Ukweqa Okukabili Nesimiso Sokugcina Ekulungeni Kwezigebengu

Isimiso se simi njengetshe eliyinhloko lomthetho wobugebengu, sivikela abantu ukuba bangalingwa noma bajeziswe icala elifanayo. Lokhu kuvikela isimo ekusebenziseni amandla aso amakhulu ekuhlukumezeni, ukuphoxeni, noma ukumangalela ngokuphindaphindiwe ummangalelwa, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi imicimbi engokomthetho ifinyelela ekupheleni okuphelele. Le mfundiso ihlobene kakhulu ne- [ i-principle yecala lokugcina [, efuna ukuba icala lobugebengu lixazululwe, lixazululwe njalo, ukuthi isinqumo secala kufanele sigcinwe phakade futhi siboshelwe. Zonke lezi zimfundiso zisekela ukwahlulela ngokulunga, ukuphatha, inhlonipho yesithunzi samacala. Lesi sihloko sihlola inqubo engokomlando, ukuxabanayo, ukuxabana okungokomthetho, ukulingana, nokunye okungathyo, ukungezwa okungoko okungoko kulelo oluqinile, ukuhlanganisa, ukukhishwa komthetho, nemithetho yezizwe eUnited States, kanye neyo yonke, iUnited States.

Ukuchaza Ingozi Ephindwe Kabili: Izinga Nobuhlungu Begazi

Izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivimbela izindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokuqulwa kwecala: (1) icala lesibili ngecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa; (2) icala lesibili ngemva kwecala elifanayo; (3) isijeziso esiphindaphindiwe somthetho ofanayo. Isivikelo sixhumene ngesikhathi ijaji libekwa futhi lifungwe, noma lapho ufakazi wokuqala egqitshwa ebhentshini lokuqulwa icala. Uma icala liphela enkantolo engafanele, kungenzeka ukuthi ingozi ayihlangene, kuye ngesizathu sokuqulwa kwecala elingafanele.

Izizathu zifakwe kakhulu emcabangweni ongokomthetho waseNtshonalanga. Okokuqala, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivimbela uhulumeni ekubekeni phansi ummangalelwa ongenacala ngokuqulwa ngokulandelana kwecala, umkhuba ongenza isimiso sokwahlulela sibe ithuluzi lokucindezela. Okwesibili, silondoloza ukuthembeka kwesinqumo sabahluleli-jaji (enye i-proce i-jaji) ukuthi "angenacala," ukuthi isahlulelo sigcina. Okwesithathu, sikhuthaza ukumangalelwa ukuba kulungiselele kahle futhi kunikeze icala laso eliqinile okokuqala, kunokuba kubambe ubufakazi bomzamo wesibili. Lezizici ziboniswe enkantolo ephakeme ephindaphindene ukuthi izingozi ezivikela umuntu ekutheni "ubekelwe izingozi zokuqulwa nokuqiniseka okunokwenzeka okungaphezu kwesisombululo esisodwa ngenxa ebekwe icala"".

Intuthuko Engokomlando: Kusukela Emthetho Ovamile Kuya Emthethweni

Imisuka yengozi ephindwe kabili ibuyela emuva eGrisi naseRoma yasendulo, kodwa isimo sayo sanamuhla savela emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile. Ngekhulu le-12, isicelo saqala ukukhishwa imvume (isiqalo sokukhulula) kanye iziboshwa [[FLT:] iziboshwa [ukuqiniseka]] kwaqashelwa njengezivingconyo eziphelele ukuze zinikezelwe. Isimiso sasihlangene kakhulu nomqondo we-[ juta jata [] (indaba eseyahlulelwe kakade).

EUnited States, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sisho ngokucacile: "Noma ubani ngeke abekwe engozini efanayo yokuphila noma isitho." Ekuqaleni, iSikhathi Samalungelo Esiphezulu sasebenza kuhulumeni kuphela, kodwa ngo-1969 iNkantolo Ephakeme eyagcinwa ku [FLT][FLT]] Benton v. Mary [[FLT] [[FLT] [2] [[FLT]] [[3] [iisivikelo esiphindwe kabili] esifakwa ezizweni ngeSivumelwane seSiphetho seSiphendu sika Clawulo sika Claus.] Ngokufanayo, umthetho ovamile we-United Kingdom wabekwa eMthethweni we-Crector Trect [F] kabili [FF] noma isigwebo se-Poliveltic Activementsmentsmentsment [Fodment: F] noma umthetho ofanayo secala sezenyut.]

Isimiso Sokugcina: Ukuqiniseka Nokuqina Ekulungeni

I- ifaka imvuthuluka yemali yokugcina ngokugcizelela ukuthi izahlulelo zenkantolo, uma zikhona ekugcineni, akumelwe ziphazanyiswe. Lesi simiso sifeza izinjongo eziningi: sinikeza izisulu, abamangalelwa, nomphakathi; sivimbela ukuchithwa okungapheli kwemithombo yokwahlulela okungabangelwa ukubekwa phambili kwesinqumo senkantolo yakuqala; futhi sihlonipha igunya lenkantolo yokuqala. Ukugcina kuyimfuneko ekubekeni umthetho, ngaphandle kwawo, akekho ongaze wazi ukuthi icala lobugebengu liphelile ngempela yini.

Uma kuqalwa, ukuphetha kuhlanganiswa nezimfundiso ezinjengomthetho wecala, ukuthi uqashelwe, futhi uphikise. Emthethoni wobugebengu, kusobala kakhulu emikhawulweni eqinile yokunxusa abamangalelwa ngemva kokumangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe, uhulumeni ngeke adlulise icala ngisho noma uma ijaji lecala lenze iphutha elibi. Lokhu kubonisa isinqumo somthetho sokuthi ingozi yokulahlwa yiphutha ingcono ekuhlushweni kwecala.

Ukuqhathanisa I - jeopard Ephindwe Kabili Ngalé Kwezinsolo

Nakuba umqondo oyinhloko ukhona emhlabeni wonke, umehluko omkhulu. E-United States, imfundiso "yamakhosi ahlukene" ivumela ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni ukuba bamangalele ukuziphatha okufanayo uma bephula imithetho yazo zombili izifundazwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umbusi ngamunye uthathwa njengonesithakazelo sakhe ekuqinisekiseni imithetho yakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zamaphoyisa ezasebenzisa amandla adlulele ngokumelene noGeorge Floyd zamangalelwa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni ezingase zingakwazi ukuwa kwamanye amazwe amaningi.

Ngokuphambene, i - United Kingdom’s Criminal Justice Act ka-2003 yamisa ukuyekelela ukuvunyelwa kwecala elingathi sína (elijeziswa ngokuboshwa ukuphila) uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha nobuqand ’ ikhanda. Lokhu kukhishwa kwalecala kwabangelwa ukulahlwa okuphakeme okwabonakala kunephutha kamuva, njengokubulawa kwentombazane yesikole ngo - 1979 lapho ubufakazi lapho bukhomba khona okuhlukile. I - UK ilinganisela khona ngokulinganisela kokugcina nokuphishekela ubulungisa, kodwa isalondoloza isivikelo esiqinile ekuzifakeleni okuphindwe kabili kobugebengu obungangathi sína.

Amazwe amaningi omthetho wesizwe, njengeFrance neJalimane, ahlanganisa futhi izimiso eziphindwe kabili zezingozi, kodwa izimiso zawo zezindawo ngokuvamile zivumela ukudluliswa nokuqulwa kwecala okukhulu kunamazwe avamile omthetho. Inkantolo zomhlaba wonke (njenge - International Criminal Court(gever)) ivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili, nakuba lesimiso singaphansi kokungaqondi kahle uma izinkantolo zesizwe seziye zasho ukuziphatha okufanayo.

Abahlukanisiwe Ngokuphambana: Lapho Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okwesibili Kuvunyelwa

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ingozi ephindwe kabili ayiyona ephelele.

  • Icala : Uma icala liphela enkantolo engalungile ngenxa yejaji elilengiswe noma isidingo esisobala (umzk. umahluleli uyagula), icala lesibili lingaqhubeka. Imvume yommangalelwa noma ukuba khona kwezimo ezingavamile kunquma ukuthi ingozi iphelile yini.
  • Ama-Appal e-'i-'Anfident' : Uma ummangalelwa enxusa ukukholeka futhi aphumelele ukubuyiselwa ngenxa yephutha elingokomthetho, icala lingase libuye livulwe. Lokhu akuthathwa njengengozi ephindwe kabili ngoba ummangalelwa walahla ilungelo lokugcina ngokufuna ukubukezwa.
  • Izikhulu eziphethe : Njengoba kuphawuliwe, e-U.S., ubukhosi obubili buvumela ukuqulwa ngokulandelana kukahulumeni nombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yayisekela ngokuphindaphindiwe lemfundiso, nakuba iye yagxekwa ngokululaza umoya wezingozi eziphindwe kabili.
  • Elisha noma Reuble Ubufakazi: Eminye imikhakha ivumela ukuqulwa uma ubufakazi obusha bobumsulwa buvela ngemva kokulahlwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK’s "ukuvala icala" ilungiselelo livumela ukuqulwa uma ukugxambukela kofakazi kamuva kuvikelekile. Ngokufanayo, imibuso eminingi iye yakhipha "Ikhambi" elingaholela ekutholeni ukuqiniseka, kodwa ikhambi livunyelwe kuphela uma ummangalelwa enganakwanga.
  • Izehlulelo ezishoyo: Uma icala lokuqala lingasebenzi ngenxa yokungabi nagunyaza, icala lesibili enkantolo efanele lingavunyelwa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukutholakala okulula kobufakazi obusha ngemva kokulahlwa kokugcina akuvumeli ukuba kuqulwe futhi e-United States. Okushiyeka kuphela lapho ukulahlwa ngokwako kutholakala ngokukhwabanisa noma ngokufumbathisa. Lomthetho oqinile uqokomisa inani eliphakeme elibekwe ekugcineni kwe-jarisprunce e-American jurisprunce.

Isimiso Sokugcina Ekujuleni: Ubuhlobo Nomonakalo Okabili

Ingozi ephindwe kabili nokuphela kuvumelana nemiqondo kodwa ayifani. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ivikela ummangalelwa ngokuyinhloko ekumangalelwe kaningi, kuyilapho ukuphetha kuyisimiso esikhulu esivikela nombuso nomphakathi ekuphazanyisweni kwecala elivuselelwe. Ngezindlela eziningi, ukuphela kuwumphumela onengqondo wesivikelo sezingozi ezimbili: ukulahlwa kudala isahlulelo sokugcina esingenakuphinde siphinde siqalwe, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inhlekelele yommangalelwa isiphelile ngempela.

Nokho, ukuphetha kudlulela nasezinkolelweni. Uma ummangalelwa esegwetshwe futhi inkathi yokudlulisa icala iphela, ukuqanjelwa icala kuba okokugcina, kuvimbele izimo ezingavamile. Lokhu kuvimbela umbuso ekuvuleni icala elimisiwe ukuba uphoqelele isigwebo esinzima noma ukuphinde ubeke izimpikiswano. Isimiso sokugcina futhi sisekelwe ezimisweni zokulinganiselwa, ezidinga ukubekwa amacala phakathi nesikhathi esithile; ngemva kwalokho, umbuso ulahlekelwa ilungelo lawo lokuqulwa.

Kwezinye izifunda, ukugcinwa kungasuswa, ngokwesibonelo ngezivumelwano ezifaka "umdlulisi wesikhalo". Kodwa abahluphi abanjalo bahlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bangababokuzithandela futhi bahlakaniphile. Ngokujwayelekile, ubuhlobo phakathi kobungozi obuphindwe kabili nokuphela buyimpicabadala: omunye unikeza isihlangu, omunye uqinisa ithonya lesihlangu.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphela Nobulungisa: Ukucindezeleka

Akukho simiso esisebenza ngokuzehlukanisa, futhi ukukhetha okuphelele kokugcina ngezinye izikhathi kungqubuzana nokuphishekela iqiniso nobulungisa. Umfanekiso odumile kakhulu yinkolelo engalungile [ yomuntu ongenacala. Ubufakazi be-DNA buye bakhulula amakhulukhulu eziboshwa ngemva kokukholwa kwazo. Nokho, ngaphansi kwemithetho engokwesiko eyingozi ephindwe kabili, uma umhoxisi efakazelwa kamuva esekelwe ekuzingeni ngokomthetho, umbuso awunakuphinde uhlole icala e-U.S. (ngaphandle kobuqambana nokungamangalelwa okuncane). Ngokuphikisana nalokho, umuntu omangalelwe ngokungeyiphutha kamuva obonakala engenacala ubhekenesithiyo esihlukile: ukulahlekelwa okuphindiwe kabili akuwavumeli ukukhululwa kwabo, kodwa izimiso zokugcina zokuhlengwa okuphakeme ukuba zivuleke futhi zivuleke. Izimo eziningi zezwe "ukuthunywa kokunye ukukhomba okungalungisi" ukuvuselelwa kwezelelwe" futhi kungenziwangabhisho okungatshaniswa okungangangangangangangangangangatshathi "o-kathi "osekusho amacala okungalungisiwe".

Izinkantolo zilwa njalo nalokhu kulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ku- Lockhart v. Nelson (1985) yakholelwa ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili azibuvali inkantolo ngemva kokuba isiqinisekiso sishiywe ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele uma inkantolo yokuqulwa yavuma ngephutha ubufakazi obuthile − isinqumo esibonisa ubunzima bokusebenzisa imithetho ephelele. Ngokufanayo, iPhalamende le-U’s nqume ukuthi ngenxa yezenzo ezimbi ezinkulu kakhulu, isithakazelo sokulungisa isigwebo esingalungile siboshelwe kakhulu, kodwa kunezimo ezingafanele.

Izindikimba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziye zalinganiswa futhi. IKomiti yamaLungelo abantu yeZizwe Ezihlangene, General No. 32, yaphawula ukuthi isivikelo sezingozi eziphindwe kabili kumelwe sihlonishwe ngisho nasecaleni lobufakazi obusha, nakuba amazwe anenkululeko ethile yokuvumela ukuqulwa kabusha ezimweni ezingavamile ezihilela ukuphuphuma kobulungisa okungathi sína.

Izinselele Zanamuhla: Ubuphekula, Ubuphekula, Ubulungisa Bezizwe Zonke

Izimiso zomthetho zamuva zibhekene novivinyo olusha lwengozi ephindwe kabili noluphethe. Endaweni ye- ubudlova , abasolwayo bangabhekana nokuqulwa kwecala kokubili ezinkantolo ezivamile naseminyangweni yezempi, baphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ukuqulwa okulandelanayo kungenayo yini ingozi ephindwe kabili. Imfundiso yoMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. ngokuvamile ivumela ukuqulwa okunjalo okungenamthetho, kodwa lempikiswano iyaqhubeka iphikisana.

ICYbercrime kanye amacala ahlukene [[FLT:] abangela izinkinga ezengeziwe. Isenzo esisodwa sokubhula singaphula imithetho emazweni amaningi. Ngaphansi kwesimiso se- amabis [bis [uhlobo lwengozi ephindwe kabili], iNkantolo yokwahlulela yaseYurophu iye yanquma ukuthi isahlulelo sokugcina kwelinye ilungu le-EUS siboshelwa ngenye imisebenzi efanayo. Nokho, isimiso sisebenza kuphela phakathi kwe-EUCOM; ukushushisa eUnited States ngemva kokuqiniseka eJalimane, ngaphandle kokuba i-US.

Ukuhlakanipha nokwenza ukunxusa nakho kuveza imifantu emisha. Ukuhlaziywa kobufakazi obuyi-Al-drive kungavumbulula ubufakazi obufihlakele obufihlakele ngaphambili ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala. Ingabe lokho kufanele kuthethelele ukuvuleka kwecala? Ukulinganisela phakathi kokugcina icala nobuqotho bobulungisa kuzakuvivinywa ngokunokwenzeka njengoba ubuchwepheshe buzivelela.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zeseluleko Sezokuvikela Nabashushisi

Kubameli abavikelayo, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa. Kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi izingozi zihlangene futhi noma iliphi icala lesibili libangela ukuvikelwa. Uma icala liphela ngecala elingafanele, izinqumo ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nemvume noma ukuphikiswa kungathinta ukuthi icala elilandelayo livunyelwe yini. Abahluli, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumelwe baqaphele ukuba bangalethi amacala alandelanayo aphazamisa izingozi eziphindwe kabili, futhi kufanele baqonde imithetho yokugcina ehlohla izicelo ngemva kwesinqumo. Ekunceleni, ukuphetha kwesivumelwano kungaba inkemba evikelekile: isivikelo sommangalelwa kodwa futhi futhi izibopho zangaphambili zithi umsulwa kamuva.

Zombili izinhlangothi ziyazuza ngokuqaphela umongo womhlaba wonke. Ummangalelwa okhululiwe kwelinye izwe angase abhekane nokuquliswa nokumangalelwa kwelinye ngaphandle kokuba izivumelwano ziqaphele [[FLT: 0] amabine kusimeya. Izivumelwano eziningi ezingeziwe zihlanganisa ukubulawa ngokuphindwa kwecala elifanayo, kodwa lezi azikho emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokuba Nengozi Kabili Nokugcina

Ingozi ephindwe kabili kanye nesimiso sokugcina ibalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela esilungile sobugebengu. Zinikeza isivikelo kuphango lukahulumeni, zilondoloza igunya lezinqumo zokwahlulela, futhi zivumela abantu ukuba baqhubeke nokuphila ngemva kwesinqumo. Nakuba kunokungavumelani nesinqumo. Njengoba kuvela futhi kunezingxabano − ikakhulukazi uma kubhekene nobufakazi obusha, ubukhosi obubodwa, nobugebengu obubomhlaba wonke, isivikelo esiyisisekelo akumelwe sinciphe kancane. Umphakathi ohlonipha isithunzi nokulondeka komuntu wonke oza phambi kwezinkantolo zakhe. Njengoba izimiso zomthetho ziqhubeka ziguquka, lezizimiso ziyodinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela, ziqinisekise ukuthi ukuphishekela ubulungisa akusoze kwafika ngezindleko ezingapheli nokuphikisa okucindezelayo.