Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwenza Umthetho

I-United States Congress yamiswa yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, esibeka wonke amagunya emithetho engokomthetho emenywe yindikimba yama-bamaral ebizwa nge House of Memorists neSigele. Lesi simiso sombuso esinamakhambi amabili saxoxiswa ngokucophelela phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787. Indlu yaklanyelwa ukumelela abantu ngokuqondile, ngezihlalo ezabelwe umphakathi, kuyilapho iSigele simelela izishaya-mthetho zezwe, kanye nombuso ngamunye wamukela izimendene ezimbili. Namuhla, womabili amakamu akhethwa ngokuqondile, futhi athwala kanye umthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imisebenzi yezandla, ukuxoxa, nokulungisa imithetho ebusa isizwe.

Inqubo yemithetho ibonisa uMsunguli we-’ isibopho sokubusa ngamabomu, ngokulinganiswa. Ngokufuna izikweleti ukuze zidlule emazingeni amaningi futhi zithole ukuvunyelwa okulondekile kuzo zombili izingosi ngaphambi kokufika kuMongameli, isimiso sivimbela imithetho esheshayo noma engacatshangelwanga kahle. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukuhileleka ngokubaluleka kuhulumeni wabo futhi zigcine izikhulu zazo ezikhethiwe zinesibopho sokulandisa.

Ubani Ongaveza Ibhilidi?

Noma iliphi ilungu leSishaya-mthetho lingase liqashelwe imvume. Endlini yabameleli, ilungu limane lifake isimemezelo kuyi-Phost ̬ ibhokisi lokhuni kunomabhalane i-’ ideskiniki. Esigeqeni, isigele kumelwe siqashelwe isikhulu sesikhulu futhi simemezele isimemezelo. Nakuba uMongameli engenza umthetho futhi ngokuvamile ngekheli le-Union, amalungu eKhomishane kuphela angangenisa izikweletulo ezingokomthetho. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha lemithetho ligcina umthetho walo ukukhululeka kumphathi.

Izincwadi zingavela emithonjeni eminingi. Amalungu angamisa umthetho osekelwe ezithembisweni zomkhankaso, izinto ezidilivani, iqembu lenzalo, noma ukutusa kwezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe. Izinkulungwane zezikweleti zifakwa kuleyo naleyo minyaka emibili yeSishaya-Mkhandlu, kodwa ingxenyana encane kuphela i-̬ ngokuqhathaniswa ecishe ibe 4-5% ̬ ibe ngumthetho. Lezinga eliphakeme lokuhluleka ligcizelela ukucusumbula okunzima ngakunye ukusikisela okumelwe kuqhubeke.

Uhambo Oluphelele Lwempi Ngezishaya - mthetho

Indlela esukela kumthetho ukuya komunye ihlanganisa izigaba ezihlukene eziyishumi. Ukulandelana okuqondile kuyahluka kuye ngemvelaphi, indaba, nokuthi izindleko ziphikisana noma ziwumsebenzi ovamile. Ukuwohloka okulandelayo kuhlanganisa uhambo olugcwele kokubili amagumbi negatsha eliphethe.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukulungisa Nokuqala

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe isikweleti esingokomthetho, sibuthelwa ngeseluleko semithetho i-̬ iqembu labameli abangabhalisanga i-parastina abahumusha imiqondo yezimiso ngolimi oluqondile olungokomthetho. Imali yabelwe inani: H.R. ilandelwa yinombolo eMzini, noma i-S. ilandelwa yinombolo eSigeqeni. Khona - ke ingeniswa e-Conal Record [[[FLT: 1]] i-Conational Record [ futhi ibhekiselwe ekomitini elifanele noma ekomitini i-pane ̱ isikhulu esiwengamele.

Isinyathelo Sesibili Sekomiti Nesenzo

AmaKomiti alapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi wangempela we-Congress. Zombili izikhungo zigcina amakomiti aphethe izakhiwo ezisebenza ngezimiso njengezolimo, izinkonzo zezikhali, imfundo, imali, nejaji. Uma kubhekiswa isikhwama secala ekomitini, umphathi wesihlalo unquma ukuthi angahlela yini ukuqulwa kwecala, acele ukuhlaziywa kwenkonzo yokuhlola i-Congregational Research Service, noma amane avumele le mithetho ife ngokungenzi lutho. Lo mbuso wokugcina amasango usho ukuthi amakomiti alawula ngokuphumelelayo izikweleti ezikweleti zemali eziqhubekele futhi angakwenziwa.

Uma ikomiti iqhubeka, ilandela izinyathelo ezintathu ezisezincane:

  • Ukuzwa:[ Ikomiti imema ochwepheshe, izikhulu zezinhlangano, abasekeli, nezakhamuzi ezithintekile ukuba zifakaze. Izindlebe zitholakala obala futhi zibhalwe kaningi. Zinikeza ithuba lokuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukwakha umbhalo, futhi ziveze amandla ezombangazwe okwenza noma okumelana nomthetho.
  • Iphawup: Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti imisa isiqephu sokunyusa. Amalungu asikisela ukulungisa, ushintsho, nokuvota kushintsho ngalunye. I-clup ilapho kunesimo somthetho i-̱, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuphawulekayo. Ezimweni eziningi, ulimi oluvela ekuvezeni lufana kakhulu nenguquko yokuqala eyembuliwe.
  • Umbiko we-committee: Uma isikhwama sesidlulise ikomiti ngevoti eningi, ikomiti ikhipha umbiko ochaza i-pager ̱ injongo, ifingqa izimemezelo, ihlela izimemezelo ezamukelwayo, futhi inikeza ukulandelela. Umbiko uhlanganisa nentengo yemali evela ku-Congregation Ubhalibration Office kanye namazwi egunya lomthetho.

U-Bhishobhi abangamukeli i-voti bafa ekomitini. Lokhu kuwumphumela ofana nsé nowomthetho. Nokho, kunezindlela zokudlula ikomiti i-̬ njengesicelo sokuvala e House ̬ kodwa lokhu akuvamile ukuphumelela.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukuhlelwa Kwezinhlaka Nokuphikisana Ekhaya

Uma isikweleti sesikhishiwe, sisuka sifike esitezini. Endlini, iKomiti yeMithetho inendima ebalulekile kule sigaba. IKomiti yeMithetho ikhipha umthetho okhethekile onquma ukuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani, ukuthi zingaki izinguquko ezingase zikhishwe, nokuthi inqubo yokulungisa ivuliwe noma ivaliwe. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango unikeza ukulawula okukhulu kweqembu elikhulu phezu kwesimiso somthetho.

Phakathi nempikiswano yasezinsimini, amalungu aphikisanayo asebenzisa isimiso semali esihlelwe kahle: isikhathi sokuphikisana sinikezwa phakathi kweningi neqembu elincane, futhi izikhulumi zilinganiselwe emizuzwini embalwa ngayinye. Isikhulu esiphethe sigcizelela imingcele yesikhathi ngokuqinile. Impikiswano ngokuvamile ibangela ukuphikisana futhi ingashukumisa, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo.

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, iNdlu iqhubekela ekuvoteni. Ezimweni eziningi, kudingeka amalungu avamile akhona futhi avote ukuze adlulise umthetho. Amavoti amakhohlathi aqoshiwe ngomshini, futhi imiphumela ikhishwe kuyi-Chorder ye- ye-Conational . Uma imvume yokuvota ithunyelwa kumphathi wegelethi ukuba ihlolwe.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Esilula Esigelenyeni

ISigele sisebenza ngendlela ehlukile kunendlu. Siyindawo encane enemithetho elinganiselwe, futhi sisebenza ngokuvumelana ezindabeni zenqubo. Uma isambati sifika phansi kweSigele, umholi omkhulu usihlela ukuba sihlolwe. Ingxoxo yeSigele ngokuvamile ayihlelwanga njengengxoxo yendlu: izimemezeli zingakhuluma isikhathi eside uma nje zifisa ukuba ukunyakazisa kwemizwa kufakwe futhi kudlule.

ISigele i-’ isici esihluke kakhulu yi-filbuster. I-senator noma iqembu lama-senator linganqikaza ukuvota ngokukhuluma njalo noma ngokumane nje ngokusongela ukwenza kanjalo. Ukuqeda i-monicbuster, iSigele kumelwe sifake i-rabture, okudinga ukuba i-supermajority ephezulu kakhulu (amavoti angu-60). Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho obalulekile kakhulu kumelwe udonse i-bistarian ukuze ulwe nosongo lwe-bacbuster. I-Prinebuster ibilokhu iwumthombo wempikiswano enkulu eminyakeni yamuva, ngokuphikisana okuthile ivikela amalungelo amancane futhi abanye abalwa nawo uwenza asebenze kahle.

Uma iSigele sidlulisa isikweleti esifana nesaseNdlu yendlu, isikweleti siya ngqo kuMongameli. Ngokuvamile, iSigele silungisa isikweleti, esisibuyisela eNdlini ukuze sithathe isinyathelo esengeziwe.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukulungisa Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqubo ezihlukene zemali eyodwa, ukungefani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba izindleko zibe umthetho. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenye yezinqubo ezimbili:

  • mendiment Exchange: Indlu ingavota ukwamukela iSigele i̱ izinguquko, noma inguquko ngokuphambene. Uma zombili izingosi zivumelana, izindleko ziba zifana futhi ziqhubekele phambili.
  • IKomiti yokuhlanganisa: Uma ukungefani kuyinto enkulu, ikomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe ngamalungu asemagumbini womabili imiswe ukuba ixoxisane. Ikomiti yengqungquthela iveza umbiko womhlangano ngolimi oluvumelanayo. Zombili izingosi kufanele zivote embikweni wengqungquthela ngaphandle kokulungisa. Uma bobabili bevuma, isaziso sithunyelwa kuMongameli.

Nokho, ngokuvamile ziwukuphela kwendlela yokuxazulula ukungavumelani okuyinkimbinkimbi emthetho omkhulu njengokuthi izikweletu zezingxoxo zaminyaka yonke noma ushintsho lwezosizo lwezempilo.

Isinyathelo 6: Isinyathelo Sobumongameli

Uma izindleko zidlula kulawo magumbi, izindleko ezibhaliwe zinyatheliswa esikhumbani futhi zithunyelwe eWhite House. UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (zidlule ngamaSonto) ukuze enze okuthile. Imiphumela emine ingenzeka:

  • [ Uphawu lomthetho:[ Isivumelwano siba umthetho ngokushesha kuMongameli ’ isignesha. Imikhosi yokusayina yomphakathi ivame ukusetshenziswa ukudonsela ukunakekela emthethweni omkhulu.
  • Ukwenabela umthetho: uMongameli ubuyisela isikwele kuMkhandlu nomyalezo weveto ochaza ukuphikisa. UKhongolo lungakhipha ivoti yama-3 amathathu kulawo makamu. Ukuzilawula akuvamile; cishe iziphethu ezine kuphela zamavetoes emlandweni waseMelika ziye zavenefie.
  • Awuthathi nyathelo lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini: Ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi, isigwebo siba umthetho ngaphandle kukaMongameli i’ isignesha. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi iphakethe lephakethe.
  • Awuthathi nyathelo lapho iziKhongolo zifushanisiwe: Lena iveto ekhukhwini. Imali ayiwubeki umthetho, futhi uMkhandlu awukwazi ukuyilawula ngoba awusekho esiqephini.

Izinhlobo Zomthetho

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomthetho akuzona zonke izinyathelo ezibhekwa uMkhandlu kuyizindleko. kucacisa indlela uMkhandlu olisebenzisa ngayo igunya lawo:

  • Imithetho esemthethweni esebenza ezweni lonke. Ingxenye enkulu yalokho esikucabangayo njenge-#820; imithetho ̵ iyizindleko zomphakathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Afford Care Act ne-Civil Rights Act.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho ezuzisa umuntu othile, iqembu, noma indawo. Izindleko zomuntu siqu zisetshenziselwa ukunikeza usizo lokufuduka, ukusho ukuthi uhulumeni, noma imiklomelo yempesheni ekhethekile. Ayivamile namuhla kunangekhulu le-19.
  • Isinqumo se-heant: ezifana nezindleko nenqubo efanayo yomthetho. Izinqumo ezihlangene zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo ngomthetho-mthetho (okudinga imvume ephindwe kabili yesithathu emagumbini nokuncitshiswa ngezindawo ezintathu-ne) futhi kwezinye izinyathelo zesikhashana ezifana nesinqumo esiqhubekayo sokuxhasa uhulumeni.
  • Isinqumo se-Conult Resolution: Sidlula ngawo womabili amagumbi kodwa asithunyelwanga kuMongameli. Izinqumo ze- Connucial zisetshenziselwa izindaba zangaphakathi njengezinqumo zohlelo, ukumisa izinsuku zokufushanisa, noma ukuveza umqondo we-Congress on project.
  • Izinqumo ezilula: Idlula ngegumbi elilodwa. Izinqumo ezilula zisingatha ibhizinisi langaphakathi njengokushintsha imithetho yangaphakathi, ukumisa amakomiti, noma ukuveza induduzo. Azinawo amandla omthetho.

Indima Yokuhola Nezambatho Zeqembu

Abaholi beqembu neziswebhu banendima eyinhloko ekwaluseni umthetho ngoMkhandlu. USiphathi wendlu noMholi weSigele unquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti eziza phansi, umise isimiso somthetho, futhi uxoxisana nezihlalo zamakomiti namalungu aphezulu. Okwamanje, abaholi abancane basebenzela ukukhuthaza ukuphikiswa nokunikeza ezinye izikweletu.

I-wips inomthwalo wemfanelo wokubala amavoti nokuqinisekisa amalungu eqembu ukuba asekele ukuhola i-’ isikhundla. Igama elithi ̴whip ̵ ithathwe ekuzingeleni kwempungushe yokuzingela i-— i-#820; u-wchiper-in ̵ igcina izisulu zingaphambuki. Namuhla, iziswebhu ziveza inani elibonisa ukuthi amavoti amangaki avinjiwe, ukuthi mangaki, nokuthi mangaki aphikisana. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekunqumeni ukuthi umbiko uyile phansi noma ukuhlehlisa ukuhoxa.

Ukubaluleka Kokubekwa Kwemithetho Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Imithetho iyindlela eyinhloko uKhongolose aguqula ngayo umphakathi ube yinqubo eqinile. Ngaphandle kwenqubo esebenzayo yomthetho, igatsha eliphetheyo lingasebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola, futhi ijaji lingantula isiqondiso esicacile somthetho. Ikhono lokushaya imithetho yilona elenza igatsha lokuqala likahulumeni, njengoba abaQaphi behlosile.

Ukuqonda indlela umthetho odlula ngayo kubalulekile futhi ekuthembiseni umphakathi. Izakhamuzi eziyazi le nqubo zingayisekela ngokuphumelelayo izimbangela ezizikhathalelayo. Zingabona ikomiti elungile okumelwe ihloselwe yona, ziqonde ukubaluleka kwamavoti aphansi nokulungisa, futhi ziqaphele lapho abameleli bazo bethatha isinyathelo esibalulekile kanye nokuhlola. Lolu lwazi lunika abavoti amandla okuba bagcine izikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe zinecala ebhokisini lebhola.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokushaya umthetho inikeza amathuba okuthola ulwazi lomphakathi ngezigaba eziningi. Izakhamuzi zingafakaza emakomitini aqulwayo, zinikeze ukukhulumela okubhaliwe, zihlangane nabameleli bazo i-̱ izisebenzi, futhi zihlanganyele emahholo nasemahholo omphakathi. Le zindlela zokuhlanganyela zibalulekile ekulondolozeni uhulumeni osabelayo nosemthethweni.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Enqubweni Yokushaya Imithetho

Inqubo yemithetho echazwe ngenhla iye yawohloka kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ukubekwa kwemithetho ye-amnibus, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezikhulu eziphethe konke kuye kwashintsha indlela imithetho emiswa ngayo. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi le nqubo iye yephuza kakhulu futhi yaqiniswa, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi abasunguli baklama ngamabomu isimiso esingenza kube nzima ukudlula ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuthambekela okukhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko ezinkulu, eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-omnibus ezifaka amakhulu ezinto ezingavumelaniyo evotini elilodwa. Lokhu kunciphisa ukubonakala kwemiqondo nokulinganiselwa kwezinto. Okunye ukuthambekela okwandayo ukuncika ekubuyisaneni kwemali, inqubo evumela umthetho othile wemali ukuba udlulise iSigele ngenani elikhulu kunangendlela evamile yamavoti angu-60. Ukubuyisana kwaklanyelwa ukunciphisa kodwa kuye kwasetshenziselwa izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokwenqubo ezisemkhakheni wempilo, intela, nezinhlelo zezenhlalo.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izinyathelo eziyinhloko zenqubo yomthetho zisekhona. Izincwadi kumele zidlule kuzo zombili izintambo, ziqhubeke zihlolwa, ziphumelele ezimpikiswaneni zasesiteji, ziphumelele ekutholeni imvume kamongameli futhi ziqhubeke ziveza imithetho elawula zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundoni kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile.

Indlela Yokulandela Imithetho

Abafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ezibophayo bangathola izikweletu ngesikhathi sangempela ngemithombo eminingana etholakala obala:

  • .Gov ̵ Isethi yemininingwane esemthethweni yomthetho kahulumeni. Abasebenzisi bangasesha ngenombolo yenombolo, igama eliphambili, isixhaso, noma ikomiti. Indawo futhi inikeza imibiko yamakomiti, umqulu ubiza amavoti, ne Congational Record[.
  • GovTrack.[#811]; Indawo engaphathi ngxenye, ezimele enezela ukubonakala kokwaziswa, isimo sokwaziswa, kanye ne-imeyili. I-GovTrack ithatha futhi umsebenzi womthetho welungu ngalinye.
  • Ukuthatha.gov ne House.gov ̵ amawebhusayithi angokomthetho egumbi ngalinye anikeza izimiso zesiqephu, izabelo zamakomiti, kanye nemicimbi ehlalisayo yasesitezini nge-webcast.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokuguqula isikweleti sibe umthetho ingenye yezinqubo eziklanywe ngokucophelela kakhulu zobubusi baseMelika. Kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthatha isinyathelo sekomiti, impikiswano ephansi, ukuxoxisana kwengqungquthela, nesinqumo sikamongameli, isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza injongo yangamabomu. Isimiso sithatha ijubane futhi sidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ukuze siphumelele. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lenqubo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo. Kuyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela okunenjongo kwezenhlalakahle. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo, zingasekela kangcono izimiso ezizisekelayo, zigcine abameleli bazo benobuthelela, futhi ziqonde ukulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezithakazeko ezichaza idemo yentando yeningi yaseMelika.