Isingeniso: Ukwakhiwa Okungokomthetho Kwezezenqabela Ubuphekula

Izimiso zokulwa nomthetho ziphakathi kwemibuso enamandla kakhulu yamathuluzi azimele esetshenziswa ukuvimbela, ukuphazamisa, nokusabela ezenzweni zobudlova bezombangazwe. Nokho lezinkambiso azikho ezingeni eliphansi − ziminyene ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ezichaza ukuthi yini ewubuphekula, zinikeza iziphathimandla ukuba zibe nokuhlakanipha nokugcinwa komthetho, futhi zibeke imingcele ekusebenziseni amandla kahulumeni. Umklamo walezi zici udinga ukulinganisela okubucayi: ukulondeka kumelwe kuqine ngokwanele ukuba kuvinjelwe izinsongo ezingathathi hlangothi, kodwa kumelwe futhi zihloniphe amalungelo abantu ngabanye, zivimbele ukuxhashazwa, futhi zivumelane nomthetho wezizwe zonke. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabakhiphi bemithetho, ukuqonda lokhu kudinga ukulinganisela ukuthi imizamo engokomthetho yokulwa kwe-alticism kuyasebenza, kungokomthetho, futhi kusemthethweni.

Inkathi yanamuhla yomthetho olwisana nomthetho wobuphekula yaqala ngokusuka enhliziyweni ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, 2001, kodwa izimpande zayo zaqala emuva ezivumelwaneni zangaphambili nasemithethweni yesizwe ekhuluma ngokuthunjwa kwezindiza, ukuthunjwa, nokuxhashazwa kwamaqembu anobudlova. Namuhla, umthetho uyisici semihlangano yezizwe zonke, izinqumo zesivumelwano sesifunda, nemithetho eqondile yasekhaya. Ungqimba ngalunye luxhumana nabanye, ludala kokubili ukuphamba nokuxabana. Lesihloko sihlola izinhlelo zezizwe zonke nezomthetho ezilwa nombuso olwa no-crothelism, inseleleko eqhubekayo yokulinganisela inkululeko yomphakathi, nempikiswano eqhubekayo eyokwakha umthetho wesikhathi esizayo.

Izimboni Zezomthetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Embulungeni yonke, umthetho wobuphekula ulwenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezizwe eziningi nomsebenzi weZizwe Ezihlangene. I-UN Security Council iye yamukela uchungechunge lwezinqumo ezibophayo ngaphansi kweSahluko VII se-UN Charter, amazwe acindezelayo ukuba abulale izenzo zamaphekula, avimbe amaphekula, futhi asebenzele ekuhlolweni nasekumangaleni. Isinqumo esithathiwe samukelwa kanye ngemva kuka-9/11, sidinga ukugomela okulondekile kulabo abakhokhela imali, abahlela, abasekela, noma benze izenzo zobuphekula. Isinqumo esiphoqedisi, njengo-2178 no 23966, sakhuluma ngokusongela kwamaphekula amaphekula nakusetshenziswa kwegama eligciniwe.

Ngalé kweSikhungo Sezokulondeka, isudi lemihlangano yezindawo liphula umthetho ngokuqondile: iSivumelwano seHague sonyaka ka - 1970 sokuncishwa Kwezigwegwe Zokungamthetho Kwezindiza, iNhlangano yezizwe Zonke ka - 1979 inqanda Ukuthathwa Kwezigebengu, iNhlangano yezizwe Zonke ka - 1997 yokunqanda ukucishwa Kweziqhuma Zezenhlala - mbuso, kanye neNgqungquthela Yomhlaba Wonke ka-1999 yokunqandwa kokuBuswa Kweziphekula Ubuphekula. Zizonke, lezi zivumelwano zakha umbuso ongokomthetho obanzi ophoqelela ukuqulwa noma ukumiswa kwezenzo ezithile zobugebengu, futhi zimise imingcele esaba ubufakazi.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yomhlaba Wonke Nethonya Layo

  • UN Security Council Isinqumo [ (umzk., 1373, 2178, 2396): Izibopho ezibophelele kumalungu e-UN zokwamukela umthetho omelene nobuphekula, ukuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwemingcele, nokunqanda ubudlova.
  • I-International Convention yobuphekula : Idinga ukunqanda ukuqoqwa noma ilungiselelo lezimali ezihloselwe izenzo zobuphekula, nokuthatha izinto ezihlangene nemisebenzi enjalo.
  • Ukukhipha iziphakamiso nangezinye izenzo ezithile zabekwa emoyeni ebhodini: imisa i-culo lomthetho owenziwe ngejubane lokukhanya futhi yenza ukuba izikhalaze.
  • Global Counter-Trorism Strategy : Ithathwe yi-General Assembly ngo-200, lencwadi engabopheki inikeza indlela elinganiselwe yokusingatha izimo ezikhuthaza ubuphekula, izinyathelo zokubuvimbela nokubulwa, ukwakhiwa kwamandla, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu.

Naphezu kobubanzi balezi zisetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa kwazo akukalingani. Izifunda eziningi azinaso isisekelo esingokomthetho noma izombangazwe ezifuna ukudlulisa izibopho zesivumelwano ngokuphelele ezisemthethweni wasekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo yobuphekula ngokwayo isaphikiswa; ayikho incazelo esemthethweni eyamukelwa emhlabeni wonke, inikeza inkululeko ebanzi yokuhlela izenzo ezithile njengobuphekula njengeziphikisi bezombangazwe (ngokunye izikhathi) abaphikisi bezombangazwe, noma abashisekeli bempi ngaphansi kokuzifihla ngokumelene nobuphekula. I-UN Specio Specio isekela amalungelo abantu kanye nezenzo zobuphekula igcwele ubuphekula igcizelela izingozi zemibono egcwele egcwele ukuthula ebangela ukuphikisana.

Izimboni Zezomthetho Zesifunda

Izinhlangano zezifunda ziye zasungula futhi izinkonzo zazo zomthetho ezimelene nobuphekula. UMkhandlu we-Europe oHlahlela ukunqanda ubuphekula (2005) ufuna amazwe angamalungu ukuba ahlasele umphakathi ngokuthumba ukuze enze amaphekula, ukuqashwa, nokuqeqeshwa. I-European Union iye yamukela iziqondiso eziningi ezibophekayo, kuhlanganise nemithetho ehlanganisa i-2017Drective Directive ekulweni nobuphekula, okulimaza izincazelo nezijeziso ezingekho emthethweni emazweni ase-EUU nakuthubeni obugebengu obufana nokuhamba kwamanye amazwe ngenjongo yamaphekula. I-1999 Union ye- Union eHlambeleni nokuHlasela i-Hlunterris, ehlangene yomthetho ka-2004, inikeza uhlelo lwezentengo ezingokomthetho, ukusekelana okungokomthetho, nokushintshana kokuhlakanipha. Ngokunjalo, i-Shanghany Coondism Association nenhlangano ye-Orsementation of Americanologyation iye yamukela izinhlangano zezindawo zayo. Nokho, izimo zezombangazwe ezivamile, i-odvolunyelwe, futhi i-odvovolunye

Izixhumanisi zangaphandle: United Office of Counter-Trorisism inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngamathuluzi omthetho embulunga yonke. Ikhasi lePhalamende lase-Europe eliphathelene nokulwa nobuphekula [ lihlela umthetho we-EU.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sesizwe Esingokomthetho

Nakuba amathuluzi ezizwe zonke nezifunda emisa izindinganiso, ukusetshenziswa kwangempela komthetho omelene nobuphekula kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko ezweni. Izwe ngalinye kumelwe liguqule izibopho zesivumelwano zibe imithetho yasekhaya echaza izenzo zobuphekula, ukusungula amandla ophengululi, ukumisa izijeziso, nokunikeza imingcele yemithetho yesizwe. Lemithetho yesizwe ihluka kakhulu, ibonisa amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho, izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho, izimo zezombangazwe, kanye nezisongelo.

E - United States: I - USA PATRIOT ASENZA NOKUNGAPHEZULU

I-United States yasabela ekuhlaseleni okungu-9/11 PRITIOT Act (2001], eyandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla okuhlola ngaphansi kwe-International Intelligence Surveillance Act (FESA), yavumela ukuhlahlela, ukugunyaza ukuqoqwa kwamarekhodi ebhizinisi, futhi yadalula imingcele yokuhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha phakathi kokuqinisa umthetho nezinhlangano zobuhlakani. Imithetho [1] NjengenjngeNjenganiso ne-Techrobian Provition Act (2004) kanye ne-FISA iziN Isigwebo zomthetho ezikhubazekayo (2008). I-CUSA PARTTTT Act iye yaphinde yagunyazwa futhi yahlelwa izikhathi eziningi, ne-USAUS Reunicture Act ka-20, lapho iqoqwabela eminye imibango yeminye imibango yeminye iqoqo.

Umthetho we-US olwa ne-soltic uhlanganisa futhi nokugunyaza Ukusebenzisa iMikhosi Yempi kudlulisiwe ngo-2001] (AMF) okunika uMongameli amandla okusebenzisa “wonke amandla adingekile nawafaneleyo” ezizweni, izinkampani, noma abantu abahilelekile ekuhlaseleni okungu 9/11. I-AUMF iye yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukuvalelwa kwempi, ukubulala, nemisebenzi emazweni amaningi, iphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho neyobuntu. Izinkantolo zesifunda silokhu sibukeza izinyathelo eziphikisana ne-Rhovisi, ukukhishwa kweminyango engenamthetho, ukuvinjelwa kwempi, ukuvinjelwa kwempi, namalungelo ezakhamuzi ezithunjwe yi-US.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: US Department of Justice Counter Corterrorisism ngxenye uhlela amandla ombuso ophengululi nombekiselo.

E - United Kingdom: Ubuphekula Buthatha Isinyathelo Sika - 2000 Nezinguquko Eziphumelelayo

Umthetho oyinhloko we-UK onqanda ubuphekula u-UK u-TRORISM Act 2000, onikeza incazelo ebanzi yobuphekula ehlanganisa izenzo “ezihlanganisa uhulumeni noma inhlangano kahulumeni yomhlaba wonke” noma“umisa umphakathi” wezombangazwe, owenkolo, owesizwe, noma owemibono emisha. I-Actrict imisa ukuthunywa, ukulungiselela, nokugqugquzela ubuphekula, futhi ivumele amaphoyisa ukuba avimbele kakhulu, avivinye, abophe, avivinye, avimbele, avimbele imikhosi yeziboshwa. Izenzo ze-Terrorism Act 2006, kanye ne-Pintertion and Provitionstionstionsss (PIM) Act 2011 , umthetho omusha, njengoba ekhona ekuqeqeshelweni kwezentenga, ekuqeqeqeqe, futhi enziswe iziqondiso zeze imikhumbi.

I-UK iye yagxekwa kakhulu ngezinsuku ezingu-28 zokuboshwa ngaphambi kwesigwebo (izinsuku ezingu-28, kamuva yancishiswa yaba yi- 14), ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zokulawula (manje kuthathelwe indawo yi-TPIMS), kanye nokubekwa kwezinkolelo zobuphekula ezihlobene nenkulumo noma inhlangano. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iye yakhipha isinqumo ngokumelene nezinyathelo eziningana ze-UK zokulwa nomthetho wobuphekula, kuhlanganise nokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwezizwe ezingaphansi kwe-Anti-crist, iCrime kanye nomthetho wezokulondeka zaseBrithani. Inkantolo yamuva ka-2001 iyaqhubeka ilinganisela izimfuneko zokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi ne-Hulumenia Act, ehlanganisa i-Europe yeSivumelo Samalungelo Abantu eMthethweni.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: trorrism Act 2000 (umbhalo ogcwele) ungabukezwa ewebhusayithi yomthetho we-UK.

ENdiya: Imisebenzi Engemthetho (Ukuzitika)

Umthetho oyinhloko we-Indiya ophikisana nobuphekula yi- Act engekho emthethweni (Prevention) Act [UPA], yadlula ngo-1967] kodwa yalungisa kakhulu ngo-2004, 2008, 2013, no-2019. I-UAPA inika uhulumeni ophethe amandla okumemezela izinkampani njengezinhlangano zamaphekula, amalungu amaqembu anjalo, futhi ivumela ukuphambanisa impahla ehlangene nezenzo zobuphekula. Incazelo yobuphekula yandisa incazelo ehlanganisa “noma isiphi isenzo esisongela ubunye, ukuthembeka, ukulondeka, noma ubukhosi beNdiya,” futhi ivumela igunya lokubiza abantu njengamaphekula, hhayi nje izinhlangano. Lokhu kushiciselwe ukuhlasela izikhulu ezihlasela abantu.

INdiya futhi ilondoloza i-National Investigation Agency [NIA], ehlola amaphekula ezenzo zobugebengu ezweni lonke. I-NIA Act 2008 inikeza inhlangano amandla aphelele okubopha, ukuphenya, nokuthatheka. I-UPAA inezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokukholisa, futhi izindaba eziningi zisalokhu zikhona iminyaka eminingi. Ilungiselelo lomthetho elibanzi nezimfuneko eziqinile ze-pager ziye zaholela ekubeni iziboshwa ezithathelwe phambili, ziphakamise ukukhathazeka ngenqubo efanele. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yasekela ukuvikelwa komthetho we-UAPA, kuyilapho igcizelela isidingo sokuvikelwa kokusetshenziswa ngokungafanele.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: Iwebhusayithi ye-National Investigation Agency inikeza ukuhlola kwezendaba kanye nokushintshwa komthetho.

Ezinye Izinqubo Zesizwe Eziphawulekayo

I-Act yaseCanada i-Antherorism Act [2001], ilungiswe ngo- 2015) ithatha inxaxheba eqenjini lamaphekula futhi ichaza “umsebenzi wobuphekula”. I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom ifuna ukuba zonke izilinganiso ezilwisanayo zidingeke futhi zilinganisele, futhi izinkantolo zishaye izingxenye ze-Act, kuhlanganise namalungiselelo ayimfihlo. I-Australia’s [[FFLT:] Intelligement Reconsolement Act [[FL:] Isigwebo se-FLD:] [25] [20] iveze izinyathelo ezintsha zobuphekula ubuphekula futhi zandisa amandla e-Australia eHwembusweni (IC). [FULC] [201] eziphinde zamiswa kabusha, kukhiswe ukuhlasela kwezindawo eziningi zobuphekula, kuhlanganisa ukuhlasela kweminyuko ye-Australia, kanye nezindawo eziphuthuma ze-R206, ezithekiselwa kanye nezokusakaza izindawo eziningi ze

Ngalé kwalezizibonelo, kuvela isihloko esifanayo: Imithetho yezwe ephikisana nobuphekula ithambekele ekwandiseni amandla aphakeme, ukucupha nokuboshwa, nezenzo zobugebengu zokulungiselela nokukhuluma okuhlobene. Ukungezwani okuwumphumela ngesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo nezibopho zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuyisici esichazayo salendaba.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Inkinga eyinhloko yomthetho olwisana nomthetho wobuphekula ukuthi ungalwa kanjani ngokuphumelelayo nosongo oluwumshoshaphansi, olubulalayo ngaphandle kokususa zona kanye izindinganiso zentando yeningi okuhloselwe ukuvikela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho eminingi yangemva kuka-99/11 ephambanayo, ethinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi emincane, ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe okucaphucayo, nokukwazi ukuqapha ngaphandle kokuqondisa okunenjongo. Abaxhasi baphikisana ngokuthi ubuphekula izingozi eziyingqayizivele ezidinga izinyathelo ezingavamile, nokuthi izimiso zomthetho ziklanywe ngemishini eyakhiwe.

Ukuqondisa Okungokomthetho Nokulandisa

Ukuze kuqaphe ukuxhashazwa, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ihlanganisa ukuqondisa okuningi ezimisweni zayo zobuphekula ezilwayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubukeza kwe-judicial[[FLT: 1]: Izinkantolo eziziphikisayo izinselele zokuqapha, ukuvalelwa, nokuquliswa. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-US Rasul v. Bush[[FLT]] [2004]) yanquma ukuthi ababambeli bangaphandle eGuantamo Bay bangabekela inselele ukuvalelwa kwabo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. E-UK, i-Pioigatigate Martys Tribunal izwa izikhalo eziphethe izinhlangano zezesayensi.
  • amakomiti omqondisi wezobuphathi: Amabhukwana anjenge-US Catenal Intelligence Committee ne-UK Intelligence and Security Committee i-committee yokuhlola izenzo zobuphathi, ngokuvamile ngokuthola izinto eziphawuliwe.
  • Abahloli abazimeleyo bobuningi: Izimo ezifana noMnyango Wezobulungisa we-US we-Hofisi ye-Inspecter General ne-UK for Interations Interceptions uthatha ama-scape angaphakathi nokuhlola.
  • Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zesizwe[: Imishini emazweni anjenge-Indiya ne-South Africa ihlola ithonya lemithetho elwisana nobuphekula emalungelweni ayisisekelo.
  • [ Izindikimba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke: IKomiti yamalungelo abantu yeUN, iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, ne-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ingakhipha izibopho noma ukutusa lapho imibuso iphula izibopho zesivumelwano.

Izinyathelo Eziphikisanayo Nezinselele Zazo Ezingokomthetho

Izinqubo eziningi zokulwa nezokulwisana nezokulwisana nezokulwisana nezenzo zobuphekula ziye zabangela izimpi ezingokomthetho ezithathe isikhathi eside. Ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala eGuantanamo Bay, ibekwe inselele ngaphansi kwe-US AUMF, eziholela ekwahlulelweni okungaphezulu kakhulu kwecala, okuholela ekutholeni amalungelo e-habeas corpus (kungakwesokudla enkululeko) kanye nasekuqhubekeni ngokuncintinyelwa kwezempi ngokumelene nokuma okungokomthetho. [[FLT:] ulawulo [[FLT] [[FLT]] [3] eULT] eUK_Phonsile ngaphandle komthetho ogcwele, kwatholakala ukuthi kuphulwa iSiphakathi se-RG (kulungile) futhi kuviyokuka i-Astionston (unievision Refect, i-F] ku-UFFose) ngaphansi kwemist, i-UR.[2004], i-E.[200] I-E.[5] Inte

ENdiya, isiqu esiyisigubhu sabantu njengamaphekula ngaphansi kuka-2019 UAPA ukubuyiselwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme siye sabekelwa inselele ngezizathu zokuthi iphula iSiphakamiso 21 (ilungelo lokuphila nenkululeko yomuntu siqu) neSiphakamiso 14 (ukungalingani phambi komthetho). INkantolo iye yakhipha iziqondiso ezithi uhulumeni afune ukunikeza izizathu zokubekwa kwemithetho nokuvumela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, kodwa izinqumo zokugcina ziyaqhubeka.

Indima Yomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke unikeza uhlelo olubalulekile lokuhlola izinyathelo ezimelene nobuphekula. Izivumelwano ze-Core .I International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), i-Convention Against Torture (CAT), ne-European Convention on Human Rights (Intetrogement), ukuboshwa okunyanzelisa, ukuhlushwa, nokucwaswa, futhi ifuna ukuba kuqinisekiswe amalungelo okulungile okuzanywa, inkululeko yokukhuluma, kanye nemfihlo. Nakuba amazwe angasusa izibophonsi ezithile phakathi nesidingo somphakathi esiphuthumayo (AR. 4, I-CCICPPR), ukukhulula okunjalo kumelwe kube kwesikhashana, ukulinganisela, nokucwasa i-partive, nokungabi yikho okunga. IKomiti yeNkulumbuso ye-Hulumente iye yazwakalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukukhathazeka ngokusebenzisa amazwe aphikisanayo njengemithetho evimbela amalungelo engokomthetho kaphakade.

Ngokuphawulekayo, izisekelo zomthetho zona ngokwazo zivame ukuvikelwa ekwakheni amalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK Terrorism Act 2000 ihlanganisa “indinganiso enengqondo” yokungaqiniseki nokuhlola, kuyilapho iNkantolo ye-US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance ivumela izivumelwano eziningi zokuqapha. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwalezi zindawo kuxhomeke ekuzimeleni okukhulu, ekubikeni ngokunemba, nasemphakathini oqaphile. Uma izinhlangano zobubonisi zibuthakathaka noma zibambe iso, ingozi yokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu iyakhula kakhulu.

Izimpikiswano Eziqalisayo Emelaneni Nomthetho Wobuphekula

Izindawo ezine ezisavelayo ziwubuphekula, ubuhlakani obubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwe - Internet, ukubuya kwamazwe alwayo, nokungabi nangqondo phakathi kobuphekula nezinye izinhlobo zobugebengu ezingathi sína.

Ubuphekula Be - Cyber Nosongo Lwamanani

Izenzo zobuphekula ezenziwa ngezindlela ze-minumbecture zenza izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengendlela yokulawula isisekelo sesisekelo sezezimali esigxekayo, ukusakaza inkulumo - ze, noma ukuhlasela kwezezimali ngokufihla imibuzo eyimfihlo engokomthetho. Imithetho ekhona ingase ingakufihli ngokucacile ukuhlasela kweze-ibhulakhi okubangela umonakalo ongokomzimba noma ukulimala okusakazeke kakhulu kwezomnotho, nokumisa amandla lapho abaphangi bekhona emazweni ahlukene beyinkimbinkimbi. UMkhandlu we-Buastlemental Convention eCybercrime ehlanganisa ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kodwa uhlanganisa ukuphikisana okungabhekisi ngqo ebuphekulaneni bezentengi. Amanye amazwe aye aveza ubuphekula obungakhomba i-injini ye-inthaneti, kuyilapho amanye athembele ekusebenziseni imithetho ye-computeral sylbal. I-UN ikhuluma ngemikhankani entsha, kodwa ingase ihlanganise imicimbi, kodwa ibandakanya ukulwa kwemicimbiza imibandela efuna amalungelo abantu.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nendlela Yokubikezela

Ohulumeni baya basebenzisa izimiso ze-AI ukuze baqaphele i-Al, njengokuhlola okuzenzekelayo kwezindawo zezokuxhumana, i-video, kanye nendlela yokuhamba. Lamathuluzi aphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhetha i-algorithism, ukuntuleka kokukhanya, nokukhukhuleka kwemfihlo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Al “inqubo yokulwa ne-application” ekulweni ne-orthobitiontions kuye kwabekelwa inselele ezisekelweni zokuthi izinhlanga kanye nezimiso zenkolo ezizimele. I-European Union ehlongozayo i-Adicific Intelligence Active Activeism isebenzisa isigaba se-robian,” edinga ukuhlolwa kwe-ristolik kanye nokuqondisa komuntu. Nokho, amazwe amaningi e-Asia nase-Afrika ayamukela amathuluzi e-A angenakuvikelwa ngokulinganayo. Izimiso zomthetho zidinga ukulinganisela okukhona ngokumelene nelungelo lokuvikela amalungelo obuntu, ukungahlanganiseki, nenqubo efanelekile.

Amaphekula Akwamanye Amazwe Alwa Futhi Aphinde Axhaswe

Ukuwa kwezwe lase-Islam State kwashiya amashumi ezinkulungwane zezizwe zakwamanye amazwe namalungu emikhaya yazo evalelwe emakamu enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Siriya. Amazwe abhekene nenkinga yokubuyisela izakhamuzi zawo ekumangalelweni noma ekulungiseni isimilo ngokuzishiya ziboshwe ngokungenasiphelo noma zizama ukuzisusa ubuzwe. Umthetho wezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise ne-ICCPR ne-Convention ekuRecuction of State, imingcele yamazwe akhona ekwamukeniseni imibuso enyakazeni. Amazwe amaningana, kuhlanganise neUnited States, i-United Kingdom, neFrance, aye abhekana nokukhishwa kwezinqumo zesizwe ezithiwayizakhamuzi ezithiwayo. Inhlangano yezentengo ye-UN icela ukukhashelwa noma ukubuya, kodwa asebenzisa ngokwehlukahluka. Inani elandayo lezazi zemithetho ezama ukumelana nezibopho ezibophosweni zabantu emhlabeni wonke, izikhulu zenkululeko nezokuhlongamele ukuncishwa kwenkululeko esiphakathi.

Imigqa Efiphele Nobugebengu Obucekelwe Phansi

Amaphekula ahlanganyela ngokuqhubekayo ebugebengwini obuhleliwe obuhlangene bezizwe zonke − ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukuthumba ukuze kuthengwe, ukushushumbisa ama-artefact nemithombo engokwemvelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinselele zokugunyaza ukumiswa kwamacala okungokomthetho: uma umshushumbisi wezidakamizwa ongenisa inzuzo eqenjini lamaphekula ephonswa umthetho owenziwe ngobuphekula, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, noma womabili amazwe aye athatha “imithetho esemthethweni efuna ukusekela” ukuthi noma yiluphi usizo lwezimali noma lwezezimali kumaqembu amaphekula, ngisho noma usizo lwawo ngokwalo lungenabudlova. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iminikelo enjalo idlangile kakhulu, mhlawumbe idlanga ubugebengu obuhleliwe noma izivumelwano zezebhizinisi. Izinkantolo ziye zaqala ukulwa nalemibuzo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezingokwezimali ezihilela amaqembu afana noHelbanbon noma ama-Galban.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okungokomthetho Okuqhubekayo

Izimiso zokulwa nobuphekula azimi ndawonye; ziguqula ngokusabela ekusongelelweni okusha, ezinqumweni zokwahlulela, izingcindezi zezombangazwe, nombono womphakathi oshintshashintshayo. Izinqubo zomthetho ezilawula lezi zinqubo zinikeza kokubili igunya lokuthatha isinyathelo nemingcele okumelwe ithathelwe kuyo. Ukuqonda lendima ehlukene (njengoba uvumela futhi ucindezela) kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlola ukuthi imizamo ephikisana nobuphekula ingokomthetho, ingokomthetho, futhi iyasebenza.

Umbuso wezizwe zonke ongokomthetho uye waphumelela ekumiseni izibopho eziqinile nokubambisana okuqinile, kodwa uhlala uhlukene futhi ungenamsebenzi. Imithetho yesizwe ibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ihlanganyela ukuthambekela okuvamile kokwandisa amandla ombuso, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa amalungelo omuntu siqu. Izisekelo eziqinile yilezo eziye zalawula ngokuqinile, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ekuqaleni kwe-(rather) kunangemva kokusetshenziswa kabi. Njengoba usongo luveza, izimiso ezingokomthetho kumelwe zenze okungaphezu kokusabela; kumelwe zilindele izinselele zesikhathi esizayo futhi zifake izivikelo ezisekelwe emthethweni. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nokukhululeka akunakwenziwa unomphela, kodwa kungenziwa ngokubukeka, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, nokuhlelwa komthetho.