Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Imithetho Elungile: Isiqondiso Esinenselele Samalungelo Kahulumeni Nobulungisa EMelika

Amalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa kwakha isisekelo somphakathi olungile nolinganayo. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ukuphishekela ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kuye kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu zemithetho ezivikela abantu ekucwaseni futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyakwazi ukuthola amathuba afanayo. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile ukuze uqaphele amalungelo akho, ukhuthaze ubulungisa, futhi wakhe umphakathi ohlukene.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola imithetho emikhulu yamalungelo abantu elawula umphakathi waseMelika namuhla, kusukela ekuvikelekeni kwemisebenzi kuya ekuhlalweni kwamalungelo abantu, kusukela ekufundeni kuya ekutholeni izindawo zokuhlala ezikhubazekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisisebenzi, umqashi, umfundi, noma uyisakhamuzi esikhathazekile, lesi sihloko sizokusiza ukuba uqondise umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi wamalungelo abantu futhi uqonde indlela lemithetho evikela ngayo wena nomphakathi wakho.

Isisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi EMelika

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi eUnited States imelela amashumi eminyaka empi, ukulwa, ukubusa, nezenzo zemithetho ezihloselwe ukuqeda ubandlululo nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulingana kwazo zonke izakhamuzi. Lemithetho ivikela abantu ekuphathweni ngokungafanele okusekelwe ezicini ezinjengebala, imibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubudala, nokukhubazeka. Ukuqonda umongo ongokomlando nalesivikelo kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukubaluleka kwazo futhi siqaphele izinselele eziqhubekayo.

Ayini Amalungelo Omphakathi?

Amalungelo omphakathi ayisisekelo nenkululeko eqinisekiswe kubo bonke abantu ngomthetho. Lamalungelo aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angahlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini ngaphandle kokucwaswa noma ukuphathwa ngokungafani. Amalungelo omphakathi ahlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala, ukuvota, nokuthola izinkonzo zomphakathi nendawo yokuhlala.

Umqondo wamalungelo omphakathi usekelwe esimisweni sokuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banezici noma isizinda sabo. Lezisivikelo ziphoqelelwa ngohulumeni, umbuso, nangomthetho wendawo, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola ukwephulwa nokuqinisekiswa kokulalela.

Ukuziphendukela Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Uhambo lokuya ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi eMelika luye lwaba lude futhi lwaba yinselele. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo noBill of Rights besungule inkululeko eyisisekelo, amaqembu amaningi abhekana nokucwaswa okuhleliwe izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Umzabalazo wamalungelo ezakhamuzi wama - 1950 nawo - 1960 waletha ukunakekela kwesizwe kulokhu kungabi nabulungisa futhi kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokomthetho.

Kwavela imithetho emikhulu yamalungelo abantu ngokuyinhloko ngawo - 1960 nawo - 1970, nakuba imithetho ebalulekile isaqhubeka imiswa futhi ilungiswa ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele. Le mithetho yakhelana, yakha uhlelo olubanzi lwesivikelo olusingatha ukucwasana ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ivikele amaqembu abantu ahlukahlukene.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wango - 1964: Umthetho Owawuphawulwe Ngezwe

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho emlandweni waseMelika. Lomthetho obanzi wasingatha ubandlululo ezingxenyeni eziningi zokuphila komphakathi futhi wamisa isisekelo sesivikelo samalungelo abantu esilandela. Ukuqonda lomthetho ophawulekayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi yanamuhla esebenza ngayo.

Isihloko VII: Ukucwaswa Komsebenzi

Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946 sinqabela ubandlululo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe. Lengxenye yomthetho isebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 15 noma ngaphezulu futhi ihlanganisa zonke izici zemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulwa, ukukhokhela, ukuqeqesha, kanye nezinye izimo zemisebenzi.

Umthetho ukwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukuba abaqashi bacwase abacela umsebenzi noma izisebenzi ngenxa yezici ezivikelweyo. Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje ukubandlulula ngokuqondile kuphela kodwa futhi nezimiso noma imikhuba enethonya elingalinganiyo emaqenjini avikelwe, ngisho noma lokhu kucwasa kungahlosiwe. I-Ouncilial Obroughtment Options Commission (EOC) igcizelela iSihlomo VII futhi ihlole izikhalo zokucwaswa kwemisebenzi.

Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zacacisa ukuthi ubandlululo olusekelwe ekukhetheni ubulili nobulili luhlanganisa ukucwaswa kwezingane ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi VII, okunikeza isivikelo ku LGBTQ+ izisebenzi ezweni lonke.

Ezinye Iziqu Ezibalulekile Zomthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Ngaphezu kwe-Word VII, uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 uhlanganisa namanye amalungiselelo amaningana abalulekile. Isihloko II sinqabela ukucwaswa ezindaweni zomphakathi njengehhotela, izitolo zokudlela, imidlalo yemidlalo, namanye amabhizinisi akhonza umphakathi. Isihloko III sikhuluma ngobandlululo obala ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Isihloko I-IV sikhuluma ngokucwasa kwezinhlelo zesikole. Isihloko VI sivimbela ukucwaswa kwezinhlelo nemisebenzi yombuso ukwamukela usizo lwezimali.

Isihloko ngasinye sikhuluma ngobandlululo ngomongo oqondile, sidala uhlelo olubanzi lokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

Isinyathelo Semali Esilinganayo Sika - 1963: Ukulwa Nokucwaswa

I-Umeal Pay Act yasayinwa njengomthetho ngoJune 10, 1963, nguJohn F. Kennedy, eyenza ibe omunye wemithetho yokuqala kahulumeni ekhuluma ngokuqondile ngokucwasana kwabesilisa nabesifazane emsebenzini. I-Aumeter Pay Act ka 1963 umthetho wezisebenzi wase-United States osekela i-Fair Labor Standard Act, ohloselwe ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwemiholo esekelwe ebulilini.

Amalungiselelo Esenzo Seholo Esilinganayo

I-EPA yenqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe ebulilini phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane abasebenza endaweni efanayo abafuna ikhono elilinganayo, umzamo, nomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abaqashi abanakukhokha izisebenzi zobulili obufana nobabodwa ezingaphansi kwezisebenzi zobulili obuhlukile ngokwenza umsebenzi olingana kakhulu.

Zonke izinhlobo zenkokhelo zikhokhelwa, kuhlanganise neholo elithatha isikhathi eside, umshuwalense, umshuwalense wokuphila, iholidi neholide, iholidi lokuhlanza noma ihhotela likaphethiloli, indawo yokuhlala ehhotela, imali yokukhokhela izindleko zokuhamba, nezinzuzo. Ukukhomba okubanzi komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucwaswa komthetho akunakufihlwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zenkokhelo.

Yini Ebangela Izenzo Zobufebe “Imisebenzi Enzima ”?

Imisebenzi eqhathaniswayo kudinga ikhono elilingana kakhulu, umzamo, nomthwalo wemfanelo futhi yenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esifanayo. Ukuthathwa njengolinganayo, imisebenzi kumelwe ifane kakhulu "ehlobene" noma"efana kakhulu," futhi ukungalingani okuncane kwemisebenzi, noma ikhono, umzamo, noma umthwalo wemfanelo odingekayo ngemisebenzi ngeke kubangele umsebenzi ungafani.

Umthetho uhlola izici eziningana lapho uthola ukuthi imisebenzi iyalingana kakhulu. Ukuhlakanipha kulinganiswa ngezici ezinjengolwazi, ikhono, imfundo, nokuqeqeshwa okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi. Umzamo ubhekisela ekusebenzeni okudingekayo ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo. Umthwalo wemfanelo ucabangela izinga lokulandisa okudingekayo. Izimo zokusebenza zihlanganisa indawo ezungezile engokomzimba nezingozi zomsebenzi.

Wavumela Izikhala Ezingafani

I-EPA ivumela ukuhluka kweholo elisekelwe ekukhuleni, ekukhiqizweni, ezingeni eliphansi, noma kwezinye izinto ezingafani ezingasekelwe ebulilini.

Nokho, abaqashi abanakusebenzisa lezizinsolo zokucwasa. Uma kukhona iholo elingafani phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane abenza umsebenzi olingana kakhulu, umqashi kumelwe afakazele ukuthi umehluko usekelwe kwesinye salezici ezingokomthetho kunokuba ube nobuhlobo bobulili. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphezu komqashi ukuze athethelele noma ikuphi ukwehluka komholo.

Ukubuyisela Ubandlululo

Uma kunokungalingani kweholo phakathi kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile abasebenza imisebenzi elingana kakhulu, abaqashi kumelwe baphakamise iholo elilinganayo kodwa bangase banganciphisi iholo labanye abantu.

Ngo-January 29, 2009, uMongameli Barack Obama wasayinwa emthethweni i-Lilly Levered Fair Pay Act, enikeza ukuthi isheke lemali elilinganayo labesilisa nabesifazane liwukwephulwa okusha komthetho. Lomthetho wakhuluma ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esasilinganisela isikhathi sokukhokha izimali zokucwaswa, okwenza kube lula ngezisebenzi ukuba zibeke inselele ukukhokha okuqhubekayo kokungalingani.

Umlando Nomphumela

I - Act Exct, eyasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ngoJune 10, 1963, yayingomunye wemithetho yokuqala kahulumeni emelene nokuhlukana eyayikhuluma ngokungafani kweholo okusekelwe ebulilini, ikwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukukhokhela amadoda nabesifazane abasebenza endaweni efanayo amaholo ahlukahlukene ngomsebenzi ofanayo.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abesifazane baqala ukusebenza ngamanani angenakuqhathaniswa, kodwa babethola imali engaphansi kakhulu kwabesilisa emsebenzini ofanayo. Ngemva kwempi, imizamo yokuxazulula lokhu kuhlukahluka yazuza amandla, nakuba kwathatha cishe amashumi amabili eminyaka ukuze kudlule umthetho ogcwele.

Iphepha lokudweba lalifuna imali efanayo "yomsebenzi olinganayo," kodwa ekugcineni lamazwi ashintshwa aba "umsebenzi ongaphikisani" osho ukuthi, "umsebenzi odinga ikhono elilinganayo, umzamo, nomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi owenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokusebenza". Lokhu ukushintsha kwakudingekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa komthetho, nakuba abanye abasekeli babephikisa ukuthi indinganiso elinganiselwe ingenciphisa amandla omthetho.

Abantu BaseMelika Abanomthetho Wokukhubazeka: Bathola Ukuthi Bangatholakala Kangakanani

AmaMelika Ane - Act yokukhubazeka (ADA) aba umthetho ngo - 1990 futhi awumthetho wamalungelo omphakathi owenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila komphakathi, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi, izikole, ezokuhamba, nezindawo eziningi zomphakathi nezingasese ezivulekele umphakathi.

Ukuqonda Ukukhubazeka Ngaphansi Kwe - ADA

AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) umthetho kahulumeni wamalungelo omphakathi owenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile emisebenzini yansuku zonke. I - ADA inqabela ukucwaswa ngenxa yokukhubazeka njengoba nje eminye imithetho enqabela ukucwaswa ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, ubudala, nenkolo.

I - ADA ichaza ukukhubazeka okuhlanganisa ukukhubazeka okungokomzimba noma okungokwengqondo okunciphisa kakhulu izinto eziyinhloko zokuphila. Okuningi ekuphileni kuhlanganisa izenzo ezinjengokudla, ukulala, ukukhuluma, ukuphefumula, ukuhamba, ukuphakamisa, nokuqondisa ingqondo njengokucabanga nokugxilisa ingqondo.

Ngo-September 25, 2008, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasayina i-ADA Isichibiyeli sika-2008 (ADAAA) njengomthetho, owandisa incazelo "yokungalondeki" ngaleyo ndlela yandisa isivikelo se-ADA kubantu abaningi. Lokhu kwashintsha izinqumo eziningi zenkantolo ezazichaze incazelo yokukhubazeka, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaningi bathola isivikelo ngaphansi komthetho.

Isihloko I: Isivikelo Somsebenzi

Isihloko Ngisiza abantu abakhubazekile ukuba bathole amathuba emisebenzi afanayo nezinzuzo ezitholakala kubantu abangakhubazekile futhi sisebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 15 noma ngaphezulu.

Isihloko Ngidinga abaqashi ukuba banikeze abacelayo noma izisebenzi indawo yokuhlala efanelekile, echazwa njengoshintsho oluhlalisa izisebenzi ezikhubazekile ukuze zenze umsebenzi ngaphandle kokubangela umqashi “izinkinga ezingafanele" (izinkinga ezinkulu noma izindleko).

Izindawo zokulala ezifanele zingaba nezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokulungisa izimiso zomsebenzi, ukulungiselela ubuchwepheshe obusizayo, ukulungisa imisebenzi, ukwenza izakhiwo zitholakale, noma ukunikeza abahumushi noma abafundi. Indawo edingekayo ixhomeke ekukhubazekeni komuntu ngamunye nasezimfunekweni zomsebenzi. Abaqashi nezisebenzi kufanele bahileleke enqubweni yokuthola indawo yokuhlala ephumelelayo.

Isihloko II: UMbuso Nezinkonzo Zikahulumeni Wendawo

Isihloko II sidinga izinhlangano zomphakathi ukuze zenze izinhlelo zazo, izinkonzo nemisebenzi abantu abakhubazekile abakwazi ukuyenza futhi bahlele izimfuneko zokuzikhipha nokuhlela; benza izinguquko ezinengqondo ezimisweni, emikhubeni, nasezinqubweni lapho kudingekile khona ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo; bahlukanise imingcele yezakhiwo; futhi baxhumane ngokuphumelelayo nabantu abezwayo, abangakwazi ukubona kahle nokukhuluma.

Lesisihloko sisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nezikole, izinkantolo, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, nezindawo zokuzijabulisa. Izinhlangano zomphakathi kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile bangahlanganyela futhi bazuze ezimisweni zikahulumeni nasezinkonzweni zenkonzo zesisekelo esilinganayo kwabanye.

Isihloko III: Indawo yokuhlala yomphakathi

Isihloko III senqabela izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi zokulahla abantu abakhubazekile, kuhlanganise nabantu abakhubazekile, abaqashiwe noma abaqashiwe ngezindawo ezinjengehhotela, izitolo zokudlela, abathengisi, amahhovisi odokotela, amakhosi egalofu, izikole zokunakekela abantu, izinkulisa, amabalazwe ezemidlalo, amabhayisikobho, njalonjalo.

Isihloko III simisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuthola ushintsho nokwakhiwa okusha kwezindawo zezentengiselwano nezindawo zomphakathi ezizimele. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezintsha nokuvuselelwa kuhlanganisa izici zokutholakala ezisuka esitejini sokuklama, okwenza kube lula futhi kusebenze kakhulu ukunikeza ukufinyelela okulinganayo.

Izindawo zomphakathi zokulala kumelwe zisuse izithiyo zokwakha lapho kulula khona ukukwazi ukuzisebenzisa, zinikeze usizo nezinkonzo zokuxhumana okuphumelelayo, futhi zilungise izimiso nemikhuba ehlukanisa abantu abakhubazekile. Lezi zimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile bangathola izinto, izinkonzo, nezakhiwo ezilinganayo nabanye.

Isihloko IV: Ukuxhumana ngemishini

Isihloko IV sidinga izinkampani zocingo ne-inthanethi ukuze zinikeze izinkonzo zokudlulisa imiyalezo ezivumela abantu abakhubazekile ekuzweleni nasekukhulumeni ukuba baxhumane ngocingo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinkonzo ezifana nezingcingo zocingo (TTTY) kanye nezinkonzo zokudlulisa amavidiyo ezisebenzisa abatoliki bolimi lwezandla. Lesi sihloko sidinga futhi ukudluliswa kwemisebe yenkonzo yomphakathi exhaswe nguhulumeni.

Isihloko V: Amalungiselelo ayingxubevange

Isihloko V siqukethe amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene ahlobene ne-ADA iyonke, kuhlanganise nokuhlobana kwayo neminye imithetho, ukunqabela ukuziphindiselela nokuphoqelelwa, nemali yommeli. Lesi sihloko sicacisa ukuthi i-ADA ayilinganisi noma iqede eminye imithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni enikeza isivikelo esilinganayo noma esikhulu kakhulu kubantu abakhubazekile.

Umphumela Nokubaluleka Kwawo

I - ADA yaholela empucukweni enkulu ngokuphathelene nokuthola izinkonzo zomphakathi, ukutholakala kwendawo ezungezile, nokuqonda okungokwenhlalo kokukhubazeka. Umthetho uye waguqula umphakathi waseMelika ngokufuna amabhizinisi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinye izinhlangano ukuba zicabangele ukutholakala kwemisebenzi yazo nezinye izakhiwo.

I-ADA iye yabangela ushintsho olusakazekile lwezisekelo ezingokomzimba, kusukela ekuvimbeleni izindawo zokupaka ezifinyelekile kuya ekheshini nasezindaweni zangasese ezingenekayo. Ishintshe futhi imisebenzi yemisebenzi, amathuba emfundo, nokuthola izinto ezizosetshenziswa. Ngaphandle kokushintsha ngokomzimba, i-ADA iye yasiza ekushintsheni isimo sengqondo somphakathi ngokukhubazeka, ikhuthaza ukuqonda ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile banelungelo lokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi.

UMthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

UMthetho we-Voing Rights ka-1965 umelela enye yemiphumela evelele yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu. Lomthetho ophawulekayo walungisa imingcele ehleliwe eyavimbela ama-Afrika neqembu elincane ukuba lisebenzise ilungelo lalo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuvota. Ukuqonda lo mthetho kubalulekile ukuze siqaphele ukulwela amalungelo okuvota nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi.

Umlando Nenjongo

Naphezu kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu seSiphendulo seSiphendulo seshumi nanhlanu sesiqinisekiso sokuthi ilungelo lokuvota alinakuphikwa ngenxa yobuhlanga, amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, asebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukuvimbela ama-Afrika ukuba angavoti. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuhlola kokufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, izimemezelo zobukhokhokho, nokwesabisa okuqondile. I-Voting Rights Act yaklanyelwa ukuqeda le mikhuba yokulahla icala futhi iqinisekise ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa ilungelo lazo lokuvota.

Lokhu kwakhuthaza ukusekelwa kwesizwe umthetho welungelo lokuvota elibanzi futhi kwaholela uMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson ukuba aphonse impoqo ngokushesha ye - Voting Rights Act, ngenxa yokuncintisana kwamalungelo abantu phakathi nokuvota, ikakhulukazi izenzakalo zaseSelma, e - Alabama ngo - March 1965.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

Ingxenye 2 ivimbela noma imuphi umkhuba wokuvota okhetha uhlanga, ibala, noma amalungu eqembu lolimi olumbalwa. Leli lungiselelo lisebenza ezweni lonke futhi linikeza umthetho ohlala njalo wenqabela ukuvota.

Isiqephu 5, esasiyilungiselelo lesikhashana eliye lavuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, kwadingeka ukuba kuthathwe ama-ocensi athile anomlando wokucwasa ukuze kutholakale imvume kahulumeni (ukwaziswa) ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iziphi izinguquko emithethweni yabo yokuvota noma ezihlelweni. Leli lungiselelo laklanyelwa ukuvimbela izinguquko zobuhlanga ngaphambi kokuba zisetshenziswe. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 eShelby County v. U-Hander wakwazi ukuqeda imfuneko yangaphambili yokuhlanganisa ngokushaya phansi i-partment esetshenziswa ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi ama-gasture ayengaphansi kwe-previtance.

Lo Mthetho futhi uqukethe amalungiselelo adinga izinto zokukhetha ngezilimi ezimbili ezisezindaweni ezithile, unqabela ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala kanye nemishini efanayo, futhi ugunyaza izingqapheli zikahulumeni ukuba zihlole ukhetho ezindaweni ezithile.

Izinselele Ezithintayo Neziqhubekayo

IVoting Rights Act yaba nethonya elisheshayo neliphawulekayo ekubhalisweni kwevoti nasekuhlanganyeleni phakathi kwama-Afrika namaqembu amancane. Eminyakeni eyalandela ukudlula kwayo, amazinga okubhaliswa kwama-voti phakathi kwamaMelika ase-Afrika eNingizimu anda kakhulu, futhi ukumelelwa kwabambalwa emahhovisi akhethiwe kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo.

Nokho, amalungelo okuvota asalokhu ephikiswana kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ngemva kwesinqumo se-Shelby County, izifunda eziningana zamisa imingcele emisha yokuvota, kuhlanganise nemithetho ye-ID eqinile, ukwehla kwezinkathi zokuvota zakuqala, nokususwa kwezincwadi zabavoti. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zinyathelo zithinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa abavoti abambalwa futhi zimelela ukubuyela kwemikhuba yokulahla isigwebo. Impikiswano ephathelene namalungelo okuvota iyaqhubeka ilawula idemokhrasi futhi iyaqhubeka iyimpikiswano egxeka amalungelo abantu.

I - Fair Hoss Act ka - 1968: Ukulwa Nobandlululo Lwezindlu

I-Fair Howare Act, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Tit VIII of the Civil Rights Act ka-1968, inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisekelwe ohlalweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma ezweni. Kamuva ukulungisa kwenezela isivikelo kubantu abakhubazekile nabanemikhaya enabantwana. Lo mthetho ukhuluma ngesinye sezici eziyisisekelo zamalungelo omphakathi: ikhono lokuvikela, ukukhokha izindlu ezanele ngaphandle kokucwaswa.

Amakilasi Avikelwe Nemikhuba Eyimicikilisho

IFair Howation Act ivikela abantu ngabanye ekucwaseni okusekelwe ezicini eziyisikhombisa: uhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise indlela ababubheka ngayo ubulili nobulili), isikhundla sobufazi (imikhaya enabantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka engu - 18 nengu-18 ekhulelwe), nokukhubazeka. Lesivikelo siyasebenza ezindinganisweni eziningi zezindlu, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokuqashisa, ukuboleka imali, kanye nabanikazi bekhaya.

Umthetho wenqabela imikhuba ehlukahlukene yokukhipha ubandlululo, ehlanganisa ukwenqaba ukuqasha noma ukuthengisa izindlu, ukubeka amagama ahlukene noma izimo zokuhwebelana ngezindlu, ukukhangisa okubonisa ukukhetha noma ukulinganiselwa okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe, ukuphika ngamanga ukuthi indlu iyatholakala, nokuhileleka ekusebenziseni izithiyo noma imikhuba yokuqondisa. Kuvimbela futhi ukubolekisa ngobugebengu futhi kudinga indawo yokuhlala nokulungisa okunengqondo kubantu abakhubazekile.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Nezinguquko Ezinengqondo

Kubantu abakhubazekile, iFair Howard Act idinga abanikazi bezindlu ukuze benze indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe ngemithetho, izimiso, imikhuba, noma izinkonzo lapho kudingeka ukuba banikeze ithuba elifanayo lokusebenzisa nokujabulela indawo yokuhlala. Ngokwesibonelo, umninindlu kungadingeka avumele isilwane sokukhonza ngisho noma indawo ingenamthetho wezendlu, noma avumele umqashi ukuba afake izitokisi egumbini lokugezela.

Umthetho futhi ufuna abagcini bezindlu ukuba bavumele ushintsho olunengqondo ezindlini ezikhona ngezindleko zemishini uma kudingeka ukuba umuntu okhubazekile asebenzise ngokugcwele futhi ajabulele indawo. Ezakhiwoni ezinezilinganiso ezine noma ngaphezulu ezakhiwa ngemva kwe March 13, 1991, umthetho udinga izici ezithile zokutholakala emklamweni nasekwakheni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nezindlela Zokwelapha

I-Derrement of House and Urban Development (UUD) iphoqelela ukuba kufakwe i-Fair House Act. Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi baye bacwaswa ngokucwasana kwezindlu bangafaka isikhalo ku-Hud noma bafake icala enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. U-Hud uphenya futhi angaphoqelela ukuqulwa kwecala noma abhekise amacala kuMnyango wobulungisa ukuqulwa.

Izindlela zokwaphula umthetho weFair Hoss Act zingahlanganisa ukulimala kokulahlekelwa kwangempela nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, ukudambisa ukucwaswa, izijeziso zomphakathi, nezindleko zommeli. La makhambi asiza kokubili ukukhokhisa izisulu zobandlululo nokunqanda ukwephulwa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Endlini Enhle

Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho weFair Honging Act, ukucwasana kwezindlu kuyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlolwa okusetshenziswa izibalo ezihlolwa ngazimbili, lapho abantu abanezimfanelo ezifanayo kodwa abanezici ezihlukile ezivikelweyo bebuza ngezindlu, bembula ngokungaguquki ukuphathwa kobandlululo. ubandlululo lungase lube olucashile, njengokunikeza ukwaziswa okuhlukile ngezindawo ezikhona noma izikhalo zokuqondisa izimoto ezisezindaweni ezithile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifa lobandlululo olungokomlando lwezindlu, kuhlanganise nokubuyiselwa kwemithetho yezindlu nezivumelwano ezivimbela uhlanga, liyaqhubeka lithinta izindlela zokuhlala kanye nokunqwabelana kwengcebo. Imiphakathi eminingi ihlala ihlukene kakhulu, futhi ihlukahluka kakhulu emazingeni omninikhaya nasemazingeni aphezulu ezindawo zokuhlala kuyaqhubeka ngokuvumelana nobuhlanga nobuzwe. Ukulungisa lezinselele eziqhubekayo kudinga ukugcinwa ngokuqhubekayo kwemithetho yezindlu engakhethi nemizamo emikhulu yokuthuthukisa ukulingana kwezindlu.

Isihloko IX: Ukubonisa Ukulingana Kwemfundo

Isihloko esithi IX seZichibiyelo Zemfundo zango - 1972 sinqabela ukucwaswa kobulili ezimisweni zemfundo nasemisebenzini enikezwa usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni. lomthetho uye waba nethonya elikhulu emathubeni emfundo, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane namantombazane, futhi uyaqhubeka uthuthukisa izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokulingana kwemfundo.

Isisebenziso nesisetshenziswa

Isihloko esithi IX sibhekisela kuzo zonke izikhungo zemfundo ezithola izimali zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezikole eziphansi, amakolishi, namayunivesithi nezinye izinhlelo zemfundo.

Umthetho uthi: “Akekho umuntu e-United States, ngesisekelo sobulili, oyongahlanganyeli, oncishwa izinzuzo, noma ancishwe ubandlululo ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isimiso semfundo noma umsebenzi othola usizo lwezezimali lukaFederal. Lolulimi olubanzi luye lwachazwa njengelungu lemikhuba eminingi yokulahla icala futhi luye lwanwetshwa ngezinqumo zenkantolo.

Imidlalo Nethuba Elilinganayo

Isihloko IX mhlawumbe saziwa kakhulu ngethonya laso kwezemidlalo. Umthetho ufuna izikole ukuba zinikeze amathuba alinganayo emidlalo yobulili obufanayo, zicabangela izici ezinjengenani nezinga eliphezulu kwamaqembu, imishini kanye nezinto, ukuhlela imidlalo nezikhathi zokuprakthiza, ukuhamba nokufa, ukuqeqesha, amakamelo okuvala imoto nezinkonzo, izinkonzo zokwelapha, nokusakazwa kwabantu.

Izikole zingabonisa ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zemidlalo yesihloko se-IX ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokubonisa ukuthi amathuba okuhlanganyela alingana kakhulu nokubhalisela, ukubonakalisa umlando nomkhuba oqhubekayo wohlelo owenyuswayo wobulili obungameleki, noma ukubonisa ukuthi izithakazelo namakhono obuhlobo bobulili obungakhonjwa kahle kuhlala ngokugcwele futhi kuhlala ngokuphumelelayo.

Ithonya lesihloko IX emidlalweni yabesifazane liye laba likhulu kakhulu. Ngaphambi kwesihloko IX, amantombazane angaphansi kuka-30 000 ahlanganyela emidlalweni yasesikoleni esiphakeme; namuhla, lelonani lingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu. Ekholiji, ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane emidlalweni yemidlalo kuye kwakhula ngokuphindwe kasithupha kusukela eSihloko se-IX. Lokhu kwanikeza amathuba amaningi kakhulu abesifazane namantombazane ukuba bathuthukise amakhono okugijima, bazuze izifundiswa, futhi bazuze ezinzuzoni ezingokomzimba, ezingokwenhlalo, nasezelweni zezemfundo zokuhlanganyela kwezemidlalo.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokobulili Nokuhlaselwa

Isihloko IX sibuye sikhulume ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nobudlova obungokobulili ezimisweni zemfundo. Izikole zinesibopho sokusabela ngokushesha nangempumelelo emibhalweni yokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili noma ukuhlaselwa nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuziphatha okunjalo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphenya izikhalo, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuyala abaphangi, nokunikeza ukusekela nezindawo zokulala ezisulwini.

I-Divince of Education’s Office for Civil Rights ikhiphe isiqondiso ezibophweni zezikole ngaphansi kwesihloko se-Title IX ngokuphathelene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nobudlova. Lezi ziqondiso ziye zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ziye zaba yindaba yempikiswano enkulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela phakathi kwezisulu ezivikelayo nokuqinisekisa inqubo efanele kubantu abamangalelwa.

Ukukhulelwa Nabafundi Abakhulisayo

Isihloko IX sivikela abafundi abakhulelwe nabakhulisayo ekucwaseni. Izikole azikwazi ukuvimbela abafundi abakhulelwe ezimisweni noma emisebenzini yemfundo, zifuna ukuba bahlanganyele ezimisweni ezihlukene, noma basebenzise imithetho ehlukile noma izindinganiso. izikole kumelwe zinikeze abafundi abakhulelwe indawo efanayo yokuhlala enikezwa abafundi abanezinkinga zesikhashana zezokwelapha, njengokubenza balahlekelwe umsebenzi noma bathole imfundo ekhokhelwa ekhaya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikole kumelwe zithethelele ukungahambi ngenxa yokukhulelwa noma ukubeletha isikhathi eside uma nje udokotela womfundi ebona kudingekile futhi evumela abafundi ukuba babuyele esimweni esifanayo semfundo nakwesokubuya kwesikole njengangaphambi kwekhefu. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhulelwa akuyithinti imfundo yomfundi.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Izimpikiswano zamuva ziye zagxila ezindabeni ezinjengobungane babafundi, izikole kumelwe zilandele lapho kuphenywa izikhalo zokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, nokusetshenziswa kwesihloko esithi IX ekufundeni kuyi - Internet.

I - Department of Education inikeza iziqondiso ezintsha kanye nesiqondiso sokuchaza i - Thit IX, futhi lezi zinguquko zingayithinta kakhulu indlela izikole ezisebenzisa ngayo umthetho. Ukuhlala ziwazi ngalezi ntuthuko kubalulekile kubafundi, abazali, othisha nabaphathi abafuna ukuqonda amalungelo nezibopho zabo ngaphansi kwe - Thit IX.

Ukucwasana Ngeminyaka Ethatha Isenzo Somsebenzi: Ukuvikela Izisebenzi Ezikhulile

I-Age Discivation in Act (ADEA) ka-1967 ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala noma ngaphezulu ekucwaseni imisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Lo mthetho uqaphela ukuthi izinkolelo ezisekelwe ebudalani nobandlululo zingawalinganisela ngokungafanele amathuba emisebenzi izisebenzi esezikhulile futhi zifune ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zemisebenzi zisekelwe ekhonweni kunokuba zisekelwe ebuntwini obusha.

Izincwadi Nezivikelo

I-ADEA isebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 20 noma ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise nohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izici zomsebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulwa, ukuphoqwa, ukukhokhelwa, izinzuzo, izabelo zomsebenzi, nokuqeqeshwa. Lo mthetho ukwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukubandlulula umuntu ngenxa yobudala babo ngokuqondene nanoma isiphi isikhathi, isimo, noma ilungelo lomsebenzi.

I-ADEA futhi inqabela ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe ebudalani, okuhlanganisa amazwi ahlazisayo ngenkathi yomuntu edala isimo somsebenzi esingesihle. Nakuba ukugcona noma izenzakalo ezizehlukanisayo zingawuphuli umthetho, ukuhlukunyezwa kuba okungekho emthethweni uma kuvame kakhulu noma kunzima kangangokuba kudala isimo somsebenzi esinenzondo noma esicasulayo noma kuphumele esinqumweni esinzima somsebenzi.

Izinqamu Nezivikelayo

I-ADEA ivumela ukungemthetho kwayo kokukhetha obudala. Abaqashi bangathatha izinyathelo ezisekelwe ebudalani lapho ubudala buyimfanelo engcono kakhulu yokusebenza (BFOQ) edingekile ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwebhizinisi. Lokhu kuthatheka kulula futhi kusebenza kuphela ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, njengalapho ubudala budingeka ukuze kube nobuqiniso (ngokwesibonelo, ukuqasha umlingiswa osemusha ukuba adlale umntwana).

Umthetho futhi uvumela abaqashi ukuba baqaphele izilinganiso zezimiso eziphambili noma izisebenzi ezingcono, uma nje lezi zimiso zingasetshenziswa njengesexwayiso sokucwaswa ngeminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqashi bangase bathathe izenzo ezisekelwe kwezinye izici ezinengqondo kuneminyaka yobudala, ngisho noma lezozenzo zithinta izisebenzi esezikhulile ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, uma nje zingesona isici esishukumisayo.

Imisebe Nezikhungo Zokukhululwa

Izisebenzi ezikhulile zizuza inzuzo yomthetho we-Fod Protection ADEPA, ukuvuselelwa kwe-ADEA, abahlali bezokulahla amalungelo e-ADEA. Abaqashi bavame ukucela izisebenzi ukuba zisayine ukuba zikhiphe izimpawu zelungelo lazo lokukhipha isigwebo sokukhetha iminyaka yazo ukuze zikhokhele ukudlula kwemali noma ezinye izinzuzo. I-OWBPA imisa izimfuneko eziqondile zokuhlangabezana nalezi zisulu ukuze zifezeke, kuhlanganise nokuthi izisebenzi kumelwe zazi futhi zibhalwe ngokuzithandela, zikhiphele imvume ecacile yokukhomba i - ADEA, futhi zinikeze ukucatshangelwa okufanele.

Abaqashwa kumelwe banikwe okungenani izinsuku ezingu-21 ukuze bacabangele isivumelwano (noma izinsuku ezingu-45 uma umlindi ecelwa ngokuqondene nesicelo sokuphuma noma uhlelo lokuqeda kweqembu) futhi okungenani izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngemva kokusayina ukuqeda isivumelwano. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile aziphoqelelwa ukuba zidele amalungelo azo ngaphandle kwesikhathi esanele sokucabangela.

Isenzo Sokwaziswa Ngezakhi Zofuzo: Ukuvikela Imfihlo Yezakhi Zofuzo

I - Genetic Information Nondicrinication Act (GINA) ka - 2008 ivikela abantu ekucwaseni ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni kwabo kwezakhi zofuzo emshuwalenseni wempilo nasemsebenzini. Njengoba ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuba okuvamile futhi kufinyeleleka, i - GINA inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo akusetshenziselwa ukucwasa abantu.

Kuyini Ukwaziswa Ngezakhi Zofuzo?

Ngaphansi kweGINA, ukwaziswa okunezakhi zofuzo kuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuhlola izakhi zofuzo zomuntu, ukuhlola kwezakhi zofuzo zamalungu omkhaya, ukubonakaliswa kwesifo noma isifo emalungwini omkhaya (umlando wezokwelapha), ukucelwa noma ukuthathwa kwezinkonzo zofuzo, nokuhlanganyela ekucwaningeni okuhlanganisa nezinkonzo zofuzo. Lencazelo ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okubanzi ekucwaseni ngezakhi zofuzo.

Isihloko I: Isivikelo Sempilo

Isihloko esithi I seGINA senqabela abafaki-mfunda-mfunda-mthola-mpilo ukuba basebenzise ukwaziswa okungokofuzo ukwenza izinqumo eziphathelene nokufaneleka noma ukuhlanganiswa. Izempilo azikwazi ukucela noma ukudinga ukuxilongwa kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukwaziswa okungokofuzo, zisebenzise ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nokuvuleka noma ukukhokhelwa, noma isicelo noma isidingo sokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Nokho, imishuwalense yempilo kaGINA ayidluliseli umshuwalense wokuphila, umshuwalense wokukhubazeka, noma umshuwalense wokunakekela othatha isikhathi eside. Lezi zinhlobo zomshuwalense azihlanganisiwe yi-GINA, futhi abaxhasi be-insurensi bangase bacabangele ukwaziswa kwezakhi lapho benza izinqumo zezakhi zofuzo ngamagama angaphansi kwalemikhiqizo.

Isihloko II: Isivikelo Somsebenzi

Isihloko II sikaGINA sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi okusekelwe ekwazisweni kwezakhi zofuzo. Abaqashi abanakho ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo ekwenzeni izinqumo zemisebenzi ezinjengokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulwa noma ukukhokhelwa. Abaqashi futhi abanakucela, ukudinga, noma ukuthenga ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo ngezisebenzi noma abafaki bezicelo, ngaphandle kokulinganisela.

Umthetho uhlanganisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokufihla izakhi zofuzo ezinikezwa abaqashi ngokomthetho. Ulwazi ngezakhi zofuzo kumelwe lugcinwe luyimfihlo futhi lugcinwe emafayilini ahlukene ezokwelapha, futhi ukudalulwa kuvunyelwa kuphela ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, njengalapho kufunwa umthetho noma lapho isisebenzi sinikeza imvume ebhaliwe.

AMAlungiselelo omsebenzi kaGINA ayasebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu-15 noma ngaphezulu futhi agunyazwa yi-Univince Opportunity Commission. Umthetho unikeza amakhambi afana nalawo akhona ngaphansi kweSihloko samaLungelo esingu-VII, kuhlanganise nenkokhelo yemali yokujeziswa kwezenzo zokweqa ngamabomu.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sokukhulelwa: Ukuvikela Izisebenzi Ezikhulelwe

I-Pacanal Discrimination Act (PDA) ka-1978 elungisiwe iSihlokwana VII se-Civil Rights Act sokwenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ekukhulelweni, ekuzaleni, noma ezimweni ezihlobene nempilo. Lo mthetho ucacisa ukuthi ukucwaswa kwalezi zindawo kuwubandlululo lobulili ngaphansi kwesihloko se-VII.

Izivikelo Zommbila

Le mishini ifuna abaqashi belaphe ukukhulelwa, ukubeletha, kanye nezimo zempilo ezihlobene nazo ezifana nezinye izinkinga zesikhashana noma izimo zempilo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izisebenzi ezikhulelwe kumelwe zelashwe ngendlela efanayo nezinye izisebenzi ezikwaziyo ukusebenza. Uma umqashi enikeza izisebenzi ezikhubazekile indawo yokuhlala noma izinzuzo, kumelwe zinikeze izisebenzi ezikhulelwe indawo yokuhlala noma izinzuzo ezifanayo.

Abaqashi abanakwenqaba ukuqasha owesifazane ngenxa yokukhulelwa noma izimo ezihlobene nokukhulelwa, uma nje engenza imisebenzi emikhulu yomsebenzi. Abaqashi futhi abanakuphoqa izisebenzi ezikhulelwe ukuba ziphume uma zizimisele futhi zikwazi ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqashi kumelwe bavule umsebenzi wokungabikho kokukhulelwa okuhlobene nesikhathi esifana nesomsebenzi ovulekele izisebenzi ezigulayo noma ezikhubazekileyo.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Ezinengqondo

Nakuba i-pilot idinga ukwelashwa okulinganayo, ayidingi ukuba abaqashi banikeze indawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kwalezo ezilungiselelwe ezinye izimo zempilo zesikhashana. Nokho, iPregnant Workers Fairness Act, edluliswe ngo-2022 futhi ephumelela ngo-2023, manje idinga abaqashi abamboze ibhucukile ukuba banikeze izindawo zokulala ezifanele ngenxa yokulinganiselwa okwaziwayo okuhlobene nokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, noma izimo ezihlobene nalokhu, ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokuhlala ingabangela ubunzima obungadingekile.

Izindawo zokulala ezinengqondo zingase zihlanganise ukuvumela ikhefu elivamile, ukulungiselela isihlalo sokuhlala, ukuthuthela esimweni esinzima okwesikhashana, noma ukushintsha isimiso somsebenzi.

Umshuwalense Wempilo Nezinzuzo

I-pilot ibuye ikhulumele umshuwalense wempilo wezimo ezihlobene nokukhulelwa. Abaqashi abanikeza umshuwalense wempilo kumelwe bakhokhe ukukhulelwa, ukubeletha, kanye nezimo ezihlobene nezokwelapha ngendlela efanayo nangezinga elifanayo nezinye izifo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhokhelwa kokubeletha, ukubeletha, nokunakekelwa kwangemva kokubeletha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Affordal Care Act idinga amacebo amaningi omshuwalense wempilo okukhokha ukunakekela okungokwempilo njengenzuzo yempilo ebalulekile futhi inqabela ukukhokha imali eshintshwayo esekelwe ebulilini noma ekukhulelweni.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho: Isiqondiso Esisebenzayo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho ezakhamuzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwavikela, lesi ngxenye sinikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo sokuqaphela ubandlululo, ukubhala phansi nokufuna amakhambi lapho amalungelo akho ephulwa.

Ukuqaphela Ukubandlululwa

Ubandlululo lungathatha izindlela eziningi, kusukela ezenzweni ezisobala zobandlululo kuya ezindleleni ezicashile zokuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile. Ukucwaswa okuqondile kwenzeka lapho othile ephathwa ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yesici esivikelekile, njengokungavunyelwe umsebenzi ngenxa yohlanga noma ubulili. Ukucwaswa okungaqondile kwenzeka lapho isimiso noma umkhuba obonakala ungathathi hlangothi uthinta abantu ngokungenakulinganiswa ngesici esivikelekile.

Ezinye zezimpawu zokucwasa zihlanganisa ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kunabantu abasesimweni esifanayo, ukugxekwa noma ukuhlanjalazwa ngezici zakho ezivikelekile, ukungawatholi amathuba noma imisebenzi, ukuphindisela ngemva kokukhononda ngobandlululo, noma ukuthonywa ezindinganisweni noma kulokho okulindelwe okuhlukile kunabanye.

Ukuphula Imibhalo

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uye wacwaswa, ukubhala lezizenzakalo kubalulekile. Gcina imibhalo eningiliziwe yezenzo zobandlululo, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, izikhathi, izindawo, ofakazi, nalokho okwashiwo noma okwenziwe. Gcina ama-imeyili abalulekile, imiyalezo ye-meset, nezinye izingcingo.

Futhi gcina amarekhodi omsebenzi wakho, kuhlanganise nokuhlola ukusebenza, imiklomelo, nokuthola imvume eqondile. Le mibhalo ingasiza ekutholeni ukuthi izenzo ezimbi zazisekelwe ekucwaseni kunokuba zikhathaze ngemisebenzi esemthethweni. Uma ufaka imininingwane eminingi futhi ubhala ngezikhathinye, udale udaba lwakho luyoba lukhulu uma unquma ukubhala isikhalo noma icala.

Izikhalo Ezibi

Imithetho ehlukene yamalungelo ezakhamuzi inezindlela ezihlukene zokukhipha izikhalo ezinqunyiwe. Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngaphansi kwesihloko VII, i-ADA, i-ADEA, noma i-Ameal Pay Pace Act, kumelwe ufake icala nge-Universe Accomplication Commission (EOC) noma inxusa lemisebenzi esemthethweni yezwe. Inkathi yokufaka umsebenzi ivame ukuba izinsuku ezingu-80 ukusuka esenzweni sokukhipha ubugebengu, nakuba lokhu kungase kwandiswe izinsuku ezingu-300 ezifundeni ngemithetho yazo siqu emelene nokunqanda ukuvinjelwa.

Ubandlululo lwezindlu ngaphansi koMthetho weFair House Act, ungafaka isikhalo kuMnyango Wezindlu Nentuthuko Yase-Urban (HUD) phakathi nonyaka owodwa wesenzo sobushiqela. Ubandlululo lwezemfundo ngaphansi kwesihloko se-IX, ungafaka isikhalo ehhovisi lezemfundo lamalungelo ezakhamuzi phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 zobandlululo.

Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ikuvumela ukuba uqule icala enkantolo, esikhundleni sokudlulisa isikhalo sokulawula. Ukubuza ummeli osebenza ngomthetho wamalungelo abantu kungakusiza ukuba uqonde ukukhetha kwakho futhi ukhethe inkambo engcono kakhulu yesimo sakho.

Ukufuna Usizo Olungokomthetho

Amacala amalungelo omphakathi angaba ayinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukumelelwa ngokomthetho kungawathuthukisa kakhulu amathuba akho okuphumelela. Abameli abaningi abasingatha amacala amalungelo omphakathi basebenza ngesisekelo senkokhelo yemali, okusho ukuthi bakhokhelwa kuphela uma uwina icala lakho. Izinhlangano ezithile zosizo olungokomthetho namaqembu amalungelo omphakathi nazo zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile noma oluphansi kubantu ababhekene nobandlululo.

Lapho ufuna usizo lwasemthethweni, funa abameli abanolwazi olukhethekile lobandlululo oye wabhekana nalo. Buza ngerekhodi labo lomlando, indlela abasingatha ngayo amacala, nezindawo zabo zokukhokha imali. Abameli abaningi banikeza ukubuza kokuqala mahhala lapho ungaxoxa khona ngecala lakho futhi banqume ukuthi nifuna ukusebenza ndawonye.

Indima Yezimo Eziphoqelelwayo

Ukuqonda ukuthi iyiphi inhlangano esingatha ubandlululo okungakusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi kufanele uphendukelephi lapho amalungelo akho ephulwa.

I - project Yomsebenzi Elinganayo (EOC)

I - EEOC imisa imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, kuhlanganise ne - VII of the Civil Rights Act, i - Aumement Pay Act, i - Age Discial Act, iMelika enoMthetho Wokukhubazeka, kanye noMthetho We - Genetic Information Nondicrict Act. I - EEOC ihlola ukumangalelwa kobandlululo, imizamo yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokukhipha izimpikiswano noma ngokuvumelana, futhi ingamangalela abaqashi abaphula umthetho.

I - EEOC inikeza abaqashi nezisebenzi isiqondiso nemfundo ngokuphathelene namalungelo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo ngaphansi kwemithetho yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi.

UMnyango Wobulungisa (DOJ)

I-Department of Civil Rights Division imisa imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu, ehlanganisa i-Sihloko II soMthetho we-Civil Rights (izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi), uMthetho we-Fair Howater, amaMelika onoMthetho wokukhubazeka (Izihloko II ne-II), kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights Act. I-DOJ ihlola izikhalo, ukubukeza ukuvumelana kwemithetho, nokumangalelwa kwamafa ukuze kuqinisekiswe lemithetho.

IDOJ futhi isebenzela ukuxazulula izindlela noma imikhuba yokucwasa ngokuhlola izimiso nokuphikisa. Ingangenela emacaleni ayimfihlo lapho kuphakama izimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini.

Umnyango Wezokwakha Nentuthuko Yasedolobheni (HID)

I-HUD iphoqelela ukuba kufakwe i-Fair Howays Act futhi iphenye izikhalo zokucwasa ngokuhlala. Uma othile efaka isikhalo ne-HUD, inxusa lihlola izinsolo nemizamo yokuxazulula lendaba ngokukhiphana. Uma ukuvumelana kwehluleka, i-HUD ingafuna ukuqulwa noma ibhekise icala kuMnyango wobulungisa.

I - HUD ibuye ihlole ukuthobelana, inikeze imfundo nokuthola amalungelo afanele okuhlala, futhi isekele izinhlangano ezinobulungisa zokuhlala ngezipho nangosizo lobuchwepheshe.

Umnyango Wemfundo (ED)

I-Divince of Education of Covil Rights iqinisekisa i-Sihloko IX kanye neminye imithetho elwela amalungelo omphakathi emfundweni, kuhlanganise neSihlomelo VI soMthetho we-Civil Rights (uhlanga), i-504 yoMthetho wokubuyisana (ukucwaswa), kanye noMthetho we-Age Discivation Act. Ihhovisi lihlola izikhalo, ukubukeza ukuvumelana kwezenzo, futhi linikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe ezikhungweni zemfundo.

UMnyango Wemfundo ungagodla izimali ezikhungweni zikahulumeni eziphula imithetho yamalungelo abantu, nakuba lelikhambi lingasetshenziswa kakhulu.

Ukungafani Nezinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zobandlululo

Abantu abaningi bacwaswa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngenxa yezici eziningi ezivikelwe. Lo mbono, obizwa ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwemigwaqo, uqaphela ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kobandlululo kuthonywa ukuhlukana kwemibono yabo ehlukahlukene, njengohlanga, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, ubudala nezinye izici.

Ukuqonda Ukucwaswa Okungaqondakali

Ukucwaswa okungaqondani kwenzeka lapho umuntu ebhekene nobandlululo olusekelwe enhlanganiseleni yezici zawo ezivikelekile, hhayi kunoma isiphi isici esisodwa kuphela.

Izinqubo ezingokwesiko zomthetho wamalungelo abantu ngezinye izikhathi ziye zashikashikeka ukuze kusingathwe ukucwaswa kwamaqembu, njengoba zithambekele ekuhlaziyeni ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe kanye.

Ukufinyelela Izinkulumo Ezingokomthetho Ezihilela Izimpikiswano

Abantu ababhekene nokucwaswa kwamaqembu bangafaka imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu noma bacwase ngezici eziningi ezivikelwe ngaphansi komthetho owodwa.

Izinkantolo ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufuna ukuhlangana kwezinkantolo, ezinye ziqaphela izimbangela ezihlukile zokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlukanisa amagceke nezinye ezifuna abaqondisi abahlukene ukuze bafakazele ubandlululo ngokwesici ngasinye. Isimiso esingokomthetho sokusingatha ukucwaswa kwamaqembu siyaqhubeka siguquka njengoba izinkantolo zizama kangcono ukuvikela abantu ababhekene nezindlela eziningi zokucwaswa.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo, izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo, nokuqonda okusha kokulingana nobulungisa.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2020 eBostock v. Clayton County saveza ukuthi umthetho ka-Sihlomo VII owenqabela ukucwaswa kobulili uhlanganisa ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekukhetheni ubulili nasobulili. Lesi sinqumo esiphawula ingqoko sisho okukhulu nge LGBTQ+ amalungelo emsebenzini, futhi ukucabanga kwayo kungadlulela nakweminye imithetho evimbela ukucwaswa ngokobulili.

Nokho, imibuzo eminingi isalokhu iphathelene nezinga le-LGBTQ+ ukuvikelwa ngaphansi komthetho wamalungelo abantu. Izindaba ezinjengokukhulula kwenkolo, ukungena kwabantu endlini yangasese, nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini ehlukene ngokocansi kuyaqhubeka kudala izingxabano ezingokomthetho. Ukukhula kwamalungelo omphakathi kuyohlala kuyingxenye evelele yengxoxo engokomthetho nengokwenhlalo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokucwasa

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini, ekutholeni izindlu, ekuthengeni izikweletu, nakwezinye izindawo ezihlanganiswa imithetho yamalungelo abantu, kuphakama imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela yokuvimbela nokusingatha ukucwaswa kwemithetho-mthetho. Izimiso zokwenza izinqumo ezizenzekelayo, kuhlanganise nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nokufunda ngemishini, kungaqhubekisela phambili noma kukhulise ukucwasana okukhona, okuholela emiphumeleni yokukhipha ubandlululo.

Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi nabasekeli basebenzela ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho ekhona manje yamalungelo abantu isebenza kanjani ekucwaseni ngemithetho-mthetho nokuthi kudinga izinqubo ezintsha zomthetho. Impikiswano ezinjengokuvela ngaphandle kokwenza izinqumo ezizenzekelayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ehlangene nezici ezivikelweyo, futhi ukugunyazwa kwemithetho yemithetho yokucwasa cishe kuzoba yizindawo ezibalulekile ekugxileni.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

I-Hoder, eyayiqeda ngokuphumelelayo imfuneko yangaphambi kokubekwa kwe-Voing Rights Act, imibuso eminingi iye yasebenzisa imingcele yokuvota entsha. Abameli bayaqhubeka bebekela lemingcele enkantolo futhi bephoqelela izinguquko zokuvota ukuze baqinise isivikelo samalungelo.

Umthetho omisiwe njenge-John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act uzakubuyisela futhi uthuthukise i-Voting Rights Acts ecacile. Ikusasa lamalungelo okuvota lizoxhomeka kokubili ekuthatheni umthetho nasezinqumweni zenkantolo ezichaza izinga lesivikelo somthetho-mthetho kanye nemithetho yokuvota.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho

Kunokuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuthi amalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezomnotho kuyahlangana. ubandlululo emsebenzini, ezindlini zokuhlala, ekuboleni izikweleti, nakwezinye izindawo lunezela ekungalinganini kwezomnotho namathuba alinganiselwe okwakha ingcebo. Abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokwandisa isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ukuze babhekane nobandlululo ngokwezomnotho ngokuqondile, njengangemithetho evimbela ubandlululo olusekelwe esimweni sezenhlalo noma emthonjeni wemali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezici eziyandayo zokusingatha imiphumela emide engokomnotho yokucwasa okungokomlando ngezimiso ezinjengokuhlukanisa, ukuhlongoza izimali emiphakathini eswele, nezinguquko ezihlela izimiso ezithuthukisa ukungalingani. Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho wamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezomnotho cishe buyoba yindawo ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa izimiso nempikiswano.

Imithombo Nokusekelwa

Kukhona izinhlangano nemithombo eminingi esiza abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo, baqaphele ubandlululo futhi bafune amakhambi lapho amalungelo abo ephulwa.

Imithombo Kahulumeni

Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo zinikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngemithetho yamalungelo abantu nendlela yokubhala izikhalo. Iwebhusayithi ye-EEOC ( www.eoc.gov) inikeza imithombo ephathelene nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, kuhlanganise namaphepha ayiqiniso, amaphepha aqondisa, nemininingwane ephathelene nokukhokhwa kwecala. UMnyango weJaji lweZikhundla zamaLungelo. [[FLT:]] www.const.gov/crt) unikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nemithetho ehlukahlukene yemithetho yomphakathi kanye nendlela yokubika ukuphamba.

I-Office of Fair House and Auncility Opportunity ( www.hud.gov/feirhouing) inikeza imithombo ephathelene namalungelo obulungisa ezindawo zokuhlala nendlela yokubhala izikhalo zokucwaswa kwezemfundo. Umnyango wezemfundo we Office yezemfundo yamalungelo omphakathi ([ www.ede.govr) unikeza ulwazi mayelana namalungelo omphakathi ngemfundo nangendlela yokukhala ngemputhelisa.

Izinhlangano Zezemvume

Izinhlangano eziningi ezingafaki nzuzo zisebenzela ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi. I-American Civil Liberéries Union (ACLU) ifaka inselele emacaleni amalungelo abantu kanye nabasekeli bezinguquko zezimiso. I-NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund igxila ezindabeni zobulungisa bezinhlanga. INational Women’s Law Center ikhuluma ngokucwaswa kwamalungelo abesifazane. I-Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund isekela amalungelo okukhubazeka.

Lezi zinhlangano kanye nezinye eziningi zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho, imfundo, nokulawula imibandela ethinta amalungelo omphakathi.

Izinkonzo Zokusiza Ngokomthetho Neze - Pro Bono

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza izinkonzo zomthetho mahhala kubantu abathola imali ephansi, kuhlanganise nosizo ngezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi. INhlangano Yezomthetho (] ingosi ye www.lsc.gov) ingakusiza ukuba uthole izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho endaweni yakini. Izinhlangano eziningi zebhange zisebenzisa nezinhlelo ze-probono ezihlanganisa abantu nabameli bokuzithandela abalungiselela izinkonzo zomthetho ngesihle.

Imitholampilo yezomthetho ivame ukunikeza usizo olungokomthetho ezicaleni zamalungelo omphakathi kuyilapho inikeza abafundi bomthetho okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo.

Isiphetho: Ukulwela Ubulungisa Okuqhubekayo

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi imelela ukunqoba okunzima ekulweleni ukulingana nobulungisa. Kusukela ekulweni kwe-Aumelt Pay Act yokulwa nobandlululo kumaMelika noMthetho wokukhubazeka wesiqinisekiso sokuthola imvume efanayo, kusukela ekunqabeni kwe-Civil Rights Act yobandlululo emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi ukuya ekuvikelweni kwe-Fair Howales Act ekucwaseni kwezindlu, lemithetho iye yaguqula umphakathi waseMelika futhi yandisa amathuba ezigidi zabantu.

Nokho, umsebenzi wokufinyelela ukulingana kwangempela awuphelele. ubandlululo luyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi izinselele ezintsha ziyaqhubeka zivela.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wena ngokwakho ubhekene nobandlululo, usekela othile, noma umane ufuna ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, ulwazi lwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi lukunika amandla okuqaphela ukungalungi futhi uthathe isinyathelo. Ngokuqonda lemithetho, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, ukufuna amakhambi afanele, nokusekela amalungelo omphakathi, sonke singaba neqhaza ekulweleni okuqhubekayo kobulungisa nokulingana.

Amalungelo omphakathi awayona imiqondo engokomthetho engaqondakali ngokomthetho, ayizisivikelo esiyisisekelo esithinta ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, lapho sisebenza khona futhi siphilela khona indlela esithola ngayo imfundo futhi sihlanganyele ngayo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ngokuhlala sazi ngamalungelo ethu nemithwalo yethu yemfanelo, singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho siba yinto engokoqobo kuwo wonke umuntu.