Isisekelo Esingenakuxazululwa Sobubusi Obulungile

Kunoma yimuphi umphakathi ofisa ukukhululeka, ukulunga, futhi ozinzile, isimiso esisodwa simi ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye: ukubusa komthetho. Akusona nje isimiso sezimiso noma isimiso sezinkantolo; kuwukutsheka okuthi kuso ukubusa kwentando yeningi, ukuchuma kwezomnotho, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kwakhiwe. Emzamweni wawo, umthetho usho ukuthi akekho umuntu ongaphethe lutho lwengcebo, amandla, noma isikhundla sezombangazwe, noma ngaphezu komthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla abekwe phakathi kwemingcele ecacile, nokuthi amalungelo avikelekile, futhi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokuzingantele, kunezinqubo ezicace kakhulu, hhayi ngenkani noma ngokukhetha. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokubusa kwawo umthetho: izimiso zawo eziyisisekelo, izimpande zawo ezijulileyo, indima yawo engoko engokomlando.

Ukuqonda Umthetho: Izimiso Nezakhi

Ukubusa komthetho kuwumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi noyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kungaqondwa ngezimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo ezihlangene ezidala isimiso sokubusa okulandisayo, okunqunyiwe, nokulungile. Lezizimiso aziyona nje imiqondo engaqondakali; ziyizimfuneko eziwusizo ezilawula indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo, ephoqelelwa ngayo, futhi enqunywa ngayo.

Ukweqisa Komthetho

Akukho muntu noma inhlangano engaphezulu komthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphakeme kakhulu, abamisi-mthetho, ngisho negatsha eliphethe. Ubukhulu bomthetho busho ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni kumelwe zibe nesisekelo esingokomthetho futhi zivumelane nezinqubo ezimisiwe zomthetho. Lokhu kuvimbela ukubusa okuzimele futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaluphi ubandlululo, uhlanga, inkolo, noma ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe, unelungelo lokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Imithetho efanayo engokomthetho isebenza kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe ziphathe ubulungisa ngaphandle kobandlululo noma ukukhetha. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo sokungahlukanisi abantu, nesisekelo somphakathi onobulungisa.

Ukuqiniseka Okungokomthetho Nokungaphikisi

Imithetho kumelwe icace, iqondiswe emphakathini, futhi isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukwazi ukuthi yini umthetho okhona ngaphambili futhi zithembele kulololwazi lapho zihlela izenzo zazo. . . . Yimithetho eshaya ukuziphatha okwakungokomthetho lapho kwenzeka, enqatshelwe ngoba yenza kube nzima ngabantu ukuba balawule ukuziphatha kwabo ngokuvumelana nomthetho.

Ukulandisa Kukahulumeni

Uhulumeni nezikhulu zawo banecala elingokomthetho. Kumelwe balandise ngezenzo zabo phambi kwezinkantolo ezizimele naphambi kwezinkantolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubonakala ekuthatheni izinqumo, ukutholakala kokwahlulela, nokuba khona kwezinqubo ukuze kubekwe izikhulu icala lokwephulwa komthetho.

Ukuphoqelelwa Ngokufanele Nokungakhethi

Amaphoyisa, abashushisi, nezinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho kumelwe zisebenzise umthetho ngokungenasandla, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nabantu noma ithonya lezombangazwe.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Bonke abantu kumelwe babe nekhono lokufuna amakhambi ezikhalo ezingokomthetho ngezinqubo zokwahlulela ezifinyelelekayo, ezithengwayo neziphumelelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho asemthethweni, azimele, azimele, angakhethi, kanye nokuthola iziqondiso zomthetho kanye nokwaziswa ngamalungelo omthetho. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukufinyelela, umthetho uba isithembiso esingenanjongo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando: Ivela Emithethweni Yasendulo Iya Ezanamuhla

Ukuqonda lo mlando kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuwohloka nokubaluleka kokubusa komthetho namuhla, kudala kunjengoba kwakunjalo ngempucuko ngokwayo, kodwa isimo sawo sanamuhla savela emakhulwini eminyaka silwa namandla okuzibusa.

Isisekelo Sasendulo

Imithetho yakudala eyaziwayo, njengemithetho kaHammurabi (i-Ceca 1754 BCE) ne-Thebles eziyishumi nambili zaseRoma (451 BCE), zazama ukumisa imithetho eqinisekile yobulungisa. Nokho, lemithetho ngokuvamile yayisetshenziswa ngokungenakulinganiswa kuye ngesigaba sezenhlalo. Umnikelo oqhubekayo wavela ku Roman jurisprudence, owaveza umqondo i-Gentium[ (imithetho yabantu) nomqondo wokuthi izimiso ezingokwemvelo zobulungisa kufanele ziqondise incazelo engokomthetho. Isimiso somthetho samaRoma, ngokugcizelela kwaso enqubweni nasebufakazini, saveza isisekelo esibalulekile sesiko lamuva lamazwe angokomthetho.

IMagna Carta Nembewu Kahulumeni Womthetho - sisekelo

Enye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wokubusa komthetho yiMagna Carta, eyasayinwa ngo-1215. Nakuba ekuqaleni isivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kweNkosi uJohn nama-baron avukelayo, yamisa isimiso sokuvukela ukuthi inkosi ngokwayo yayingaphansi komthetho. UCelas uqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, kanye nesivikelo ekuboshweni okungokomthetho (i-corpus) kuye kwenanela phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka namaphepha omthetho omthetho olandelwayo kamuva emhlabeni wonke.

Ifilosofi Yokukhanyiselwa

Ikhulu le-17 nele-18 labona umthetho usiba isisekelo sefilosofi yezombangazwe. UJohn Locke waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho kumelwe usekelwe ekuvumelaneni kwababuswayo futhi kumelwe enze ngokuvumelana nemithetho emisiwe, hhayi ngemithetho emisiwe ewumthetho. Inkolelo kaMontesquieu yokuhlukanisa imibuso (isikhulu, isikhulu sokwahlulela) yanikeza inqubo yokwakha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukufakwa kwegunya nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokuzimele. Lemiqondo yathonya kakhulu abaklami bemithetho yomthetho womthetho-Constitution neSimende saseFrance samaLungelo oMntu neSimemezelo somphakathi.

Imibuso Yomthetho - sisekelo Nokusakazeka KoMthetho

Ikhulu le-19 nelama-20 labhekana nokumiswa kancane kancane kwemibuso yentando yeningi elawulwa umthetho-sisekelo eyamisa umthetho njengesimiso esiyinhloko. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, kanye nokuhlola kwawo kanye nokulinganisela, uBill of Rights, nomthetho ozimele, waba yisibonelo. EYurophu, abaphathi bezomthetho njengo-A.V. IDice yasakaza inkulumo ethi "umthetho" futhi yaveza isihluthulelo sawo: ukungabi namandla azimele, ukulingana phambi komthetho, nesilinganiso somthetho ovamile phezu kwenkululeko yokulawula. Ngemva kweMpi yeZwe Lesibili, umthetho waphinde wathola ukuphuthuma ngokumelene nobushiqela, waholela ekungeni kwawo amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke njengezikhundla ze- - Unikiso Lomhlaba wonke.

Indima Yokubusa Komthetho Ekubuseni Okuhle Nasemkhayeni

Ukubusa komthetho akuyona isiphetho ngokwako; kuyindlela yokufinyelela izinzuzo eziningi zomphakathi.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Nenkululeko Ngaminye

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo kakhulu, umthetho uvikela abantu ekusebenziseni amandla ombuso ngokungenangqondo. Uqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, neyenkolo, iqinisekisa inqubo efanele ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, futhi uvikela amalungelo empahla. Ngaphandle kokubusa komthetho, lamalungelo aba amalungelo angancishwa ngenxa yalabo abasemagunyeni.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuchuma

Kukhona ukuhlobana okunamandla phakathi komthetho nokukhula kwezomnotho. Amabhizinisi nabatshali-zimali badinga indawo eqinisekile engokomthetho lapho izivumelwano ziphoqelelwa khona, impahla ilondekile, futhi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokuphumelelayo. I-World Justice Project’s Guil of Law Index[ njalo ibonisa ukuthi amazwe anomthetho onamandla kakhulu umthetho anezinga eliphakeme lemali eholwayo, izimo zokutshala imali ezingcono, kanye namazinga aphansi enkohlakalo. Ukuqiniseka okungokomthetho kunciphisa izindleko zentengo yomthetho futhi kukhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi eside noshintsho.

Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwegunya Nokonakala

Ngokubeka imingcele engokomthetho ezikhulwini zikahulumeni nangokufuna ukuba kube lula ekwenzeni izinqumo, umthetho unciphisa indawo yokonakala nokuxhashazwa. Amaqualu azimele, njengekhomishane elwa nokonakala kanye nomphathi-ndaba, asebenza ngokuphumelelayo kuphela uma umthetho uhlonishwa. Uma ukulawula okungokomthetho kubuthakathaka, amandla abekwa ngokomthetho, futhi imithombo yomphakathi iphambukiswa ukuze kutholakale inzuzo yomuntu siqu.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuthula Nokuthula

Izinhlangano ezinamathela emthetho ngokuvamile ziqinile futhi zinokuthula. Izakhamuzi zinethemba lokuthi izikhalo zazo ziyoxoxwa ngezindlela zomthetho kunezintambo zobudlova noma ngokubhikisha. Umthetho unikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula izingxabano , phakathi kwabantu nombuso, noma phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, ngendlela ebhekwa njengelungile nengokomthetho. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yezinxushunxushu zombango, izingxabano zobuzwe, nokungaguquguquki kwezombangazwe.

Ukusekela Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nezakhamuzi

Intando yeningi nokubusa komthetho kuqinisa ngokubambisana. Izinqubo zedemokrasi ziveza imithetho, kodwa leyomithetho kumelwe isetshenziswe ngokulinganayo nangokungaguquguquki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubusa komthetho kuvikela amalungelo okuphikiswa kwezombangazwe, kuqinisekisa ukhetho olukhululekile nolungakhethi, futhi kuvikela inkululeko yezindaba. Uma izakhamuzi zithemba ukuthi umthetho uzophoqelelwa ngokungakhethi, zisengozini kakhulu yokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, zikhokhe izintela, futhi zivumelane nemithetho.

Izinselele ZoMthetho Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Naphezu kokuqashelwa kwayo yonke indawo njengenzuzo eyisisekelo, ukubusa komthetho kungaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Izinso ezisha nezindala zibhidlika izisekelo zayo, nemiphumela efinyelela kude yokubusa nokulunga.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Ukonakala kulokhu kuyisitha esikhulu kakhulu sokubusa umthetho. Uma izikhulu zomphakathi − kusukela kuzikhulu zamaphoyisa kuya kubaphathi kuya kubaphathi ("izenza izikhonzi) zizenze ziphile ngokuzithandayo kunokuba zivumelane nomthetho, sonke isimiso siyawohloka. Ukuthatha kombuso, lapho izithakazelo zomuntu siqu zithonya khona konakalisa ukwakhiwa kwemithetho nezimiso, kumelela uhlobo olujule nakakhulu lokudleka.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe Nokudlondlobala Kwenkululeko Yokwahlulela

Ikomiti yezomthetho ezimele ngempela iwumnyombo ongenakulawulwa womthetho. Kodwa emazweni amaningi, abaholi bezombangazwe baye bazama ukululaza inkululeko yokwahlulela ngokuphambana kwenkantolo, ukususwa kwamajaji ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe, ukuhlelwa kwemali, noma ukwesatshiswa umphakathi. Uma abahluleli besaba ukuphindisela noma bebukelwa umphathi, abakwazi ukusebenza njengesehlo embusweni kahulumeni.

Ukusakaza Nokuhlulwa Kwezinhlangano Ezingokomthetho

Ukuvela kwezinhlangano zezikhulu emhlabeni wonke kuye kwaletha ukuhlasela okusha ekubuseni umthetho. Abaholi bePopulist bavame ukuveza izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba ezizimele, nezinhlangano ezilawulayo njengezinhlangano eziphezulu ezimi ngendlela "yentando yabantu". Bangase benqabe ukusebenzisa izimemezelo zenkantolo, ukuhlasela abahluleli ngabanye, noma ukushaya imithetho edlula ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuvamile. Lendlela iphatha umthetho njengesithiyo kunokuba isekelwe ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Ubuchwepheshe Bezinombolo Nomthetho

Ukushesha kokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kudala izinselele ezintsha. Ukwenza kwemithetho-mthetho yohulumeni namapulatifomu angasese kungaba yisijingi futhi kube nokukhetha, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngenqubo efanelekile nokulandisa. Ukungaboni kahle, ukuguqula, nokusetshenziswa kolwazi lwezinombolo kudinga ukubhalwa ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho esivikela kokubili ukulondeka namalungelo ayisisekelo. Ama-gastislator nezinkantolo zizama ukuvumelana nezimiso zomthetho ezikhona emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule nenkathi yobuchwepheshe.

Ukuntuleka Kokuthola Ubulungisa, Ikakhulu Kwamaqembu Angehlelekile

Ngisho nalapho imithetho ilungile khona, abantu abaningi abanakusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngenxa yezindleko, ibanga, imingcele yolimi, ubandlululo, noma ukungaqondi okungokomthetho. IUN ibika ukuthi abantu abacishe babe izigidi eziyisihlanu zezigidi ezingu-1 abanakho ukufinyelela imvume esemthethweni. Leligebe elingu-"ubulungisa" ngokungenakulinganiswa lithinta abesifazane, iziqu, ababaleki, nabampofu, libashiya bengavikelekile ekuxhashazweni nasekuhluleleni amalungelo abo.

Ukuqinisa Umthetho: Izimiso Zekusasa Elihle

Ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa umthetho kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo ezicini eziningi, kusukela ekushintsheni okungokomthetho kuya ekushintsheni kwempucuko. Akukho kungenela okwanele; kuyinqubo eqhubekayo yokwakha nokugcina izinhlangano nezimiso.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukuzimela Nokwahlulela

Abahluleli kumelwe bakhethwe ngezinqubo ezibonisayo, ezisekelwe ekubalulekeni, futhi kumelwe babe nokulondeka kokunenzuzo kanye nemithombo eyanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqubo zokulandisa kokwahlulela (isibonelo, ukuze kuhlale kulungile noma kungafanele) kumelwe zikhona ukuze kugcinwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Imikhandlu yokwahlulela enamandla engasekelwe kumagatsha ezombangazwe ingasiza ekulinganiseni lezi zidingo.

Ukulwa Nokonakala Ngezinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nezezinhlangano

Izilungiselelo zokulwa nokonakala kufanele zihlanganise imithetho enamandla emayelana nokumemezela inzuzo, ukuphikisana kwesithakazelo, nokuvikela impempe. Izinhlangano ezizimele ezilwa nokonakala ezinamandla ophenya nawokushumayeza zibalulekile. Ukubonana ekuthengeni komphakathi, emalini yomkhankaso, nasezinqubweni zomthetho kunciphisa amathuba emisebenzi eyonakele. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, njengokuhlangene kweUN ngokumelene noHlomo olungonakaliswayo [, kunikeza isakhiwo sesenzo somphetho wesiphambano.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Okungokomthetho Nemfundo Yesibalo

Izakhamuzi azinakuwasho amalungelo azo uma zingazi ukuthi zikhona. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezikoleni, ezithatha izinyathelo zomphakathi, nemikhankaso yezindaba zingafundisa abantu ngezinqubo zomthetho, indlela yokufuna usizo, nokubaluleka kokubusa komthetho. Izinkonzo zosizo olungokomthetho nezinhlelo ze-bono zingavala igebe phakathi komthetho nolwazi oluphilayo.

Ukuqinisa Imishini Yomhlaba Wonke Neyesifunda

Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, uMkhandlu waseYurophu, ne-African Union zinendima ekuthuthukiseni ukubusa kwezindinganiso zomthetho. Ontanga babukeza izinqubo, njenge- Commission ye-Venice yoMkhandlu waseYurophu, inikeza izinqumo ezingochwepheshe zezimiso zesizwe. Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke (umz., iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu eHlamfula Amalungelo Abantu, iNkantolo yamalungelo abantu) inikeza amajelo okuvulela lapho izimiso zasekhaya zihluleka.

Ubuchwepheshe Obungalawuleki

Amathuluzi emishini angathuthukisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa ngesinqumo seze-inthanethi, ulwazi olusemthethweni oluzenzekelayo, kanye nezimiso zemishini. Nokho, lamathuluzi afanayo kumelwe aklanywe ngokubonana nokungaguquguquki engqondweni ``i-algorithm'' kufanele ahlolwe, futhi imithetho yokuvikela ukwaziswa iqine. Abenzi bemithetho yezobuchwepheshe, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nomphakathi ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ukushintshwa kwemishini kuqinisa kunokuba kunciphise umthetho.

Isiphetho: Umzamo Oqhubekayo

Ukubusa komthetho kungaphezu kakhulu kokuba inhloso engabonakali. Kuyisimiso esisebenzayo sokubusa esiqinisekisa ukulunga, ukulandisa, nobulungisa kubantu bonke. Kuvikela ababuthakathaka kwabanamandla, ekulinganiseni ukufinyelela uhulumeni, futhi kunikeza ukuqiniseka okuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zichume. Nokho umthetho awuyona into edinga ukuzinakekela; udinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, intando yezombangazwe, nenzalo esebenzayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselele isibopho ezimisweni zomthetho, ukulingana, nenqubo efanele. Ngesikhathi sokushintsha ngokushesha nezinselele ezandayo, ukuvikela nokujulisa umthetho kuhlala kungelinye lomsebenzi obalulekile kakhulu esibhekenelo, ngoba ngaphandle kokubusa okulungile, futhi idemocrali ngokwayo isengozini.