimisweni eziningi. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukulinganisela amathuba okonakala, ukuveza obala, futhi ivimbele ukuhlanekezelwa kwezinqubo zentando yeningi ngengcebo eqondile. E-United States, iFederal EFoffantactive Campaigment Act (FEC) njengelungiswe yi-Bipartistan Champain Reformation Act (BRA) ihlela imingcele yomnikelo nemfuno ye-Republic. I-Feactive Ecomption Commission (FEC) inikeza iziqondiso eziningi zeminikelo evumelekile kanye nokubika izibophozomthetho zezombangazwe [[FLT] [FLT][3] I-FLD] Isiqondiso se-FOctive.[3][FL:1]

Izici eziyinhloko zohlelo olungokomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • [ Imingcele yomnikelo[: Inani elikhulu labantu noma izinhlangano zinganikeza umjikelezo wokhetho noma unyaka wekhalenda.
  • Abanikeli abathenjiswe [: Amazwe angaphandle, izakhiwo zikahulumeni, kanye nezinkampani kwezinye izindawo zinqatshelwe ukwenza iminikelo eqondile.
  • [ Izimfuneko zokuqinisekisa [: Abanikazi namakomiti kumelwe babike iminikelo phezu komnyango othile wendikimba elawulayo.
  • Izinqubo zokuphoqelela: Imali engangeni ebhajwe ngaphandle ingasukela kumali ehlawuliswayo kuya kumacala obugebengu.

Ukuqonda imithetho eqondile esendaweni osebenza kuyo kubucayi. Inhlangano yezezomnotho Co-operation and Development (OECD) ikhipha izilinganiso eziqhathanisayo zezimiso zezezimali zezombangazwe eziqokomisa imikhuba engcono kakhulu (Ukwaziswa kwezezezimali zezezombangazwe ze-OECD).

Izinhlobo Zeminikelo

Ukuqonda izinhlobo eziningi zeminikelo kusiza abanikelayo namakomiti ukuba bavumelane nemithetho engase iphathe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenani elihlukile.

Iminikelo Ye - Monetary

Imali ekhokhwa ngokuqondile − noma ikhokhelwa ngokuhlola, ngokuthumela ucingo, ngekhadi lokuthenga ngesikweleti, noma nge-atting platifomu yemali ekhokhelwayo . Lena ingeyomcebo oqondile wemali enikezwayo futhi kumelwe yenziwe ngezimali zomuntu ngamunye onikelayo. Amakomiti kumelwe agcine amarekhodi anemininingwane yayo yonke iminikelo yemali, kuhlanganise negama lomniniyo, ikheli, umsebenzi, nomqashi ngenani elingaphezu kwenani (ngokuvamile elingu-R3 000 e-U.S.).

Iminikelo Engenayo

Impahla noma izinkonzo ezinikezwa umkhankaso ngaphandle kokukhokha ngentela − noma ngenani eliphansi eliyiminikelo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa indawo yamahhovisi, izinkonzo zokunyathelisa, ukulungiselela, nokuhlola kochwepheshe. Inani lemali efanele yemali edilivwe ngohlobo olulodwa lilinganiselwa kumngcele womnikelo womniniyo, futhi lomkhankaso kumelwe ubika ukuthi kokubili umnikelo nezindleko. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umklami wemikhankaso eveza izithombe ekhampayo elingana no-R35 000, leyo mali iphathwa njengomnikelo obekelwe isilinganiso esifanayo semali.

Izinkonzo Zokuzithandela

Isikhathi sokuzithandela somuntu siqu asibhekwa njengomnikelo, ngoba ukwenza kanjalo kungathulisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi. Nokho, uma isisebenzi sokuzithandela singumsizi wenkonzo oqeqeshiwe (isinye isi, ummeli onikeza iseluleko somthetho sesikhala), inani lalezo zinkonzo lingase libhekwe njengeminikelo yohlobo oluphansi kuye ngokuthi lilawulwa. Imithetho eminingi yayikukhulula ngokuqondile ukusebenza ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kokukhokha.

Izinkokhelo Neziqinisekiso

Amaloli amakomiti ezombangazwe aphathwa njengeminikelo ngaphandle kokuba enziwa ngezindlela ezinengqondo zezentengiselwano futhi abikwe ngokufanelekile. I-Loan iqinisekisa .[1] Lapho ingxenye yesithathu ithembisa ukukhokha imali ebolekiswayo uma ingekho ifashoniwe uma umkhankaso ungabhekwa futhi njengeminikelo elingana nemali eqinisekisiwe. Le ndawo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ingaphansi kwezimfuneko eziqinile zokubika.

Imikhawulo Nemingcele

Imingcele ewumnikelo iyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuvimbela abanikela ngeminikelo abacebile ukuba basebenzise ithonya elingalingani. Nokho, lemingcele ayivamile ukuba lula kuyo yonke imijikelezo yokhetho nezinhlobo zamakomiti.

Imingcele Yomthelela Ngamunye

E-United States, umuntu anganikela kuR3,00 kukhetho ngalunye kukomiti yokhetho (2023-2024), u-R1 000 ngonyaka ekomitini yeqembu likahulumeni, kanye no-$41,300 ngonyaka ekomitini yesizwe. Imingcele iyashintshwa ukuze anciphe imali njalo eminyakeni emibili. Imingcele ehlukene isebenza kumaKomiti e-Political Action (PAC) nase-PACIS, angamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo kubantu, ezinkampanini, nasezinyunyana kodwa enqatshelwe ukuba asebenzelane ngokomthetho.

Imingcele Nezimiso Zokubambisana

Amazwe amaningi avimbela noma anqabela iminikelo yezinhlangano nezinhlangano eziqondile kwabazohlolwa. E-U.S., izinkampani nezinyunyana zezisebenzi zivinjelwa ekwenzeni iminikelo eqondile kuhulumeni kodwa angase asungule ama-PAC ukuze ahlanganise iminikelo evela kuzisebenzi noma amalungu. E-UK, izinkampani nezinyunyana zezokuhwebelana zinganikela emaqenjini ezombangazwe uma umnikelo uvunyelwa ababambi bemali noma amalungu. I-European Union ayinayo imithetho eyodwa; ilungu ngalinye limisa iziqondiso zayo, kuholele ekuhlukani okukhulu.

Ukusikisela Kwemali Kwakwamanye Amazwe

Cishe zonke imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi inqabela iminikelo evela kwamanye amazwe, ohulumeni noma izinhlangano zohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. Lo mthetho uhloselwe ukuvimbela ukungenela kwezizwe ekuvotelweni. Abanikazi kumelwe banikeze ubufakazi ngokuqondene nesizwe sabo kanye nendawo yokuhlala. Imikhankaso iyadingeka ekufakeni iminikelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abaveli emithonjeni enqatshelwe.

Imingcele Eyingozi

Amanye amagunya abeka imingcele yengqikithi yemali onikela ngayo enganikela kubo bonke abazobhapathizwa kanye namakomiti ehlangene. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yakhipha imingcele kahulumeni ye-aggreate ngo-2014 (Mccheon v. FEC), kodwa amazwe amaningi asawalondoloza. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia ilinganisela umuntu engqikithini engu-R36 000 ngonyaka ngeminikelo yezwe nasemakomitini.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokubika

Ukubona bhabha kuyisisekelo sobuqotho bezezimali zezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kokuvezwa obala, kunzima ukuphoqelela imingcele yomnikelo, futhi umphakathi awunakuvuma ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinecala ngemithombo yazo yezimali. Izimfuneko zokubika zivame ukuhilela ukuqophana ngezikhathi ezithile nendikimba emisiwe.

Izikhala Zomchamo

Amazwe amaningi adinga ukubikwa kweminikelo engaphezulu kakhulu komnyango. E-U.S., iminikelo edlula u-R260 kumele ibikwe ngokuhlukanisa iminikelo. Iminikelo emincane ingahlukaniswa futhi ibikwe njengenani lesigamu. Umnyango uncishiswe ngokwanele ukuba uthobe ithonya elibalulekile kuyilapho ugwema umthwalo ongafanele eminikelweni emincane yelanga.

Ukubika Izinqubo

Amakomiti omkhankaso kumelwe abhale imibiko njalo ngezikhathi ezithile − inhloko-nkulu, ukukhethwa, nokukhethwa kweposi ezimisweni eziningi. Lezi zitebhisi zenziwa umphakathi futhi zitholakale kaningi kuyi-inthanethi ukuze kuphenywe. Ukubikwa kwangempela kweminikelo emikhulu (umz., phakathi namahora angu-48) kuyadingeka ngeminikelo engaphezu kwe R1,000 eyenziwa cishe kukhetho e-U.S. kunezinye izifunda.

Ukwazi Ukwaziswa Komphakathi

Izinhlelo ezisemfashinini, njengendawo yezezimali ye-FEC yomkhankaso, zivumela izintatheli, abacwaningi, nomphakathi ukuba bahlaziye izindlela zomnikelo. Abasekeli abaningi bacela amafomethi okwaziswa okuvuliwe okufundeka ngomshini ukuze bakwazi ukucubungula ngokujule. I-Transparency International’s yomsebenzi wezezimali zezombangazwe[ iqokomisa isidingo semininingwane efinyekayo, ehleliwe ukusekela ukulandisa.

Imali Yokungavumelani Nezindaba Ezihlukile

Ukwehluleka ukubhala imibiko ngesikhathi, ukukhipha ukwaziswa okudingekayo, noma ukwamukela iminikelo engekho emthethweni ngamabomu kungaphumela ezijezisweni ezinzima. I-FEC ingakhokhwa kakhulu, igwebo lokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, futhi ifune iziyalo. E-UK, i-Electoral Commission inamandla okuphoqelela izijeziso zemali nokuphoqelelwa kwezindaba. Izijeziso zobugebengu zingahlanganisa ukuboshwa emacalani okukhwabaniswa ngamabomu noma ukuphanga iminikelo kwamanye amazwe.

Umphumela Weminikelo Yezombangazwe Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngokomthetho, indima yemali kwezombangazwe iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokumelelwa nokulingana.

Inkinga Yokuthola Ithuba

Iminikelo emikhulu ingadala ukubonakala kwe-(noma iqiniso) .Njengoba kungekho mvume ecacile ekhona, abanikeli abangawathola amathuba amaningi okuhlangana nabenzi bezimiso futhi baveze imibono yabo. Lokhu kungabeka inqubo engcono kakhulu ezithakazelweni zabacebile. Izimiso zezimali zomphakathi kanye nosizo oluncane olunikeza izinhlelo ezihambelanayo ukudambisa lomphumela.

Amandla Omenzi Omsebenzi Omncane

Izindawo zokufaka imali ezikhokhelwayo zezemishini ziye zasiza imikhankaso yokunyusa izimali ezivela ezigidini zabanikeleyo abancane. Lokhu kungandisa isisekelo somphikisi futhi kunciphise ukuncikeka eminikelweni emikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhankaso eminingi kamongameli e-U.S. manje iphakamisa ingxenye enkulu yezimali ngeminikelo engaphansi kuka-R160. Ezinye izinhlangano zinikela ngemali efanayo ukuze kuqhutshwe igalelo elivamile leminikelo.

Umkhankaso Wokusebenzisa Imali Nokulingana

Nakuba ukulinganiselwa kokunikela kulinganisela ukuthi abantu ngabanye banganikela kangakanani, ukusetshenziswa ngamaqembu azimele (isisho, iPign PCs) ngokuvamile akunamingcele ngenxa yesivikelo sokukhuluma. Lokhu kuye kwaholela emncintiswaneni wezikhali ekukhangiseni ngomkhankaso, lapho amaqembu angaphandle akhokhelwa kakhulu engabusa khona izindiza. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kululaza isimiso sokulingana kwenani lokhetho, lapho izwi lesakhamuzi ngasinye kufanele libe nesilinganiso esifanayo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Kwabanikazi

Ukuze bavumelane nomthetho futhi banikele ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha, abanikelayo kufanele banamathele eziqondisweni ezilandelayo:

  • [ Yazi imingcele[: Hlola imingcele yamanje yomnikelo wekomiti ngayinye ngaphambi kokunikela. Gcina amarekhodi azo zonke iminikelo ukuze ugweme ukweqa isilinganiso esingaqondile.
  • [ Sebenzisa imali yakho siqu: Iminikelo eqinisekisiwe yenziwa ngokuhlola komuntu siqu noma ngokugcina i-akhawunti. Ama-akhawunti ebhizinisi, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, noma izimali ezisuka ekuthembisweni zingabangela imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi noma zenqatshelwe.
  • Iprojective eyiyo ye-: Hlanganisa igama eliphelele, ikheli lendawo yokuhlala, umsebenzi, nomqashi njengoba kudingekile. Imvume ingaphumela ekuphoqelweni ukuba ubuyiselwe noma uphinde udlulise umnikelo.
  • qaphela ukunqwabelana: Ukuqoqa iminikelo kubantu abaningi nokuyithumela emkhankasweni /(i-carries wimber systems). Uma uyisithuthi, kungadingeka ubhalise ne-FEC.
  • Ibone izinkambiso zomqashi[: Abanye abaqashi bavimbela iminikelo yezombangazwe yezisebenzi. Hlola indlela yenkampane yakho yokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi uma usembonini elawulwayo efana nokuthola imali noma ukuzivikela.
  • Imibiko ngeminikelo yohlobo[: Uma unikeza izimpahla noma izinkonzo, bhala inani lezentengiselwano elilungile futhi uqinisekise umkhankaso ukubika njengomnikelo ophakathi nohlobo.

Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuhlaziya Okuqhathanisa

Imithetho yeminikelo yezombangazwe iyahlukahluka emhlabeni wonke.

Country Individual Donation Limit Corporate Donation Ban Public Financing Disclosure Threshold
United States $3,300 per candidate per election Banned (must use PAC) Voluntary with matching funds (presidential only) $200
United Kingdom No per-donor limit (but permissibility rules) Must be approved by shareholders Policy development grants and short money £500 (£7,500 for parties)
Canada $1,675 per party per year Banned entirely Per-vote subsidy (phased out) and partial reimbursement $200
Germany No limit for individuals (subject to disclosure caps) Allowed with no limit (but higher disclosure thresholds) Public funding based on vote share €10,000 for individuals
Brazil 10% of candidate’s electoral fund Banned since 2015 Electoral fund (FEFC) distributed by parties R$1,064.10 (approx)

Imingcele yomuntu ngamunye ophanayo eJalimane ilinganiswa ukusekela izimali ezinamandla nokwembulwa okukhulu, kuyilapho imingcele eqinile yaseCanada nokuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kwezinhlangano kubonisa umzamo wamabomu wokunciphisa ithonya lemali.

Izimo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinguquko

Imithetho yeminikelo yezombangazwe iyaqhubeka ishintsha.

  • [ Iminikelo yeminikelo ewusizo ye-Digital[: Iminikelo ye-Cryptocurrency iletha izinselele ezintsha zokulandelela nokudalula. Amanye ama-arestration, njenge-U.S., aye akhipha isiqondiso sokuphatha ukumemeza njengeminikelo engekho ohlotsheni, kuyilapho amanye edala imithetho eqondile.
  • Ku-line shrid mer [: 501(c)(4) izinhlangano e-U.S. kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezifanayo kwezinye zingahlanganyela ekusebenziseni imali yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuthunga izimemezelo. Abashisekeli bezezimali benkampano bazimisele ukuba babonakale ngokwengeziwe nge-DISCLOSE Act nangomthetho ofana nayo.
  • Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Dollar [: Uhlelo lwe-Seattle’s “Democracy Voucher” nohlelo lwezikhwama ezifanayo zezikhwama zaseDolobheni laseNew York ziyizibonelo ezikhulisa iminikelo emincane, ukunciphisa ukuthembela kweminikelo emikhulu. Izimo eziningi zicabangela izimiso ezifanayo.
  • Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo ekuthobeleni[: Imikhankaso kanye nemikhankaso elawulayo iqala ukusebenzisa i-Al ekusebenziseni imiklamo yomnikelo osolekayo, ukuhlukanisa izinyathi, nokuqinisekisa ukubika ngesikhathi. Lokhu kungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhono lokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho.
  • Global nendinganiso yokungasebenzisi imali [: I-Financial Action Task Force (FATF) itusa ukuba amazwe asebenzise izinyathelo zokulwa nemali eminikelweni yezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nenkuthalo efaneleyo yeminikelo emikhulu. Lokhu kungaholela ezimfunekweni eziqinile zokuhlukanisa emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

Iminikelo yezombangazwe iyisici esibalulekile kodwa esilawulwa ngokuqinile sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Ukuqonda imithetho nokulinganiselwa akuyona nje isidingo esingokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nomthwalo wemfanelo wezimiso. Ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko zokudalulwa, ukuhlonipha imingcele yomnikelo, nokuqaphela ukusikisela okubanzi kwemali kwezombangazwe, abanikeleyo nemikhankaso kunganezela esimisweni sokukhetha esisobala, esingakhethi, nesithenjwa izakhamuzi. Izinguquko eziqhubekayo nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe ziyoqhubeka zihlela lomkhakha, kwenze kube okubalulekile kubo bonke ababambisi bemigoqongo ukuba baqhubeke benolwazi futhi bethembise izindleko.