Kuyini Ubukhosi? Igunya, Insimu, Nombuso Wanamuhla

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo kakhulu, ubukhosi bunegunya eliphelele endaweni eboshiwe. IStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy iyichaza njengesimiso esinikeza ukulawulwa okukhethekile kukahulumeni ezindabeni zayo zomkhaya, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwangaphandle. Lesisimiso siyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sesimiso sezwe lonke, esifakwe ezincwadini ezinjengeCharter yeZizwe Ezihlangene, enqabela ngokucacile "usongo noma ukusebenzisa amandla ngokumelene nobuqotho bezwe noma ukuzimela kwezombangazwe zanoma yimuphi umbuso."

Incazelo yanamuhla engokomthetho ivame ukulandela emuva ku-Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Councies of States ka-1933. Lesi sivumelwano samisa izimfuneko ezine zokubekwa kwezwe: inani elihlala njalo labantu, insimu echazweyo, uhulumeni, nekhono lokungena ebudlelwaneni nezinye izifundazwe. Isilinganiso sesine ( shashawaria ukuze kungene ebuhlotsheni [[[FLT]]]] [1] [inkulu kakhulu] ekuqapheleni kwangaphandle ukuqaphela ubukhosi bombuso. Ngaphandle kokuqaphela, insimu nohulumeni kungasebenzisa ukulawula kweze kuhlale kuyi "isimo sombuso" noma isishaya iphikiswano. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukungathi ubukhosi bukhulu: kokubili bubodwa ukuthi buphakeme futhi buvuma ngaphandle.

  • Ubukhosi be-Internal:[ Izwe lingumzimba ophakeme owenza umthetho phakathi kwemingcele yayo. Linegunya eliphezulu ekusebenziseni amandla ngokomthetho, inkolelo eklanywe kakhulu yisazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uMax Weber.
  • I-External Council:[ Izwe liqashelwa ezinye izizwe njengomdlali ozimele. Linesilinganiso esingokomthetho ezimpini zomhlaba wonke, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu noma amandla ayo empi.

Ubukhosi obuPhakathi buyi evolution yanamuhla, ehlobene kakhulu nokuguqulwa kwentando yeningi kwekhulu le-18 nele-19. Kulombono, igunya eliphelele alikho ngombusi noma umbusi obusayo kodwa nabantu ngokwabo. Uhulumeni ungumphathi wamandla ophakeme, onikwe isakhamuzi okwesikhashana. Lomqondo uyibekela inselele ngokuqondile izibonelo zobukhosi ezahlongozwa uJean Bodin noThomas Hobes, lapho umbusi wayekhona ngaphezu komthetho futhi efuna ukulalela okungagunci.

Umbuso we-Legal ugxila ezindaweni zamandla okugcina okwenza izinqumo ngaphakathi kwezwe. E-United Kingdom, lokhu kuthunjwa ngokudume kakhulu yimfundiso yobukhosi basephalamende: iPhalamende lingazenza noma imuphi umthetho, futhi akukho ndikimba (noma inkantolo) engawulawula. Ngokungafani, amazwe anemithetho-mthetho ebhalweyo, njenge-United States, asakaza ubukhosi obungokomthetho emagatsheni kahulumeni nasemagunyeni athile, adala isimiso sokudlulisa kodwa anyathelwe igunya. Abaqondisi bemithetho engokomthetho njengoHans Kelsen bangabheka njengomqondo omthetho, bethi isimo asilutho ngaphezu kohlelo lomthetho ngokwawo.

I - Arc Engokomlando: Kusukela EWestphalia Kuya Ekuhlelekeni Komhlaba

Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani kuvikelwa ngonya kangaka namuhla, kwaqala emakhulwini eminyaka ezimpi, ukuvukela nokwakha izinkulumo.

Itshe likaWesphalian

Ngaphambi kuka-1648, iYurophu yayisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso seziphathimandla ezizimele. I-Holy Roman Empire, iSonto lamaKatolika, kanye nomsebenzi owenziwe ngamakhosi, amakhosi, namakhosi bonke babethi banegunya elihlukene kubantu abafanayo. Kwakungekho mqondo ocacile wobukhulu bendawo. Isikhulu saseJalimane sasingakhothamela uMbusi oNgcwele wamaRoma emazweni aso kanye noPapa ngenxa yomphefumulo waso, kuyilapho amadolobha aso ayesebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ezimele. Lesimiso esiqinile, esididaliweyo sasiwumthombo ongapheli wempi, iphethe ekwahlulekeni kweMpi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Ukuthula KwaseWestphalia (1648)

Izivumelwano ezasayinwa eMünster nase Osnabrück zibhekwa kabanzi njengendabuko yesimiso sombuso wanamuhla ozimele. Ukuthula kwaseWestphalia kwayiqeda ngokuphumelelayo imibuso eNgcwele yoMbuso wamaRoma ebusayo yonke indawo. Yamisa isimiso se- cuius regiogius, eius religio, (indawo yayo, inkolo yayo", inikeza ababusi igunya lokunquma inkolo yezwe labo siqu. Lokhu kwakuyinguquko enkulu: yaqaphela ngempela ukuthi igunya lombusi endaweni yabo laliphakeme kakhulu futhi lalingenakungamiswa ngemibuso yangaphandle, noma uPapa noma uMbusi.

Izazi ezinjengoStephen D. Krasner ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi iWestphalia yayiyinkathi yokushintsha kwangempela noma inganekwane engcono. Eqinisweni, imibuso yayiye yaxoxa ngokungafani kwezenkolo, futhi lezi zivumelwano azizange zakhanga ngokushesha isimiso semibuso elinganayo. Nokho, i-Westphalian yanikeza amagama avumelanayo okuhlobana kwezizwe ngezizwe ngeminyaka engu-350 ezalandela. Yamisa isimiso se-non-interntion[[ njengomthetho wezimiso zezimiso zezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke.

Ubukhosi Ngenkathi YoMbuso

Indaba yobukhosi yashintsha kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yobukoloni. Izimiso zobukhosi baseWestphalia zasetshenziswa ngokukhetha. Imibuso yaseYurophu yanwetshwa yaba "isivikelo" emasimini amakhulu e-Afrika, e-Asia, nase-Melika, iphika izakhamuzi amalungelo obukhosi ezaziwagcinela zona. Amakholoni aphathwa njengezinto zawo kunezindawo ezizimele. Lokhu kwadala isimiso sombuso wezizwe zonke lapho ubukhosi babuyilungelo lezinhlangano ze-"viled". Ukuncikolonia kwekhulu leminyaka lama-20 kwakuwumzabalazo wokuqashelwa njengemibuso ephakeme, umgomo ofezwa kakhulu ngeZizwe Ezihlangene nangesimiso sezimiso zobuhlanga.

Izinselele Zobukhosi Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ekhulwini lama - 21, i - Westphalia ibhekene nokucindezela okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Amandla okuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ezobuchwepheshe, nokuncishiswa kwezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu kuye kwaqeda igobolondo eliqinile lombuso ozimele.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezomnotho

Ibhizinisi, izimali, kanye nokunikeza izimali zidlula imingcele. Izinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ziphethe amandla ezomnotho alinganayo noma adlula awombuso wezifundazwe eziningi. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge World Trade Organization (WTO) zidinga ukuba kunikezwe isilinganiso esithile sobukhosi ukuze kuthengiswe ukufinyelela nokuphoqwa. Isimiso sezezimali sembulunga yonke sihlanganisa umnotho wezomnotho ngokuqinile kangangokuba inhlekelele ezweni elilodwa ingabangela ukuhlasela emhlabeni wonke, isithise amandla kahulumeni ukulawula ikusasa layo lezomnotho. UThoma Friedman waphikisa kakhulu ngokuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kubeka i-"Goldenbot" emadoleset" emadolobheni, iphoqe ukuba ithathe izinqubo zezentengo yezentengo yemali noma inhloko yendiza.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokungenela Komphakathi

Inselele eqondile ebusayo ingukufundisa Ukuhluleka ukuvikela (R2P). Ukuphuma ezihlangwini ezisabekayo zokuqothula kohlanga eRwanda nase-Balkan, i-R2P iphikisa ngokuthi ubukhosi buhlanganisa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela abantu enyameni enkulu. Uma umbuso uhluleka kulomsebenzi, umphakathi wezizwe zonke unesibopho sokungenela, ngokusebenzisa ibutho lezempi uma kudingekile. Lokhu kumelela ukusuka okukhulu kombono wezwe eWestphalia ukuthi ungaziphatha izakhamuzi zawo siqu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuthanda kangakanani. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi iR2 ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ngokukhethayo ngokulungisa ukungenela okunenzuzo, ukuncintisana nokunyelisa isimiso sezimiso zezentengo.

Izinkantolo zobugebengu zomhlaba wonke neNkantolo Yezigebengu Yomhlaba Wonke (ICC) ibekela inselele ubukhosi ngokubeka abaholi bezwe icala lobugebengu bempi, ubugebengu obuphathelene nesintu nokuqothulwa kohlanga.

Ukubusa Kwamanani Nomngcele

Imininingwane iyindawo entsha, futhi izifunda zilwela ukuyilawula. I-inthanethi ekuqaleni yagujwa njengendawo engenamngcele engadala ubukhosi. Okuphambene yilokhu okuye kwenzeka. Amazwe akha ngentshiseko "imingcele ehlangene" ngemithetho yokuhlanganisa indawo, izithako zomlilo, nemithetho eqinile yokulinganisela.

  • [ IChina: igcina i-"Firewall" ebanzi yokulawula ukugeleza kokwaziswa nokuphoqelela umbono wayo wobukhosi be-inthanethi, iphatha i-inthanethi njengengxenye yezwe layo.
  • I-Eupanean Union: I-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) iyi-evolution eyingqophamlando yokulawula kwezimiso zemishini, isebenzisa imithetho ye-EU kunoma isiphi izakhamuzi eziphatha imininingwane ye-EU, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkampani isekelwephi. I-EU Digital Markets Act ne-Dicial Service Act ilawula futhi ukuziphatha kwemikhulu emikhulu yezezobuchwepheshe yomhlaba wonke.
  • United States: Impikiswano engxenyeni engu 230, u-TikTok, kanye nemfihlo yokwaziswa kubonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuqinisa igunya lesizwe endaweni yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo esemhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlasela kwe-faudo, nokulwa kwezincwadi okuthathwe kuhulumeni kuyinto evamile. Ukuzinqumela ukuhlasela nge-inthanethi okusuka kuzisebenzi ezisezikhundleni ezihlukene kunzima kakhulu, ngokuvamile kushiya izifunda zingavikelekile futhi zingakwazi ukuphoqelela ubukhosi bazo kulokhu kusebenza.

Ukuphazamiseka Kwendawo Ezungezile Nemingcele Yensimu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungcola, nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo akukuhloniphi. Ilungelo lombuso lokuthuthukisa umnotho wayo ngokushisa izinto ezivundlile zenza ingcezu yenhlabathi ibangele ukuminza kwezwe elincane lesiqhingi phakathi komhlaba wonke. Kumazwe aphansi ePacific, njengeKiribati ne Tuvalu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela usongo olubonakalayo endaweni yawo engokomzimba futhi, ngokwengxenye, ubudume bawo. Izazi ezingokomthetho zixabana nombuzo: Uma isifunda sezwe siqala ukungahlali noma sinyamalale, ingabe lokhu kubangela ukucatshangelwa kabusha kobuhlobo phakathi kwezwe negunya?

Izingxabano zamanzi ezidlulayo (umz., iNayile, iMekong, i - Indus) nazo zivivinya ukubusa. Phezulu kwemifula kumisa ilungelo lazo lokubusa imifula ukuze kutholakale amandla anamandla, kuyilapho ehla ngomfudlana kuphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuphula ilungelo lazo lokuphepha emanzini. Akukho sisekelo sembulunga yonke sokuxazulula lemizwa, kushiyele ezombangazwe ezingokwesiko.

I-pandemics iyisikhumbuzo esiqinile sokuthi ukulondeka kwempilo akunakugcwala ngokugcwele. Inhlekelele ye-COVOVID-19 yabona amazwe evala ngokushesha imingcele, eqongelela imijovo, futhi evimbela ukuhamba (ukugomela ngobukhosi). Kodwa, leligciwane alinakanga zonke izindonga zemingcele. Inhlekelele yaqokomisa ukucindezeleka okujulile phakathi kwezwe lokuzisebenzela nokubambisana kwempilo yomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yezwe yezempilo (WHO) ziye zamemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo, kodwa igunya lazo lixhomeke ngokuphelele ekubambisanani kwemibuso yezwe.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ubukhosi Buyasetshenziswa

E - United States: I - Federalism Nokwehlukana

I-United States iyisibonelo esinamandla sobukhosi bangaphakathi obuhlelwe ngobuzwe. Uhulumeni uphethe igunya eliphakeme ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sakwamanye amazwe nezentengiselwano, kodwa imibuso ihlukaniswa ngokucophelela nezifundazwe ezingama-50. Izwe lonke, i-U.S. ivame ukugomela ubukhosi bayo ngokumelana nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ezibona ukuthi ziphula umthetho wezwe. Isayine kodwa ayigunyazanga umthetho weSivumelwano saso solwandle, futhi ayiyona ingxenye ye-Rome eyamisa i-ICCC. Le "Spectism" ibonisa ukusolwa kwegunya elijulile. Nokho, i-U.S. isebenzisa amandla ayo aphezulu ekulweni umsebenzi wokwakha imbulunga yonke, ibonisa ukuthi ayikho nje kuphela ukushiywa kodwa i-indea i-ICCCC.

I-European Union: Ukuhlolwa kwePostter

I-European Union imelela ukuhlanganiswa kombuso wokuzithandela okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni. Izifundazwe ziye zadlulisela igunya eliphawulekayo ezinhlanganweni ze-EU ezindaweni ezinjengezohwebo, ezolimo, isimiso sokuncintisana, nesimiso semali (nge-Eurozone). Isimiso se- sokumiswa komthetho we-EU [ sisho ukuthi umthetho waseYurophu ungawuqeda umthetho wesizwe ophikisanayo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi amalungu ezwe athe "alahlekelwa" ubukhosi bawo. Kunalokho, awusebenzi njengesivumelwano sokuzithandela ngokuzithandela emazweni azimele, agcina ilungelo lokuphuma (njengoba i-UK i-Brectin). I-EU ibekela inselele umbono ongokwesiko wokuthi ubukhosi obuse-EUdidiction, uveza ukuthi ububanzi bezingahlukene.

EChina: Umbuso WaseWestphalia Ongavumelani Nezimo

IChina mhlawumbe ingumsekeli onamandla kakhulu wendlela engokwesiko yobukhosi yaseWestphalia ezweni namuhla. Indlela yayo yangaphandle yenziwa nge "Izimiso Ezinhlanu ze-Coexistence," egxile ekuhlonipheni ubukhosi nasekungathakazelini ezindabeni zangaphakathi. IBeijing ibheka ubukhosi njengesivikelo esiphelele ekuhlaseleni amalungelo ayo abantu kwamanye amazwe, izimiso zayo eXinjiang nase Tibet, nesimiso sayo sezombangazwe. Belt ne-Grand [BRITIE)[FLY] inweba ithonya iChina emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ihlala ngokubambisana okulinganayo phakathi kombusi nombusi. I-Taiwan ithathwa futhi iwumbuso owenye indawo, ingaphi nayiphi i-Trount, futhi ayiphikisani nayiphi i-Thost, futhi ayiphikisani uhulumeni we-Taiwan.

Amazwe Amancane Nezizwe Ezinesifiso Esimangalisayo

Kumazwe amancane namasimu afuna uzibuse, ukubusa kuwumgomo oyigugu kakhulu. Kumelela isihlalo esiphezulu eZizweni, ukulawula imithombo yendawo, nobuntu bomthetho wezizwe zonke. Nokho, iqiniso kumazwe amancane liwukuthi "anegunya nge-sssname." Asengozini enkulu ekucindezelekeni kwezomnotho okungaphandle, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, usongo lwezokulondeka. Ukulingana kwazo okungokomthetho esisezingeni lezizwe ngezizwe ngokuvamile kufihla ukuntula amandla. Kumelwe zisebenzise izivumelwano eziwusizo, ngokuvamile zikhombe ngaphansi kwesambukwamumu semibuso emikhulu. Ukuphishekela ubukhosi bezindawo ezinjenge-Palestine, i-Kosovocania, noma i-Atlania kubonisa ukuthi umqondo uyaqhubeka usongelo olunamandla lwezentengo yezombangazwe, njengoba injongo yayo ezweni lomhlaba jikelele iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyinkimbinkimbi.

Ikusasa Lobukhosi: Ukukhuthazela Ekuthotshisweni

Izibikezelo "zokuphela kobukhosi" ziye zenziwa zeqisa kakhulu. Izwe elisekhona lihlala liyisitsha esiyinhloko sokugunyazwa kwezombangazwe, ukulandisa kwentando yeningi, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Uma kugadla izinhlekelele ngokwezimali, nokulondeka, noma ezempilo ehlobene ne-$(izences) zibheke esimweni sazo ukuze zivikeleke. Ukubuya kobuzwe nobupopulist ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ngezindlela eziningi, ukuphikisana nokukhukhuleka okucatshangelwayo kobukhosi nezinhlangano zembulunga yonke kanye nezinhlangano ezikude.

Nokho, lomqondo uzoqhubeka uvumelana. Siyaqonda ngokuqonda okucacile ngobukhosi njengeqoqo lamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo engahlukaniswa, ihlangane, futhi ihloselwe ukudlula. Izwe liyoqhubeka lihlanganisa ubukhosi kwezinye izindawo (ukuphambuka, indawo ezungezile, izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe) kuyilapho libuqapha kabuhlungu kwezinye (izenhlalakahle, impucuko, izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zezombangazwe). Ingabe isihluthulelo siyoba indlela yobukhosi obusetshenziswa ngayo. Ingabe busetshenziswa njengesivikelo sokuvimbela ukulandisa, noma njengendawo yokuvikela isibopho sokwakha isibopho sembulunga yonke?

  • Ukulawula: Njengoba indawo iqala ukuthengiselwa kakhulu futhi ihlonyiswe, imibuzo yobukhosi obungalé koMhlaba iyakukhula. I-Outer Space Treaty iyawanqabela ama-propatite, kodwa lokhu kuya kuvivinywa kakhulu.
  • Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo: Intuthuko esheshayo ye-Al iphakamisa imibuzo ejulile yobukhosi. Izolawula kanjani ubuchwepheshe obuzivelela ngokushesha kunomthetho? Ingabe impi yolwazi enamandla abomvu iyolimaza ukuqina kwezombangazwe zasekhaya, umsuka wobukhosi bangaphakathi?
  • Global Governance Reformation:[ Izinhlangano ezinkulu njenge UN Security Council zibonisa uhlelo lwezwe lonyaka ka-45. Izimemezelo zokuguqula imibuso ekhulayo njenge-Indiya, Brazil, nezifundakazi zase-Afrika zifuna ngokuyinhloko ukuqaphela isikhundla sazo sobukhosi nesisindo sazo emhlabeni wonke.

Ubukhosi abusona isimo esisasibili − awusona nje "umbuso" noma "ungaphathi-mbuso"" Umkhuba oqhubekayo wokuzisholo, ukugcina, nokusebenzisa igunya ezweni eliminyene nelihlangeneyo. Kusewuhlelo oluyisisekelo lwezolimi lwezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke, njengoba nje amagama eshintsha ukuhlangabezana namaqiniso amasha.

Ukungezwani phakathi kwenhloso yegunya eliphelele nesidingo esingokoqobo sokubambisana kuzakuchaza inkathi ezayo yokuhleleka kwembulunga yonke. Izifundazwe eziphumelela kakhulu kuyoba yilezo ezifunda ukulawula le nkinga, zivikele izithakazelo zazo eziyisisekelo kuyilapho zihileleke ngokwanelisayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga okungekho simo esisodwa esingazixazulula sodwa. Ngakho, ubukhosi abusona isimiso sesikhathi esidlule kodwa isimiso esizoqhubeka sihlela ikusasa lezizukulwane ezizayo.