Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezenzo zomphakathi nezenzo zikahulumeni buyisisekelo senhlangano yentando yeningi. Nakuba ukhetho luyisibonakaliso esibonakalayo kakhulu sentando yeningi, ukubonakala kombono womphakathi wansuku zonke kulokhu kuhlela izinqumo zezimiso, izinqumo zemithetho, ngisho nokusinda kwemisebenzi yezombangazwe. Kusukela ezigcawini zase-Athens lasendulo kuya ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe zekhulu lama-21, abaholi baye baphoqeleka ukuba balalele, bachaze, futhi baphendule emagameni abantu. Ukuqonda ukuthi le khono akusona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenzeka ngayo, indlela ushintsho lwezenhlalo olukhona ngayo, nendlela ekugcineni okubhekwa ngayo isibopho sokuba nesokuthi isikhulu.

Uyini Umbono Womphakathi?

Ngokwezinga eliyisisekelo, umbono womphakathi umelela ukuhlanganiswa kwezimo zengqondo nezinkolelo zomuntu ngamunye eziphethwe yizakhamuzi ezindabeni zomphakathi. Nokho, lencazelo elula ifihla umbono wasobala oyinkimbinkimbi. Umbono womphakathi awuyona into eyodwa engokoqobo; uketshezi, izenzakalo eziningi ezibunjwe yizindinganiso zamasiko, okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, imithombo yokwaziswa, kanye nezinkolelo zeqembu. Ososayensi bezombangazwe ngokuvamile bahlukanisa phakathi nombono womphakathi oyimfihlo [ (oqinile, izingalinganiselo eziqinile) kanye nombono womphakathi owenziwe umphakathi [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [oct:3] [ikhulu, izimo zengqondo zengqondo. Bombili bayakwazi ukuthonya ngamandla [indlela yokuqondisa inqubo ehlukene, kodwa basebenzisa izindlela ezisetshenziswayo.

Ingxenye eyinhloko yombono womphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukukhetha:[ Noma umphakathi uthanda noma uphikisa inkambiso ethile.
  • I-intshi:[ Amandla okuzizwa eshonelwe umbono othile – amandla amakhulu cishe angaholela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.
  • Ukusebenziseka:[ Indlela imibono engaguquki ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; imibono eguquguqukayo kunzima ukuba ohulumeni bathembele kuyo.
  • [ Ukubaluleka komphakathi onika abanye umbango ohlobene – impikiswano enzima ingabusa uhlelo lwezombangazwe.

Ukulinganisa ngokunembile lezizilinganiso umsebenzi wabahloli bezincwadi, abacwaningi bezemfundo, nabahlaziyi bezindaba. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Pew Research Center ne Gelup[ ziye zanikezela amashumi eminyaka ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezizama ukuveza isimo somphakathi, ukunikeza izazi ngezazinkambiso nabenzi bemithetho ngokufanayo.

Umlando: Indlela Umbono Womphakathi Oye Washintsha Ngayo Ukubusa

Kuwo wonke umlando, izikhathi zoshintsho olukhulu lwezombangazwe ngokuvamile ziye zandulelwa ukushintshashintsha kwalokho abantu abavamile ababekukholelwa ukuthi kulungile, kungenzeka, noma kudingekile. Ukuzishintsha lezi zenzakalo kwembula umkhuba olokhu ulandelana: abaholi abawushaya indiva isimo sengqondo sabantu.

INguquko YaseMelika: IConsensus Ifuna Inkululeko

Nakuba izincwadi zezincwadi zivame ukugcizelela ukuhola kwezibalo ezinjengoThomas Jefferson noGeorge Washington, iNguquko yaseMelika yayiwumsebenzi oyinhloko wobunye. Abanqobi bamakoloni babengahlangani ndawonye; abaqotho bahlala bebaningi, kodwa ukuguqula isimo kwaphumelela ukuhlanganisa ukucasuka okusakazekele ezimisweni zaseBrithani. iComttees of Relitstion yasebenza njengohlobo lokuqala lwezingosi cebo lomphakathi, isakaza izikhalo nokumelana nomthetho. Incwadi kaThomas Paine's's's [[FLTY:3] ihlelwe ngokusemthethweni yenze ifomu yomphakathi yokuzimela. ISivumelo sokuzimela ifomu sokuzimela inkantolo yomphakathi, futhi kunakho ngo1766]

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Ecasulayo: Ishintsha Izinhliziyo Phambi Kwemithetho

Ukulwela ilungelo labesifazane lokuvota eUnited States nase-United Kingdom kubonisa ukuthi ukushintsha umbono womphakathi ngokuvamile kudinga amashumi eminyaka empikiswano engapheli. Inhlangano ye-suffinge yasebenzisa icebo eliphindiwe: ukumasha, ukuxazululwa kwendlala, amapheshana, nokuyaluza. Activars njengoSusan B. Anthony noEmline Pankhrust baqonda ukuthi ushintsho olungokomthetho luyolandela kuphela ngemva kokuba kwakhiwe uzwela oluqinile lomphakathi. Ukungena kweSiphendulo sekhulu sekhulu seminyaka engu-19 ngo-1920 e-U.S. kanye nokumelelwa kwabantu ngo-Act 1918 kwakungezona izenzakalo ezivele zenzeke; zaziwumphumela womzamo othatha isikhathi eside wokushintsha indlela yobulili neyobulili.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Yase - Civil: Ukugwetshwa Komphakathi Njengesivumelwano Esingokomthetho

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 inikeza esinye sezibonelo ezinamandla kakhulu zombono womphakathi wokushintsha kwemithetho. Abalwa nomthetho basebenzisa ihlazo elimangalisayo, elingenabudlova – ukugxambukela, inkululeko, futhi i-March eWashington – ukuthatha ukunakekela nokushukumisa umzwelo wesizwe. Izithombe eziveziwe zokuvukela okunokuthula okuhlaselwa amaphoyisa ngezinja nangamapayipi omlilo eBirmingham, i-Alabama, ngo- 1963 zabangela igagalelo lolaka lomphakathi elacindezela umongameli uJohn F. Kennedy futhi kamuva uMongameli uLydon B. Johnson ukuba athathe isinyathelo. Umphumela [[FLT:] Act ka-19649 ne-Act [FLT:] e-Actsct yomthetho wombuso]

Ukushintsha Kwendawo Ezungezile: Kusuka Entwasaneni Ethulile Kuya Osukwini Lomhlaba

Incwadi kaRachel Carson ka 1962 iSrint Spring [i-FLT] yabangela ukuqaphela okusha kwendawo ezungezile ngo-1970 yahlanganisa izigidi ezingu-20 zamaMelika ngokudalula izingozi zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala zinambuzane okunganqandwayo. Lencwadi yabangela ukukhathazeka komphakathi, okwaholela ekubangeleni izimpande zotshani zotshani ezithatha isinyathelo sokwenza imisebenzi yomthetho kanye nemicikilisho. [[[FLT]] USuku lokuqala [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [[F:3] [inte] luhlanganisa amaMelika ayizigidi ezingu-20 [20] futhi lwasiza ekusunguleni izivumelwano zokuthiwa komthetho ukuthi kudingekile uhulumeni. Lolu mbono waholela ngokuqondile ekudaleni kweNkathi yeNtemsc Act, i-Explacess Act. Ibonisa indlela elungele ukuguqulwa kwezombangazwe lapho kuvuseneka khona.

Imishini Yokuthonya: Indlela Umbono Womphakathi Ofinyelela Ngayo Amandla

Umbono womphakathi awuvele ungene ezimisweni, kumelwe uthunyelwe ngezindlela ezithile eziphoqelelayo noma ukhuthaze abaholi ukuba baziqaphele.

Ukulandisa Nokulandisa

Inqubo eqondile kakhulu ibhokisi lebhola. Abezombangazwe abangazinaki njalo izinto ezithandwa yizingxenye zabo ezisengozini yokuvotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Lokhu kulandisa kubangela ukuba abameleli bathathe umbono womphakathi ezindabeni eziyinhloko, ikakhulukazi lezo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthatheni i-voti noma izivoti eziyinhloko. Nokho, i-authonsi ayiphelele: abavoti ngokuvamile banokwaziswa okulinganiselwe, futhi ukhetho lungamathuluzi acuthayo ahlanganisa izindaba eziningi ndawonye.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nokuzilibazisa

Izithakazelo ezihleliwe zandisa amazwi ezindawo ezithile zomphakathi. Amaqembu afana i-American Liberties Union (ACLU), Sitra Balub[, noma [amaqembu [amaqembu a- aqhuba ukucwaninga, aqhube imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, futhi aqhube imikhankatho yezelelwano yezezindaba. Basebenza njengamamediamesethi ahlanganisayo futhi aveza imizwa yasobala emizwa emincane, ngokuvamile ngobuchwepheshe nemicebo emikhulu kunabantu ngabanye.

Ukubhikisha Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Lapho imikhondo yakudala ihluleka, izakhamuzi zivame ukuphendukela ekubhikisheni. iMarch ngo-2017, i-Black Live Live Matter Imibhikisho engokwesiko] yembulunga yonke [[FLT]] Schol Attack for Maxive [[ iyizibonelo zanamuhla zendlela imiboniso emikhulu engayiguqula ngayo ngokushesha ingxoxo yezombangazwe. Iprojekthi ibonakalisa ukunganeliseki okukhulu komphakathi futhi ingenza izindleko zezombangazwe zinyuse. Baphinde benze njenge-panextersting yezokuxoxa, ezishintsha umbono walabo abangahilelekile ngokuqondile.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nokuthonywa Kombono Womphakathi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithombo yezindaba nombono womphakathi bubuye buphinde bufane. Iziteshi zemithombo yezindaba azimane zibonise imibono ekhona; zisiza ekuyilolongeni ngokuhlela (ukumisa izimpikiswano okufanele zifihlwe) kanye nokufaka i-framethis (ukhomba izindaba ngokukhanya okuthile). Ekhulwini lama-21, ukuphakama kwamaqopha-theleki ezokuxhumana anjenge X (eyayi-Twitterter), iFacebook, neTik Tok kuhlukene phakathi kwendawo yolwazi. Imithetho-alkhothamos ingadala amagumbi [ awe-ikhi] lapho abasebenzisi bedalulwa khona kuphela ukuqinisekisa imibono, okungenza umbono womphakathi ube namandla kakhulu ukuba abaholi balinganisele ukuvumelana kwangempela.

Ucwaningo Lwesayensi Lokungcolisa Nokunye

Ukuhlola kwanamuhla kunikeza indlela ehlelekile yokulinganisela umbono womphakathi. Abezombangazwe, izikhangiso zemithombo yezindaba, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zikhokhisa izinqumo ukuze zilandelele ukusekela izimiso, izilinganiso zokuvunyelwa, nezikhethelo. Nakuba ukuhlola kungamathuluzi anamandla, futhi kungenza iphutha. ukucwaswa kwemibono kwenzeka lapho iqembu elihlolweyo lingameleli ngokunembile inani labantu abaningi. [[FLT:]] [FOLT] izinkulumo ezishiwoyo zingaguqula ngokuphawulekayo imiphumela – isibonelo, ukubuza nge "isithelisi" intela" iveza ukusabela okuhlukile. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukuvocatsha okubangelwa yizinhlangano ezicushe kakhulu [FFF] [FF] [FF] eYunive yegolide yeze-QUP]

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Umbono Womphakathi Uyasebenza

Ukuze umuntu abone lezi zinqubo zisebenza namuhla, kudingeka abheke kuphela izimpikiswano ezingokwezimiso zamuva eziye zathonywa kakhulu imizwa yomphakathi eshintshayo.

Umshado Ofanayo Nobulili: Ukushintsha Kwezimo Zengqondo Ngokushesha

Zimbalwa izimpikiswano eziye zabona ushintsho olusheshayo emphakathini kunomshado oxubile. Maphakathi nonyaka ka-1990, iningi lamaMelika alizange livume ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho. Ngo-2010, ukusekela sekunqamule umnyango owengeziwe ongamaphesenti angu-50% futhi kuqhubeke kunyuka. Lo shintsho lwaqhutshwa ngenhlanganisela yezici: ukubonakala okukhulayo kwe LGBTQ+ abantu abasebenza ngezokuxhumana nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Izindawo zotshani ezihlelwa amaqembu afana ISishaya - Ilungelo somphakathi , kanye necebo elisemthethweni elikhongomele. INkanto ephakeme yezomthetho ilindele inyathelo elingu-2015 [ogrofelve] v [FLT] [FLD] [3] [3] [injini ye-197] i-197] iphawula ngokucacile ukuthi isimiso somthetho esiyinhloko sezemthetho wethu sibalulekile sibalulekile." futhi ingabonisa ukuthi abantu bonke abantu besomthetho.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho: Ukusuka ETaboo Kuya EMfuleni Oyinhloko

Ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwensangu ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha futhi idlalwe kuyisibonelo esiphawulekayo. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, ukusekela kwezezidakamizwa kwathola ukusekelwa umphakathi obanzi. Nokho, njengoba amazwe amaningi aye azama insangu yezokwelapha futhi njengoba ukucwaninga kuqokomisa izinzuzo zayo zokwelapha, izimo zomphakathi zathotshiswa. Ukuhlolwa komphakathi kubonisa ukuthi ukusekela ukubekwa ngokomthetho kwasuka cishe ku 25% phakathi konyaka ka-1990 kuya kusuka ku 60% ekupheleni konyaka ka-2010. Lo nyaka uye wabangela igagagasi lezinguquko zikahulumeni, futhi ngisho nohulumeni wezwe uye wathatha izinyathelo zokuhlola isigaba semfijoli njengeShederlym I. Igeome yomthetho nombono womphakathi iye yaba inselele enkulu yokubusa, iholele ekulweni kwemisebenzi yokuqondisa.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu: Isidingo Esikhulayo Sokuthatha Isinyathelo

Iminyaka eminingi, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwakuyindaba ephansi kakhulu emazweni amaningi. Lokho kuye kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Uchungechunge lwemibiko eshaqisayo evela kwi-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPC), ihlangene nezenzakalo zesimo sezulu esibonakala sibi kanye nezenzo zentsha eziye zabekwa phansi (njengoGreta Thunberg's Wearday for Face), luye lwabonisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezinkulu emazweni amaningi athuthukile manje zibheka isimo sezulu njengosongo olukhulu futhi zisekela izinyathelo zikahulumeni zokusisingatha. Lokhu kushintsha kwezombangazwe kuye kwaphoqa abaholi ukuba bamukele izisulu ezibalulekayo, ngisho nalapho behamba ngeza phambili izithakazelo eziphambili zemivubukulo. [[FLT] [FLD:] Umthetho we-Redruactuswor [FFF:] [21] ezindaweni eziningi ze-ult]

Izinselele Zokulinganisa Nokusabela Embonweni Womphakathi

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, ukusebenzisa umbono womphakathi wokubusa kugcwele ubunzima.

Ukusebenzisa I - sampling Nomfanekiso

Ukuhlola okunembile kudinga isampula emelelwayo. 936 i-Literary Digest ukuhlola kubikezela ukunqoba kwezwe ku-Alf Landon phezu kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt ngoba yahlola kuphela izikhokhelo zayo, ezazingcono kune-avarectorer. Abahloli banamuhla baye bafunda kumaphutha anjalo, kodwa izinselele zikhona. Izinga lokusabela eliphansi, i-cellphone-only, nobunzima bokufinyelela amaqembu athile esazi sesazi sesazi sobunganisholo. Ubunzima bomzamo wokufuna ukulungisa lemibango, kodwa akukho ukuvota okuphelele.

Inkinga Yokungabi Nandaba

Isazi sezepolitiki uPhilip ngokuphikisanayo saphikisa ngokuthi izakhamuzi eziningi azinamibono evumelanayo, eqinile ezindabeni eziningi. Uma kuhlolwa, zinganikeza impendulo ukuze zijabulise oxoxayo noma ngoba zinomuzwa wokuthi kufanele zibe nombono, kodwa imibono yazo ayigxilile. Le nkinga, eyaziwa ngokuthi ] ingezwani [, isho ukuthi abenzi bemithetho abanakuthatha yonke imiphumela yokuhlola ngokubaluleka. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kokukholelwa kweqiniso nokusabela okungenamdlandla kudinga ukuklanywa nokuthatha i-mkhondo okuthatha isikhathi eside.

Izingxenye Zokubhala Nokucwenga

Izindawo zemithombo yezindaba ezihlukene ziye zabangela ukuba kube namagumbi okunanela, lapho abantu bechayeke khona ngokuyinhloko ekwazisweni okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona. Lokhu kungenza kubonakale sengathi umbono uhlukene kakhulu kunaleyo ekhona, noma ukuthi idlanzana lephimbo limelela iningi. Amathekthane ezokuxhumana angakhipha amazwi angenangqondo, anikeze umbono osontekile wemizwa yomphakathi. Abaholi abathembele kuphela ekusabeleni kwe Twittert noma ukukhulumela izindaba bafaka engozini yokubheka i-octorate.

Ugibe Oluthatha Isikhathi Eside

Umbono womphakathi awugcini; ungashintsha ngokushesha ekusabeleni ezimweni. Inhlekelele yemvelo, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, ukuwa kwezimali – kungahlanganisa umphakathi okwesikhashana ngemva kwempendulo ethile. Abaphathi-mapali kumelwe banqume ukuthi bazothatha isinyathelo esiphuthumayo noma balindele ukuvumelana okwengeziwe. Isibonelo esivelele yi- Patriot Act [ [i-P] edluliswe ngemva kwe-9/11, eyajabulela ukusekela okukhulu komphakathi ngesikhathi kodwa kamuva yabhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu ngenxa yokukhula kwenkululeko yomphakathi. Izikhulu ezisekelwe ekuthatheni umzwelo wesikhashana zingaholela ezimithethweni kamuva ezidabukiswayo.

Inkathi Yezinombolo: Imingcele Entsha Yombono Womphakathi

I-inthanethi nezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha kakhulu indlela umbono womphakathi owakhiwe ngayo, oboniswayo, nolinganiswa ngayo. Kwesinye isandla, baye banciphisa imingcele yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe – noma ubani onocingo manje angahlanganyela imibono yakhe nezilaleli zembulunga yonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baye basungula izingozi ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokusakazeka okusheshayo [ imibango ye-project [ nokusetshenziswa kwama-bot ekusekeleni isikhundla ngokuzenzakalela.

Ohulumeni basazivumelanisa naleli qiniso elisha. Abanye baye basungula amapulatifomu okuthembisana ngemishini ukuze bacele ukufakwa ngokuqondile kwezakhamuzi. Abanye baye bazama ukulwisana nokulandisa okungamanga okungathonya umbono womphakathi ngokumelene nezimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi, njengamandla okugoma phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID. Inselele yokubusa kwanamuhla iwukulawula izinzuzo zokuhlanganyela komphakathi kuyilapho kusungulwa ukuphumelela ekuxhamazeleni ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho.

Amathuluzi angokwesayensi anjengo [[FLT: 0] ukuhlaziya okungokwesiko kwezezindaba zomphakathi kunikeza izimo ezingokoqobo zesimo somphakathi, kodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína mayelana nokungafihliwe nokumelela. Ikusasa lokucwaninga komphakathi cishe liyohlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwamasiko nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokwenza umfanekiso ocacile walokho umphakathi okucabangayo ngempela.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Ezwi Lomphakathi

Umbono womphakathi awunaso neze isiqondiso esiphelele sokubusa. Ungaba inguquko, ingazi lutho, noma isetshenziswe. Nokho, ezimisweni zentando yeningi, iwumthombo oyinhloko wobugunya bezombangazwe. Abaholi abangazinaki izimfuno ezicacile neziphikelelayo zezakhamuzi zabo benza kanjalo ngengozi yokungalawuleki, ukunqotshwa okungahleleki, noma ukulahlwa okungokomlando. Izibonelo ze-Civil Rights Movement, umshado ofanayo wezentengiselwano, kanye nesenzo sesimo sezulu zibonisa ukuthi uma umzwelo womphakathi ubhekene nembangela ethile, unganqoba ukuvinjelwa kwezentengiselwano futhi ulahle umthetho.

Kubafundi nabafundisi bomlando nesayensi yezombangazwe, ukuhlola umbono womphakathi kunikeza ilens yokuhlaziya ngayo abashayeli benguquko. Iveza ukuthi ukubusa akuyona inqubo ephezulu kodwa ukuxoxa okuqhubekayo phakathi kwababuswayo nalabo ababusayo. Ngokuqonda indlela leyongxoxo eye yaqala ngayo – kusukela emapheshanani ezwelokoloni kuya emangqamuzaneni amagciwane - sizuza ukuqonda amandla ahlala njalo okukholelwa kubantu abavamile.