Ukuziphendukela kwenkululeko yomphakathi e-United States kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi nenamandla ethatha amakhulu eminyaka. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweRepublic kuya kulokhu, ukuqonda nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwashintsha kakhulu kulawulwa yizinhlangano zezenhlalo, izinqumo zenkantolo, imithetho, nokushintsha kombono womphakathi. Lesi sihloko silandelela lolohambo, sihlola izisekelo zokushintsha, imibhalo yesisekelo, izenzakalo zezenzakalo zezenzakalo, nezinselele zanamuhla eziqhubeka zichaza izinga nencazelo yenkululeko yomphakathi eMelika namuhla.

Isisekelo Sobukoloni Nesokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Imvelaphi yenkululeko yaseMelika isemasikweni angokomthetho aseNgilandi nasefilosofini yokukhanyiselwa. Magna Carta (1215) yamisa isimiso sokuthi akekho, kuhlanganise nombusi, ongaphezulu komthetho, futhi wasungula ilungelo lenqubo efanele. i-Garish Bill of Rights [1689]) futhi yamisa amalungelo obukhosi futhi yaqinisekisa amalungelo ePhalamende nabantu ngabanye, kuhlanganise nokunxusa, ukukhuluma ngenkululeko ePhalamende, nokuvikela izijeziso zonya. [[Flusterian] Ishadia ye-1960 ne-Massachuses of Libertes (1666), ngokuvamile iqinisekisa kulezi zimiso zenkolo ezithile, kanye nezimiso ezingokomthetho zenkolo ezithile.

Izazi ezikhanyiselwe njengo uJohn Locke wathonya kakhulu isizukulwane esisungulwe. Imibono kaLocke yamalungelo angokwemvelo `ukuphila, nempahla) nomqondo wokuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya lakhe emvumeni yababuswayo wafakwa eSivumelwaneni seNguquko. Isenzakalo samakoloni, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nezenzo zaseBrithani njengeStamp Act newrit zosizo, sakha futhi ukunamathela okuqinile emalungelweni okuzibusa, ukuhlangana, nokuphenya okungenangqondo.

UMthetho - sisekelo Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Ngemva kokunqoba ukukhululeka, abakhi bafaka i-flamessars ewumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngo-1787. Iphepha lokuqala lalinezivikelo ezimbalwa ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kunalokho ligxile ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni kahulumeni wombuso − okukhathaza kakhulu ngemva kokuhluleka kweZihloko zeConfederation. Lokhu kushiyeka kwabangela impikiswano enzima phakathi nenqubo yokuzinza. I-Anti-Federalist, njengoPatric Henry noGeorge Mason, yaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni onamandla usongela inkululeko futhi ufuna imvume yokuthola amalungelo. AbaFederalists njengo-Alexander Hamilday baphikisa ngokuthi umbango onjalo wawungadinga ukuvikelwa kuphela yimibuso.

Ukuyekethisa kwakuyisithembiso sokunezela ukulungiswa. uJacob Madison , ekuqaleni ekungabaza, wahlanganisa iqoqo leziphakamiso ezisekelwe ezimfunekweni zomhlangano wamazwe kanye nezimemezelo zikahulumeni zangaphambili zamalungelo. Umphumela waba yi-[ Bhill of Rights [[, eyagunyaziswa ngo1791] njengentengiselwano yokuqala yeshumi. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala:[ Awuyikwenza mthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.
  • [[UMTH:0] Isichibiyeli esihlangene: Ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sesine:[ Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli se-pith: inqubo elindelekile, isivikelo ekuziphindiseleleni, nokukhokha ngokuthatha.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ kwesokudla ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo nokuhle, ukungakhethi kwabahluleli, nosizo lweseluleko.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Isivikelo ekuthatheni ibheyili ephakeme, inkokhelo, nesijeziso sonya nesobuzwe.

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, iBill of Rights ekuqaleni yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, hhayi izifundazwe. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kungathinta impi yekhulu leminyaka elizayo yenkululeko yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nobugqila namalungelo ezakhamuzi zikahulumeni. Ukuze ubheke ngokunzulu umlando wokuhlela izinhlelo, bheka Izinqolobane zesizwe ekhasini leBhili lamaLungelo .

Usongo Lokuqala Nezenzo Zokuthungatha Abantu

Cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlaziywa, uhulumeni wamazwe wavivinya imingcele yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izenzo ze-Alien kanye neSigqi se-Predio zango1798, ezibekwe ngaphansi kwesimiso sika-Adams phakathi nempikiswano neFrance, ukugxeka uhulumeni ngezenzo zobugebengu, ukukugxeka kalula ukuxosha abafuduki. Lemithetho yabangela ukuphikisa okunonya, okwaholela eVirginia naseKentucky izinqumo (enziwa nguMadison noJefferson) ezaveza incazelo ebanzi yemfundiso ye-Union futhi zaqinisekisa amalungelo okususa izenzo zombuso ezingokomthetho. Izenzo zachithwa noma zabekwa phambili ngaphambi kuka-1802, kodwa yamisa isimiso esiqhubekayo: imizamo yokuvimbela ukuphikisa ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe. I-Stiod Active Act yezes of of the remotion yesizwe phakathi ne - National.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nemfundiso Yokungavumelani

Intuthuko eguqula kakhulu ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi ngokomthetho yafika ngemva kweMpi Yombango. [[FLT: 0] ISichibiyelo seNguqulo (168]) sahloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu baseAfrika ababesanda kukhululwa ngokunikeza:

  • .Citinship Claus:[ Bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abakhishwe ngokwemvelo e-United States bayizakhamuzi zesizwe nezwe abahlala kulo.
  • [ Priviges noma ama-inmmunitunie Claus:[ Akukho mbuso ozokwenza noma ukuphoqelela noma yimuphi umthetho ozomisa ibhuloho elizothola amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-United States.
  • I-gue Programme Claus:[ Akukho simo esizoncisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.
  • Ukuvikela u-Claus: Akukho mbuso ozakuphika noma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.

Nokho, iNkantolo yakuqala yawachaza ngokulinganiselwe la magama. [Indlu yokwephula] iCases (1873), iNkantolo yabambelela ekutheni amalungelo noma amaImmunitunio Claus egcina ngokuvikela iqoqo elilinganiselwe lamalungelo esizwe, hhayi inkululeko eyisisekelo. Lokhu kwasusa amandla okuvikela amalungelo ombuso ngamanye aphulwa amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Kamuva, United States v. Cruikshank[FLT] (18:3]), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi u-Bill welungelo akawasebenzisi amashumi eminyaka.

[FFNN[19] Imfundiso yanamuhla [FFF:] i-FT [F1] ikhetha ukuhlanganiswa [[F1] kweyama-F: [FFN:] kancane kancane ekhulwini lama-20. Inkathi yokushintsha yaba [[FLT:] Getlow v.[[FL:][FFON] [FON] [12] [FFF]] [12], (inani]), lapho iNkakhulukazi ikholelwa ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma yavikelwa i-Mouse (FFF: 4).[10] iqoqowe) [FFF(10] ikhefu).[10] ikhefu (inkulu).[19] ikhefu).[ainvom.[19]

Impi Yombango Neziphendulo Zokulungisa

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, iSichibiyelo sezwe se-TRUTY (165] saqeda ubugqila, iSichibiyelo se-Fourtenth (168] saqinisekisa ukuba nesizwe nesivikelo esifanayo, futhi [ i-Foctenth [[[FLT:]] [18]] [1870]] isithembiso salokhu kuncishwana ngesiphelo se-Revolution [[FLT] i-FLT] futhi ingekho imithetho ehlukene ye-impela ye-Afrika). [i-Foctivev:7] futhi i-fut] i-FT [FLT] futhi i-funst, i-fullstion.[4]

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka kwaba nokwakhiwa kwezinhlangano ezinikezelwe ekulondolozeni amalungelo omphakathi, ikakhulukazi i- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) yasungulwa ngo-1909. Icebo lezemthetho le NAACP, liholwa yizibalo ezifana noCharles Hamilton Houston noThur Goodrall, ibeke inselele ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinkantolo, iphethe esinqumweni esingokomthetho [Brown v. Board of Education (11954], eyayithi izakhiwo ezihlukene zemfundo azilingani.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nasekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lama - 20

Ngalé kobulungisa bobuhlanga, iNkathi Eqhubekayo (cishe ngo-1890-1920) yaba nokwanda okukhulu kwenkululeko yomphakathi ekhathazekile. Inhlangano yabesifazane elawulayo , ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano, yaphumelela nge-[ INeteenth Reformation [[[FLT:] [1920], eyaqinisekisa abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Inkululeko yezisebenzi yaba futhi izimpikiswano zenkululeko yomphakathi, nezisebenzi ezihlela izimo ezingcono, ukuhlobana, nenkululeko yokuxhatshazwa. Ekuqaleni iNkanto yahlasela imithetho eminingi yezisebenzi (g. g.[FLD]] v.[FLD][5]], ngokwesivumelwano sokuzibophaka kwesivumelwano senkululeko, kodwa ngokusekelana kwesivumelwano semvume yomthetho esivikela u-1930]

Phakathi nangemva kweMpi Yezwe I, inkululeko yokukhuluma yabhekana novivinyo olunzima. I-Espitogage Act ka 1917 kanye noMthetho we-Edict ka 1918[ ukuphazamisa okungalawulekiyo kokuhlela nokungathembeki. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Skeck v. United States[FLT:] [19] [19], uMahluleli u-Onkeyywe-Holmmesdur wachaza ngokudumile “indawo ekhona””. [ukuhlola okungavumela izinkolelo eziko zemisebenzi ezimelene nemisebenzi.[5], ngaphandle kokuhlola okungakhomba okungaqondile] [indlela elula kakhulu] [indlela ye-ecelene ye-ejiki.[5] [indlela engaphandle]

“ Inkululeko Ebomvu Yokwethusa” Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

I-Red Scare yokuqala (191919-1920) yabona ukuboshwa okukhulu nokudingiswa kwabafuduki abasolwa ukuba bathathe isigaba esiphansi. I-Palmer Raids[, ihlelwe ngu-Attorney A. Mitchell Palmer, yaphula isivikelo seSinembululo seSine nenqubo efanele. Lokhu kwabangela ukusungulwa kwe- American Civil Liberéries Union (ACLU)[FLTY:3], kusukela ngo-1920, okuye kwafeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi edluliselwe kuyo, ukulawulwa kwezemfundo, nemfundo yomphakathi.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yaba umzabalazo obaluleke kakhulu wokukhululeka kwabantu emlandweni waseMelika phakathi nekhulu lama-2000. Ayifunanga ukulingana okungokomthetho kuphela kodwa nenkululeko esebenzayo yokusebenzisa amalungelo ayisisekelo. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yeTopeka (1954) kanye ne-“isivinini samabomu” sokusetshenziswa kwe Brown II[[ [19555].
  • Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944, owenqabela ubandlululo ezindaweni zomphakathi zokulala, umsebenzi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswe nguhulumeni.
  • Ukuvota amalungelo Asemthethweni ka 1965, owaqeda ukuhlola kokufunda nokubhala kanye nezinye izithiyo zokuhlukanisa izigwegwe] ukusabela ngokuqondile kuSelma ekumashayeleni kweMontgomery.
  • Loverng v. Virginia (1967), eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa kombuso emshadweni wezinhlanga.

Ifa le - Civil Rights Movement liyaqhubeka lazisa izimpi zanamuhla zokulingana, kuhlanganise nokuvuma, ukukhipha imvume esikoleni nokuvota.

Izinselele Zokukhululeka Kwezakhamuzi Zanamuhla

Inkululeko yomphakathi namuhla ibhekana nezinsongo ezintsha neziyinkimbinkimbi ezindaweni eziningana.

Ukuvikelwa Kwesizwe Kumelene Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwangoSeptemba 11, 2001, i-PARIYOTT Act ebanzi amandla kahulumeni okuhlola, kuhlanganise ne-stant campaps, ukufinyelela kumarekhodi ebhizinisi (kuhlanganise amarekhodi ezincwadi nezokwelapha), negunya lokuqhuba ngasese ukuphenya iSijikizo sesine esingathsingi nenqubo efanele. Impikiswano izungezwe i-[FLT:] i-'FLT'ANURY' (NSA) iqoqo leqoqo lemininingwane yezingcingo zocingo [[FL:][FLT]], embulwe nguEdwa yi-Edwaye-Snows Snown ngo-2013. INkakhulu idinga ukuthunyelelwa kwe-'impompompo emponi yocingo. [FFUFUFUF:][9][10] Inqulunt.[icensells] i-unt orgaup, i-octive yohlelo lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.[F.][F.[up]

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

I-Internet kanye nezindawo zezokuxhumana zezenhlalo ziye zadala izikhundla ezinkulu zokuveza izinkulumo kanye nezinkinga ezintsha: ukuzonda ukucwaswa, ukuhlukumeza, nendima yezinkampani ezizimele ngokulinganisela. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ngisho nenkulumo yenzondo ngaphandle kokuba ilingana nokukhuthaza, izinsongo zeqiniso, noma ukuhlukumeza. Ingxenye 230 yeNkathi Yokuxhumana Actal Act (199696) Izihlomo zokuvikela izimpahla zomsebenzisi, ukuzenza zikwazi ukulinganisela ngaphandle kokuba abamemezeli (isivikelo ngaphansi kokucindezela kuzo zombili izigaba zezombangazwe. INkantolo Eheinfecty ibangele imithetho ephazamisa imidlalo yevidiyo enobudlova ([FLT]]] v.UM.UMFF.NUM.[95]) I-Ectivectalservet) ayizange igwetye umphakathi waze uvike umbuso omusha we-Expoluption (FL.[3]) noma u-Ectiveststststst, njengoba ingekhoception, "kadentionst,

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nokuzimela ngokuphambanisa

Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule kuye kwaba nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwenkululeko yomphakathi ye-LGBT+ abantu ngabanye. [Ku- Lawrence v. Texas [2003], iNkantolo yalahla imithetho ye-sodomay, iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuziphatha komphakathi. [[FLT:] [FLT:] "Obergefebr v. [2010] [20] isungula ilungelo elifanayo lomshado wezwe lonke, isinqumo esibekwe kuyo yomibili inqubo nesivikelo esilinganayo.[5] Izinqumo zezentelekelelo, njenge [FFFFFFFFoct:4], Ldp. v.v. Colorank Commenttion: [Foctive] [5] [20], i-indectrections productionments profileant travotions travotions [evement: [ection:]],[5],[10]

Ukumemezela Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwawo

Isinqumo se-Shelby County v. Hoker (203) saqeda inqubo ecacile ye-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, okuholela egameni lemithetho emisha yokuveza i-votrence, indawo evalwayo, kanye neminye imigoqo. Lezi zinyathelo zithinta imiphakathi emincane ngokungenakulinganiswa, ixabana mayelana nokuthi iyisiphi isimiso sokhetho nesifinyelelekayo. Kubantu Umthetho kanye [FLT:] ne[FLT:] John u-FOLT [ult:] u-D [F] Imithetho elawula iNkathi Yomthetho yezenzipho [[FLT]]] Izenzo zomthetho [FOLT] ezihlobanayo] kodwa ihlala i-'isithathiwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwenkululeko yomphakathi e-United States akukapheli. Isizukulwane ngasinye kuye kwadingeka sichaze futhi sivikele amalungelo aso siqu ngaphansi kwamaqiniso amasha ezenhlalo, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, namandla ashintshayo. UMthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuguqulwa kwawo kunikeza isisekelo, kodwa isivikelo sangempela sidinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo mayelana nokuthembisana komphakathi, ukubhalisana komthetho, kanye nokuzimisela okukhulu esimisweni sokuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ibalulekile. Njengabafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda le mfundiso ibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni impucuko yenhlonipho nenkululeko yomphakathi esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuze ifundwe ngokuqhubekayo, i-Constitution Center yesizwe ye-Interactive Constitution inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwenguquko ngayinye nomlando ongemva kwayo.