Amanzi aphephile amanzi okuphuza ayisici sempilo yomphakathi, kodwa izakhiwo zamanzi ezigugile zisongela lomthombo oyisisekelo wezigidi. Ngaphesheya kwe-United States nasemhlabeni wonke, amapayipi, izakhiwo zokwelapha, kanye nezimiso zokusakaza ezibekwe phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule afinyelela ekupheleni kokuphila kwazo okuwusizo. Umphumela uba ukuwohloka okukhulayo kokungcola, ukuphazamiseka kwenkonzo, nokungathembani nabathengi. Ukuzifaka kudinga akudingi nje kuphela ukutshala imali edingekayo kodwa futhi kudinga nendlela ebanzi, ebanzi, ehlanganisa izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe zanamuhla, ukugada, nokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izingozi eziyinhloko zezinga lamanziwa okuguga, ukuhlola ukuthemba izimbangela ezingaphansi kwezimbangela, futhi sihlela izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuqinisekisa izizukulwane ezihlanzekile namanzi ezikhona.

Isilinganiso Salenkinga: Okwenza Ukuguga Kusongele Ubungako Bamanzi

Igama elithi "ukwehla kwezakhiwo" libhekisela ekuwohlokeni okungokomzimba kwezimiso zamanzi ezakhiwa amashumi eminyaka — ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka — edlule. E-United States kuphela, i-American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) inikeza izwe izakhiwo zamanzi aphuzwayo eziwuhlobo lweC, ibhekisela ku-300,000 amanzi ayinhloko unyaka ngamunye futhi amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 amanzi alahlekile nsuku zonke. Amapayipi amaningi awe enziwa ngezinto ezaziwayo manje ezibangela izingozi zempilo, njengalothe, insimbi eshibhilishiwe, futhi angadilidiyo. Izitshalo zokwelapha eziklanywe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20% zivame ukuntula amandla okukhuluma ngePFAS, imithi, nemifilifini elimazayo eyingozi. Imfucucumfucumfucu engokomzimba kanye neyo egcina isilinganiso semisebe lamanzi. [injini ye-Fron)]

Ngaphandle kwezibalo, izindleko zomuntu zinkulu. Izenzakalo ezisemadolobheni njengeFlint, Michigan; Newark, New Jersey; neJackson, Mississippi ziye zabhekana nobunzima obuthatha isikhathi obuhilela ukungcoliswa komthofu, ukuqubuka kwamagciwane, kanye nokuhluleka kwezimiso okuthi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kuthinte inzuzo ephansi nenani labantu abambalwa. Lezizenzakalo zigcizelela ukuthi ukukhuluma ngezinga lamanzi amanzi ezimbonini zokuguga akuyona nje inkinga yobuchwepheshe noma yezimali — kuyindaba yokulawula nokuthemba indawo ezungezile nomphakathi. Njengoba amapayipi eshwa futhi elulaza, inethi evikela abathengi ephelelwa amandla, yenza ukungenela okusebenza okubalulekile.

Izakhi Eziyinhloko Nemiphumela Yempilo Ehlobene Nezimiso Zokuguga

Izakhiwo ezincishisiwe ziletha uhide lwezithako zamakhemikhali, ezingokwemvelo, nezingokomzimba emanzini okuphuza. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye kusiza ekuhleleni imizamo yokulinganisela.

Umthofu Novuthwa Kwethusi

Izintambo zomthofu (LSLS) ziseyifa elidume kakhulu lezimiso zamanzi zakudala. Ngaphambi kuka-1986, umthofu wasetshenziswa kabanzi emapayipini amanzi futhi wathengwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukudleka okubangelwa ukushintsha kwemichiza yamanzi (pH, alkalinity, i-chlorine) zingaholela emanzini. Ukuchayeka komthofu kuyingozi kakhulu kubantwana, okubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka nokukhula. Ithusi, futhi kusetshenziswa emapayipini, kungasetshenziswa emapayinjini, futhi kuholele ekucindezelekeni kwamathumbu, isibindi, namazingwane. Izindleko zokuhola i-EPA's Leatrueverys noMthetho weCopper Reluens (LRR), okugcina phakathi no-201, kudinga izinkonzo zomsebenzi ezisebenzayo, ukuthatha umthoba, nokuzimfakela kakhulu. Nokho, yonke imigqa emikhulu ayikade kakhulu.

Usongo Lwezinto Eziphilayo Ezincane: I - biofilm Ne - pathogen

Amapayipi amadala, ikakhulukazi lawo enziwe ngensimbi noma ngosimende ongadindwanga, anikeza izindawo ezimaholo ezithwala amabhayolifiki — imiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi yamamicrobial evikela amabacterium namanye amagciwane. Lamabhayolifilm angaqukethe [ Ligionallal [[[FLT:]] (imbangela yesifo se-Leopalynals] [[1]] (isifo se-FLTY] esivamile se-octiveives), lezi zifo ezingabhekile ezibangelwa yimibhobho exweni enzima), futhi ezingabangela ukuqubuka. Izimo zesifo eziphansi kanye neswana ezisezingeni lokufafa. [FLT]] Pérodomas . Esiminyango esinciphile ngezindlela zokubulala amagciwane (ezivamile ezithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu namanzi ayanda kakhulu) ngenxa yokuqubuka kwezakhiwo zakudala.

Ukubulala Amagciwane Ngezakhi (DBP)

IChlorine nechlorinamine, imithi evame kakhulu yokubulala amagciwane, isabela ngezinto ezingokwemvelo emanzini ukuze yakhe i-trialomethane (THMs) ne-haloacetic acid (HEA). Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni amaDBP kuhlangene nengozi ekhuphukile yomdlavuza nezinkinga zokuzala. Izitshalo zokwelapha ezigugile zingase zingabi nezinqubo ezanele (umzz., zithuthukise i-coagculation, i-carbon) ukuze zisuse izakhi zezakhi zofuzo ngaphambi kokususa i-ifithe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba amanzi ehamba ngemibhobhobho, ukubola, ukubulala, ivumela i-DBP ukuba inqwale esimisweni sokusakaza.

Izinto Ezingcolisayo: I - PFAS Ne - microplastics

I-Per- kunye ne polyfluoralkyl (PFAS) izinto ezisetshenziswayo — “amakhemikhali angapheli” asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yabathengi nasezinkampaneni zezimboni — abonakala kakhulu emithonjeni yamanzi aphuzwayo. Izimiso eziningi zokwelapha zakudala aziklanyelwanga ukuwasusa. I-PFAS ihamba emanzini, imelana nokwelashwa okungokwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, futhi iye yahlotshaniswa nomdlavuza wezinso, isifo segilo, kanye nokucitshwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba. Ngokufanayo, imicroplastiki igcwele emthonjeni nakusetshenziswa kwamapayipithi angase achithe izinhlayiyana zepulasitiki. Nakuba imiphumela yemicroplastiki isahlolwa, kukhathaza. I-EPA ihlongoze izinga elikhulu le-PFO ne-POFOS (ML) elinamandla engeziwe ukuze ifake i-octalboxmonetics orneose.

Izingqinamba Ezilawulayo Nezezimali Ekusebenzeni Kwanamuhla

Izinselele zokuguga zibangelwa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zesakhiwo kanye nezindawo ezixhasa imali. I-Defited Water Water Act (SDWA) ihlela izindinganiso eziphoqelelwe, kodwa izinhlelo eziningi ezincane azinawo amandla obuchwepheshe nezimali ukuze zihambisane. I-2021 Insfrablicture Information Invementments ne-Jobs Act inikeza i-R3, $15 000 000 000 000 (R1 000 000 000) ye-Dapping Water State Revoating Fund (DWSRF) inikeza, kanti i-$9 yezigidi zezigidi ze-PFAS) inikeza inzuzo ye-PFAS. Nakuba le ngqophaka liseyimfiliba, inciphisana yesidingo esiphelele senkonzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinombolo ezithatha isikhathi esilawulayo zikhushulwa ngenxa yokuhlola, ukubukeza indawo ezungezile, ukuhlelwa kwezicishicineyo zezombangazwe. Njengoba ukuhlelwa kudinga manje, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo eziningi ezisekelwe ezisezingeni ezigciniwe ezigciniwe nasemakhulwini.

Izindawo Zokuvuselela Nokuvuselela Izakhiwo

Ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ezinhlamvwini zokuguga kudingeka inqubo ehlanganisa ubunjiniyela, isimiso sokwakha, ukuthembisana ngomphakathi nokutholwa kobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene.

Ukuthathelwa indawo Ngejubane Kwemigqa Yenkonzo Yomthofu

Ukususwa ngokuphelele kwe-LSL kuwukuphela kwekhambi elihlala njalo lokungcoliswa komthofu. I-EPA ebukeziwe ye-Lead and Copper Page igunyaza zonke izimiso zamanzi zomphakathi ukuba zithuthukise uhide lwenkonzo ngo-October 2024 futhi zithathe indawo yemigqa yomthofutho phakathi neminyaka eyishumi. Izinhlelo eziphumelelayo, njenge-Newark, zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yezimali zikahulumeni ne-osomalthi, izikhangiso zomphakathi, kanye nezisethi zamanzi ezikhululekile ukuvikela izakhamuzi phakathi nomsebenzi wokubuyisela. Isihluthulelo sokuphumelela yi-methabula — i-methayeal kumelwe isebenzise amarekhodi angokomlando, ukuhlola insimu, futhi ngisho nemishini yokuhlola izindawo zenkonzo lapho imibhalo ingaphelele.

Ukulawula Ukonakala

Izimiso ezingenakuthatha indawo ngokushesha yawo wonke amapayipi omthofu, ukuhlanganisa amakhemikhali amanzi angcono kakhulu kuyanzima. Ukulungisa i-PH kanye ne-alkaline, ukuhlanganisa i-orthophosphate njengenvinyo yokuhamba, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amagciwane anele anciphisa ukukhuphuka. Lokhu kudinga ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kwezimiso zokuzimela amanzi asesilinganisweni sokusakaza, njengoba ikhemikhali ingashintsha ngokuhamba, ukushisa, namanzi abangelwa yimithombo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlola izinzwa bungenza ukuhlola kwangempela kokukhuphulula ukunciphisa ukukhuphuka, kuvumela izinto zokulungisa ukwelashwa ngokushesha.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezithuthukile

Izikhungo zokwelapha ezikhulayo ezinezinqubo zanamuhla zibalulekile ekususeni izithako eziphumayo ne-DBP. Ukukhetha okuhlanganisa:

  • I-carbon ethambileyo (GAC): iphumelela kakhulu kwi-PFAS, ukunambitheka nengxube yephunga, kanye nezakhi ezizandulela.
  • Ion Exchange (IX): ihloselwe ukususa iPFAS, nitrate, kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo.
  • I-MEmbrane Filtration (ukulinganisa, i-nanofiltifiltiation, ukubuya kwe-osmosis): Kungcono kakhulu ukususwa kwe-athogen nokuncishiswa kwe-inorganic ne-octumic protamist.
  • UV Edval oxidation (UV/AOP): Iqhekeka amakhemikhali avulekayo anjenge 1.4-dioxane ne PFAS uma ihlangene ne-hydrogen peroxide.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: kusebenzisa isayensi yezinto eziphilayo ukuze kususwe izinto eziphilayo futhi kuncishiswe ukwakheka kwe-DBP.

Ubuchwepheshe ngabunye kumelwe bukhethwe ngokwezinga lamanzi aluhlaza, ukuqondisa nokuthatha izindleko. Imiphakathi eminingi ithatha izindlela zokuhlanganisa izinyathelo eziningana zokwelapha.

Ukulawulwa Nokugcinwa Kwendlela Emisiwe

Kunokulinda ipayipi linqamuke noma ukwehluleka kwamanzi, izinto ezikhiqizwayo ziphendukela kukuphathwa kwemitapo yokwaziswa egciniwe. Lokhu kuhilela:

  • Ukuhlola isimo ngokusebenzisa i - radar yamaza evuzayo, izinzwa zemisindo, amamitha ahlakaniphile nesiqondiso.
  • Ukulingisa i - hydraulic ukuze kubonwe izindawo ezihamba kancane, ezihamba kancane, nezingamanzi amaningi lapho izinga lezinga liwohloka khona.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwemali kusengaphambili okusekelwe engozini ukuze kuvuselelwe, ukugxila ekufakeni imali emapayipini anamazinga aphakeme okugeleza, umfutho ophansi, nomlando wamanzi aphansi.
  • Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokukhipha imfucumfucu ne - biofilm.

Ama-bit thisting amaningana manje asebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ukubikezela ukwehluleka kwamanzi okukhulu nokulungisa isimiso ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke inhlekelele. American Water Works Association (AWA) inyathelise isiqondiso sezindlela zokuphatha amathuluzi angcono kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokufundisa Komphakathi

Ukwethemba umphakathi kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umzamo wamanzi othuthukiswayo. Imishini kumelwe ikhulumise ngokucacile ngezingozi, izenzo, nezindlela ezilindelekile zezikhathi. Amasu asebenzayo ahlanganisa:

  • Incwadi eveza imiphumela yokuhlola izinga lamanzi (isib., nge - Internet quadrallboard).
  • Izaziso zendlu ngendlu phakathi kokusebenzisa umthofu wentambo noma amanzi abilayo.
  • Ukunikeza abantu abasengozini amathuluzi okuhlola amanzi nama - scheed asetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuwasebenzisa.
  • Ukwenza izinhlelo zemali ezithathelwe indawo umthofu (amaloni, izimali) ukuze kusizwe abaninikhaya abanezingxenye zezindleko.
  • Imikhankaso yemfundo mayelana nokunakekelwa kwamapayipi amanzi ekhaya (ukunakekelwa, nokushiswa kwamanzi) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola okutholakala endaweni.

Lapho imiphakathi inolwazi futhi ihilelekile, amazinga okulalela ayathuthuka, futhi ukwethemba umphakathi kuyakhula.

Izifundo ze-Case: Izifundo zezinhlelo ezithathelwa indawo i-Louth- World

Newark, New Jersey, inikeza isixwayiso nesibonelo. Ngemva kokubhekana nenhlekelele yomthofu ngo-2016, leli dolobha lathatha indawo yemigqa yokuhola engaphezu kwengu - 18 000 phakathi neminyaka emithathu — isenzo esadinga ukubambisana okukhulu, ukufinyelelwa komphakathi, nokusetshenziswa kwezibalo zikahulumeni. Izifundo eziyinhloko zahlanganisa ukubaluleka kokwaziswa komphakathi okunonya, ilungiselelo lamasefo amanzi, nohlelo oluphakathi olwavumela abanikazi ukuba bakhethe kalula. UNewark wasebenzisa inhlanganisela yemali evela kuhulumeni, i-DWSRF, ne-American Palent Plan. Njengomphumela, amazinga aphambili angaphansi kwamanzi e-EPA awehla kakhulu.

Esinye isibonelo uMadison, uWisconsin, owaqala ukuthatha indawo yenkonzo eholayo ngokuzithandela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, wafinyelela ukususwa cishe kwekhulu ngokusebenzisa “inqubo yedig kanye” evumelanisa nokuvuselelwa kwemigwaqo. UMadison wathembisa ukuboleka imali ephansi kakhulu ngenxa yabathatheli abangaphandle. Lemizamo yokusebenza yavimbela inhlekelele futhi yakha ukwethenjelwa emphakathini isikhathi eside.

Ohlangothini lokwelashwa, iPortsmouth, i-New Hampshire, yafaka esinye sezimiso zokuqala ezigcwele ze-UV eziphambili zokususa i-PFAS, njengesiqinisekiso sezinto ezisebenza ngokubhekene nokungcola okubangelwa yigwebu lokulwa umlilo nemithombo yezimboni. Isimiso sisebenzisa ukukhanya i-UV kuhlangene ne-peroxide ukuwisa amamolecule e-PFAS, ukufinyelela amazinga asuselwayo angaphezulu kuka-99%.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Somthetho, Ukutshala Imali, Nokuzivuselela

Alikho ikhambi elingalungisa inselele yesisekelo samanzi agugile ezweni lonke. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekuzibopheni okuqhubekayo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, izinto ezisemzimbeni, nakuwo wonke umphakathi. Inqubo eyisisekelo ihlanganisa:

  • Uhulumeni nohulumeni baqhubeka besekela imali ukuze kuvuselelwe izakhiwo, begxile ngokukhethekile emiphakathini eswele.
  • Ukuqinisa abashayeli abaqondisayo njengama - PFAS MCL agunyazwayo kanye nemisebenzi esheshayo yokubuyisela umthofu.
  • Usizo olukhudlwana lobuchwepheshe ezimisweni ezincane nezisemaphandleni ezingenazo izingcweti.
  • Ukucwiliswa kwezinga lokuhlola izinga lamanzi ezimisweni ezihlakaniphile zezindlala zamanzi zokuhlola izenzakalo ezingcolisayo.
  • Hlola izinto ezintsha zamapayipi nezindlela zokubuyisela (isib., ulwelwesi lwepayipi, ipayipi elisendalini) elinganweba ukuphila ngaphandle kokuvubukula ngokugcwele.

I- World Health line Guides for Aterter Sea isebenza njengendlela yokubhekisa imbulunga yonke ekubekeni izindinganiso ezilondekile. Ukusebenzisa inzuzo ngalezi ziqondiso kuyilapho ukhuluma ngokuhluleka kwezimiso zendawo kuwumgomo ofanele ukuphishekelwa.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Umcebo Wethu Obaluleke Kakhulu

Ukuguga kubangela esinye sezisongelo ezingathi sína neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezisongela izinga lamanzi emlandweni wanamuhla. Ukusuka ku-lead namagciwane kuya ekuvezeni amakhemikhali anjenge-PFAS, izingozi zingokoqobo futhi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa zithinta imiphakathi esengozini kakhulu. Nokho, ngokuhlanganisa izinhlelo zobudala zobudlelwano, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha banamuhla, ukuphathwa kwempahla ewusizo, nokuhlangana komphakathi okunenjongo, i-athone ingabuyisela futhi ivikele izinga lamanzile lamanzi amashumi eminyaka azayo. Izindleko ezidingekayo zinkulu — kodwa intengo yokungenzi lutho, isilinganiso ezinkingeni zempilo yomphakathi, ukuntenga, nokungathemba, zinkulu kakhulu. Umphakathi ngamunye ufanelwe ukutholakala kosizo oluphephile, amanzi ahlanzekile, futhi lokho kuqala ngokuzibophaka kabusha ezimisweni zanamuhla eziwunikezayo.