Table of Contents

Umongameli we-United States uphethe esinye sezikhundla ezinamandla neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengomholi wegatsha eliphethe uhulumeni, umongameli wenza imisebenzi eminingi ethinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika futhi alolonge indima yesizwe embulungeni yonke. Ukuqonda lokho umongameli akwenzayo − kanye nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo emandla obumongameli. Kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo esimisweni sethu sobudemokrasi. Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola indima enkulu, imibuso, nemisebenzi ye-Fathercien ngolimi olucacile.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Omongameli

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. simisa iGatya eliphetheyo likahulumeni, linikeza umongameli amandla okubusa. Le ncwajana yesisekelo ichaza imithwalo yemfanelo, amandla, nokulinganiselwa komongameli, okwakhe uhlaka oluye lwaqondisa ihhovisi amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

UMbuso ophethe uzonikezwa uMongameli wase-United States of America, ngokwesiqalo soMthetho-sisekelo weSiphakamiso II. Umthwalo oyinhloko woMongameli uwukufeza umsebenzi oyinhloko wegatsha eliphetheyo (_ngokusho igama, ukumisa imithetho yesizwe. Lomcikilisho oyisisekelo uhlela cishe zonke izici zalokho umongameli akwenzayo nsuku zonke.

Ingxenye yesithathu yeSiphakamiso II ifuna uMongameli ukuba aqaphele ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka, ifuna uMongameli ukuba aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka. Lo "Nakekela u-Claus" umelela esinye sezibopho ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho-sisekelo kamongameli futhi usebenza njengesisekelo esingokomthetho emikhankasweni eminingi yegatsha eliphethe yosuku lonke.

Isifungo Sehhovisi

I-Oath of Office, umongameli uzolondoloza, avikele, futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lesi sithembiso esiqotho, esithathwa ekuqaleni kwegama ngalinye lomongameli, sigcizelela ukuthi ukwethembeka komongameli kuseMthethweni, hhayi kunoma iliphi iqembu lezombangazwe, isithakazelo esikhethekile, noma amacebo omuntu siqu.

Ukuhola Igatsha Eliphethe

Njengomholi wegatsha eliphethe, umongameli wengamela umshini omkhulu kahulumeni osebenzisa izigidi zabantu futhi osingatha izinhlelo ezingenakubalwa ezithinta ukuphila kwaseMelika.

Ukusebenzisa Nokusebenzisa Imithetho

UMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ebhalwe yi-Congress, futhi ngenxa yalokho, umisa amanhloko ezinhlangano ze-Federal, kuhlanganise ne-Kbitte. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umongameli akamane nje abeke iziqondiso zomthetho ngokunganaki, kodwa akaqondi indlela imithetho egcinwa ngayo ngokumiswa, iziyalezo eziphethe, kanye neziqondiso zezimiso.

Umongameli uyaqaphela ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka futhi inamandla okumisa nokususa izikhulu; ngenxa yalemibuso emibili, umongameli angaqondisa izikhulu ngendlela yokuchaza umthetho (ongaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela) nasezinqumweni zezisebenzi. Lokhu kunikeza umongameli ithonya eliphawulekayo ngendlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo nokuthi yiziphi izinto eziza kuqala aziphishekelayo.

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Ikhabethe Nezisebenzi Eziphethe

Iminyango ephethe yeshumi nanhlanu − ngamunye uholwa yilungu elimisiwe leKhabhinethi kaMongameli − lithatha ukuphatha kwezinsuku zonke kukaHulumeni weFederal. Leminyango ihlanganisa izinhlangano ezaziwayo njenge-Department of Defense, uMnyango Wezemfundo, ne-Divince of Education and Human Services, phakathi kwezinye.

Bahlanganyela kulomthwalo wemfanelo nezinye izinhlangano eziphethe njenge-CIA ne-Nvironmental Protection Agency, abaholi bazo abangaphansi kwegunya eligcwele likaMongameli. Ikhono likamongameli lokukhetha abaholi balezi zinhlangano limelela enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuma kwezimiso zezikhulu nokubusa.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe loMongameli (EOP) lihlanganisa izisebenzi eziseduze zikaMongameli, kanye nezinhlangano ezinjenge - Office of Management and Baccorate neHhovisi le - United States Trade Declaration. La mahhovisi anikeza umongameli iseluleko sochwepheshe nosizo lokuhlela umsebenzi wegatsha eliphethe.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

UMongameli anganikeza iziyalezo zezikhulu, eziqondisa izikhulu eziphethe noma ezicacisayo futhi zisize ekusebenziseni imithetho ekhona. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo ziyithuluzi elinamandla elivumela umongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba uKhongoloshe udlulise umthetho omusha, nakuba kusamelwe asebenze ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho okhona noMthetho-sisekelo.

Iziqondiso eziphethe zingaphansi kokubukezwa nokuphathwa kokwahlulela, okusho ukuthi izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomongameli noma ezephula uMthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kumelela ukuhlola okubalulekile emandleni okuqondisa.

Amandla Okumisa Izikhulu Eziwuhulumeni

Elinye lamandla kamongameli alandela kakhulu yigunya lokumisa izinkulungwane zezikhulu kuwo wonke uhulumeni. Lokhu kumisa uhlelo lokubumba nokubusa iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuba umongameli ephumile.

Amalungu Kabhithane Nezikhulu Zama - agency

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa umthwalo wemfanelo phakathi kukamongameli neSigele. ISiphakamiso II, iSiqendu sesibili sinika umongameli amandla okumisa futhi-$"by kanye ne Amacebiso neSivumelo seSigele" (*) nokumisa izikhulu eziyinhloko njengezikhulu zeminyango kanye nezingaphansi njengabaphathi. Lo mbuso uqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha aphethe nemithetho anendima ekusebenzeni uhulumeni.

Lo mthetho - sisekelo usebenza njengenhlolo - vo ebalulekile ekwakheni amandla kamongameli, uqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli abakhethiwe bahlola abameleli babo.

Ngokomlando, iSigele siye saqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemifantu eminingi yobumongameli, kodwa "ezimweni ezingavamile" ukuvota ukuqinisekisa kuhlulekile. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ingaba yimpi, ikakhulukazi ezikhundleni eziphakeme noma lapho iSigele silawulwa yiqembu lezombangazwe elihlukile kunomongameli.

AbaHluleli Abaphethe Nezahlulelo Eziphakeme

Amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo yamajaji adlulisa izikhalo, namajaji enkantolo yesifunda bamiswa uMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa iSigele saseUnited States, njengoba kushiwo eMthethweni. Lokhu kumiswa kukho konke ukuphila kumelela mhlawumbe ifa elihlala njalo lanoma imuphi umongameli, njengoba amajaji kahulumeni asebenza esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba umongameli owawamisa eseyekile.

UMthetho-sisekelo unika umongameli amandla okumisa amajaji kahulumeni, amaningi awo ahlala eNkantolo yeSigodi yase-U.S. (enezahluleli ezingu - 673) noma iNkantolo Yesifunda Yezikhalo (nezikhulu zokwahlulela ezingu - 179). Inani eligcwele lamanxusa lisho ukuthi omongameli abaningi banethuba lokuthonya ngokuphawulekayo ijaji likahulumeni.

ISigele sivame ukuqinisekisa ukuhlobana kukamongameli, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme. Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, iSigele siye senqaba ama-modeli amathathu kuphela eNkantolo Ephakeme. Nokho, inqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaphikiswa kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, futhi ezinye izimpikiswano zibhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu.

Njengoba umongameli efeza eminye imisebenzi enkantolo, emisa amajaji emazingeni ahlukahlukene, angaba nethonya elinamandla ekulolongeni isimiso sokwahlulela esizweni. Ngokuphawulekayo, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme amiswa umongameli futhi aqiniswe yiSishaya-mthetho we-Congress. Lokhu kumiswa kungathonya umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika izizukulwane eziningi, njengoba amajaji enquma izimpikiswano ezisukela elungelweni zomphakathi kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya emazingeni ombuso kahulumeni.

Amanxusa Nabanye Abakhulu

UMongameli umisa futhi izinhloko zezinhlangano ze-Federal ezizimele ezingaphezu kuka-50, njenge-Federal Reserve Board ne-Secureties and Exchange Commission, kanye nabahluleli bamaFederal, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu zeFederal. Lokhu kumiswa kwandisa ithonya likamongameli cishe kuzo zonke izici zokubusa kukahulumeni.

Umongameli umisa wonke amajaji kahulumeni egatsheni lokwahlulela nezikhulu ezimisiwe eminyangweni yesigaba samakhabethe, izinhlangano ezizimele, izinkonzo zempi, Inkonzo Yamazwe Angaphandle, nezinkonzo zempi ezifakelwa iyunifomu, kanye nabameli base-U.S. kanye namaqembu ahlangene eU.S. lobuningi bamandla amisayo avumela umongameli ukuba ahlele izinto eziza kuqala nesiqondiso sawo wonke uhulumeni.

Ukunqumelana usuku

ISiphakamiso II, isigaba 2 sigunyaza umongameli ukuba amise amajaji kahulumeni nezinye izikhulu lapho iSigele singekho esiqenjini.

Ngokungafani nokumiswa kokwahlulela okuvamile kuhlanganisa "ukuziphatha okuhle," ukumiswa kwekhefu kuphele ekupheleni kwesiqephu esilandelayo seSigele. Lokhu kulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwesikhashana kuhlala kuyizinyathelo zesikhashana kunokuba kuthathe izindlela zokudlulisa ukwengamela kwesigele unomphela.

Indima Engokomthetho KaMongameli

Nakuba umongameli engenakukwazi ukwenza imithetho — yokuthi amandla kaHulumeni — umqondisi ophethe ufeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngemibuso eminingana engokomthetho nangethonya elivamile.

Ukumisa Imithetho Nokumisa I - Agenda

Ingxenye 3 ifuna ukuba uMongameli anikeze uKhongolo-khampathi ukwaziswa ngesimo senyunyana. Futhi igunyaza uMongameli ukuba atuse izinyathelo zemithetho futhi ezimweni ezingavamile zihlangane noma zihlangene. Lo msebenzi womthetho-sisekelo uye washintshela ekhelini lika-Hulumeni we-Union, lapho omongameli bechaza khona izinto eziza kuqala ezingokomthetho onyakeni ozayo.

Nakuba uMongameli engase afeze lemfuneko nganoma iyiphi indlela ayikhethayo, abaMongameli ngokwesiko baye banikeza iSizwe Senhlangano yeSishaya - mthetho esihlangene isiqephu ngasinye sikaJanuwari (ngaphandle kweminyaka yokuqalisa), benikeza uhlelo lwabo lonyaka ozayo. Lenkulumo isebenza njengendawo eyinhloko yomongameli ukuba baxhumane ngokuqondile noKhongolo-bumba nabantu baseMelika ngemigomo yabo.

Abaholi basebenza eduze namalungu oMkhandlu ekumiseni umthetho, ekufuneni amavoti, futhi bakhe imifelandawonye ukuze badlulise izinqubo ezithandwayo.

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli unamandla okusayina umthetho noma ukukhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, nakuba uMkhandlu ungathatha indawo ngokuvota okuzingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zombili izindlu. Lamandla anika umongameli imvume ephawulekayo enqubweni yomthetho, njengoMkhandlu kumelwe ucabangele ukuthi umongameli uzozamukela yini noma uzozenqaba iziphakamiso zawo.

UMthetho-sisekelo wabela umongameli amandla okusayina noma ukukhipha umthetho we-veto, uyala amabutho ahlomile, ucele umbono obhaliwe ngeKhabhinethi yawo, ukuhlanganisa noma ukuhlanganisa iziKhomishane, ukunikeza intethelelo, futhi ukwamukela amanxusa. Umbuso weveto umelela enye yezihlolo ezibaluleke kakhulu igatsha eliphethe igatsha elisehhovisi lezomthetho.

Usongo lweveto luvame ukumisa umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike ngisho nasedeskini likamongameli, njengoba amalungu oMkhandlu engase alungise izikweleti ukuze azenze zamukeleke kakhulu kumongameli. Lokhu kubonakalisa indlela ukwahlukana kwemibuso okukhuthaza ngayo ukubambisana nokuhlehla phakathi kwamagatsha.

Lokho UMongameli Angenakukwenza

Lomthetho oyisisekelo olinganiselayo uqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okushaya umthetho ahlala noKhongolo, igatsha lilandisa ngokuqondile kubantu ngokhetho oluvamile.

Umongameli akakwazi ukumemezela impi. Nakuba umongameli esebenza njengomphathi wamabutho, uMthetho-sisekelo ulondoloza amandla okumemezela impi kuMkhandlu. Lokhu kuhlukana kwemibuso yempi kuye kwaba umthombo wempikiswano nokucindezela okuqhubekayo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Umongameli akanakunquma ukuthi imali kahulumeni izosetshenziswa kanjani. UKhongolo-kahulumeni uphethe "igunya lesikhwama semali," okusho ukuthi ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuhulumeni phakathi nenqubo yokubhula. Umongameli angahlongoza uhlelo lwemali, kodwa uKhongolo-kakhulu kumelwe avumele konke okusetshenziswayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Namandla Anamandla Angavamile

Umongameli ukhonza njengenxusa eliphethe iMelika, elimelela izwe ebuhlotsheni namanye amazwe nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Lendima iye yakhula ibaluleke kakhulu njengoba i-United States iye yazibandakanya kakhulu nezwe.

Ukuqhuba Ubuhlobo Bakwamanye Amazwe

Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, umongameli uyisikhulu sikahulumeni esinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wobuhlobo be-United States nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kwenza umongameli abe ubuso beMelika nezwe futhi abe yisikhulu sezindaba zomhlaba wonke.

NgoMnyango Wezwe noMnyango Wezokuvikela, umongameli unomthwalo wokuvikela amaMelika akwamanye amazwe namazwe ase-United States. Lomthwalo uhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekukhipheni amaphasishi eposi kuya ekuthumbeni amaMelika ezimweni eziyingozi kuya ekunikezeni ukulondeka konomashiqela bamazwe angaphandle.

Ingxenye 3 inikeza uMongameli amandla okwamukela amanxusa nezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi. Leligunya elibonakala liyimikhosi empeleni linesici esiphawulekayo, njengoba umongameli enquma ukuthi angaqaphela izizwe ezintsha nohulumeni abasha. Ukuqashelwa kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu ehlangene kwezizwe namazwe angaphandle aseMelika.

Isivumelwano - Ukwakha Amandla

Umongameli uxoxa nezinye izizwe, ezibopha i-United States uma ivunyelwa i-3 ° yeSigele. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke zithola ukusekelwa okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ikwenze.

IButho leSebe eliphethe liqhuba ukuxoxisana namanye amazwe, futhi uMongameli unamandla okuxoxa nokusayina izivumelwano, okumelwe zigunyazwe yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele. Izivumelwano zingahlanganisa izihloko eziningi, kusukela ezivumelwaneni zezohwebo kuya ekulawuleni izikhali kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile.

Izivumelwano Eziqondisayo

Lezi zivumelwano zivumela umongameli ukuba aqhube isimiso sakwamanye amazwe ngendlela engenakuvunyelwa inqubo yesivumelwano, nakuba ngokuvamile sinezinga eliphansi futhi singahlehliswa kalula kakhulu omongameli besikhathi esizayo.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Samabutho Ahlomile

Phakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo ehloniphekile kakhulu kamongameli ukusebenza njengomphathi wesikhulu sezempi sase-United States. Lendima inikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu(nemithwalo emikhulu) ezandleni zomuntu oyedwa.

Igunya Lomyalo Wezempi

UMongameli uzoba uMyaleli weSikhulu seButho ne-Butho leMpi lase-United States, kanye neMilitia yamaZwe amaningana, lapho ebizelwa eNkonzo yangempela ye-United States. Lomthetho ngokomthetho wenza umongameli abe isikhulu sezempi esithatha isikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu ezweni, negunya phezu kwawo wonke amagatsha amabutho ahlomile.

Ingxenye 2, u-Claus 1 uchaza amandla akhethekile omongameli: okuwukuthi, uMkhuzi wegunya Elikhulu, amandla okufuna imibono ebhaliwe ezinhloko zeminyango ephethe, namandla okuthethelela. Isikhulu esiphethe amandla singesodwa kumongameli futhi asinakuphathiswa iziKhongolo noma izinkantolo.

Njengomphathi omkhulu, umongameli wenza izinqumo ezigxekayo ngecebo lezempi, amabutho, nokusetshenziswa kwamabutho. Umongameli futhi wengamela ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sokuvikela, imali yezempi (ngokuvumelana nenhlangano), kanye nenhlalakahle yamalungu enkonzo nemikhaya yawo.

Amandla Empi Nezinduna Zokuqondisa

Nakuba umongameli eyala ukuba kubekwe ibutho lezempi, uMthetho-sisekelo usungula isimiso semibuso yempi ehlanganyelwe phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezomthetho. Lengxenye ibonisa ukukhathazeka komsunguli ngokugxilisa amandla empi kakhulu ezandleni zomuntu oyedwa.

Umongameli angayala ukuba kuthathwe isinyathelo sezempi ukuze kuvinjelwe izimo eziphuthumayo nezisongela ukulondeka kwesizwe, kodwa imisebenzi yezempi eqhubekayo idinga ukugunyazwa kwenhlangano. i - War Powers Resolution ka - 1973 yazama ukucacisa lobuhlobo, nakuba izimpikiswano ngokulinganisela okufanele kwemibuso yempi ziqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.

Omongameli kumelwe basebenze neSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuze basekele imisebenzi yezempi, njengoba ukulawula kwegatsha lomthetho kusetshenziswa. Lokhu kwenza izishayamthetho zibe nethonya eliphawulekayo enkambisweni yezempi, ngisho noma umongameli eqhubeka eqondisa amabutho ahlomile.

Amandla EPardon

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza umongameli igunya elikhulu lokubonisa isihe futhi unikeze labo ababoshelwe emacala kahulumeni.

Indawo Yamandla EPardon

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza uMongameli amandla acishe angenamkhawulo okuthethelela labo ababoshelwe amacala kahulumeni.

Nakuba uMongameli engenakumthethelela umuntu oxoshwa yiSishaya - mthetho, angathethelela noma ubani obekwe icala lobugebengu bukahulumeni ngaphandle kokuhileleka eMkhandlwini.

UMongameli futhi unamandla angenamkhawulo okudalula ukuthethelelwa nokukhohliswa kobugebengu obungohulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kukhishwa icala.

Izinhlobo Zomusa

Omongameli bangakhipha ukuthethelelwa ukuze bathethelele wonke amaqembu abantu. Lombuso uye wasetshenziswa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika ukupholisa ukuhlukana kwezizwe futhi uthathe inkathi ephikiswayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uPresidenti uJimmy Carter wanika abaqaphi bobudiposhini baseVietnam ababebalekele eCanada ukukhululwa.

Abaholi bangakhipha futhi imingcele yesikhashana yokuquliswa kwecala noma isijeziso ngendlela yokuphumula. Lamandla avame ukusetshenziswa ukubambezela izigwebo zikahulumeni zokubulala. URegnots unika umongameli ithuba lokumisa izijeziso kuyilapho ecabangela ukuthi anganikeza izigwebo noma izivumelwano eziphelele.

Ukuthethelelwa okuningi kunikezwa njengongamele wegatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho iFederal Sentensing Guideline ibhekwa khona njengenothi kakhulu. Lamandla angalawula amagatsha emithetho nokwahlulela ngokushintsha isijeziso sobugebengu. Ngakho amandla okuthethelela asebenza njengevalve yokuphepha esimisweni sokwahlulela, avumele isihe lapho ukusebenza okuqinile komthetho kungaveza imiphumela engalungile.

Indima Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Nakuba uKhongolose elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, umongameli unendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni uhlelo lwemali nohlelo lokusebenzisa imali oluphambili.

Ukulungiselela Uhlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali Nokuzithoba

I - Baccount and Accounting Act ka - 1921 yafaka imithwalo yemfanelo eyengeziwe kumongameli ukuze kulungiselelwe uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni waseUnited States, nakuba kwakudingeka ukuba uMkhandlu uyivumele. Lesisenzo sasidinga iHhovisi Lokuphatha Nohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali ukuze sisize umongameli ngokulungiselela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali.

Unyaka ngamunye, umongameli unikeza isiphakamiso semali eningi elungiselelweni lemali enikezwa uMkhandlu ochaza izinto eziza kuqala zemali esetshenziswayo kunyaka wemali ozayo. Loluhlelo lumelela umbono kamongameli wendlela imithombo yemali kahulumeni okufanele yabelwe ngayo ngalé kokuzivikela, imfundo, ezosizo lwezempilo, izisekelo zemisebenzi, nezinye izinhlelo ezingenakubalwa.

Nakuba kungafuneki ukuba izingqungquthela zilandele uhlelo lwemali lukamongameli, lusebenza njengesiqalo esibalulekile sezingxoxo zokuhlelwa kwemali. Isiphakamiso sohlelo lokuhlela imali sibonisa ukuthi iziphathimandla zihamba phambili futhi singahlela ingxoxo yesizwe mayelana nokusebenzisa imali kanye nentela.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Ebusweni Bobumongameli

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika ngamabomu silinganisela amandla omongameli ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

Imingcele yegunya likamongameli incike ekuhlukaniseni kwemibuso nesimiso sokuhlola kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwesikhulu, amagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela kahulumeni. ISishaya-mthetho singahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, silalele, futhi sifune ubufakazi kubaphathi bezomthetho.

ISigele sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphikisa nokuvumela abaholi bezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezimiswe umongameli. Lenqubo kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi izikhulu ezifanelekayo zikhethelwe umsebenzi obalulekile kahulumeni osithinta sonke. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kunikeza ithonya elikhulu leSigele ukuthi ubani okhonza ezikhundleni zikahulumeni eziyinhloko.

UKhongolo-khampani lulawula futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi umongameli akanakukwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo noma izinqubo ngaphandle kokushaya ucingo. "Amandla esikhwama" amelela enye yezihlolo ezibaluleke kakhulu zoMkhandlu ophethe.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Iziqondiso zikamongameli zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela, okungenye indlela igatsha lokwahlulela elingahlola ngayo amandla egatsha eliphethe. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zingashaya izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomongameli noma ukwephula uMthetho-sisekelo.

Ijaji lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ezimele kokubili umongameli noKhongolo, liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo kanye nokubusa komthetho. Lokhu kuqondisa kokwahlulela kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela emiyalweni ephetheyo kuya ezimisweni eziphetheyo kuya ezinqubeni zempi.

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Umongameli, uMongameli oyisekela nawo wonke abaphathi bezwe base-United States, uyosuswa ehhovisi ngokuncintiswa kweSiphakamiso, nokuvunyelwa, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme. Leli lungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo liqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nomongameli angabekwa icala lokuziphatha okubi okungathi sína.

Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela okubeka umongameli (icala elingokomthetho), kuyilapho iSigele sinamandla okuphela okuzama ukugunyaza nokususa izikhulu ezisehhovisi. Le nqubo imelela ukuhlola kokugcina kwamandla obumongameli, nakuba iye yasetshenziswa kancane kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

UMongameli Njengomholi Wesizwe

Ngaphandle kwemibuso engokomthetho echazwe eMthethweni, umongameli ufeza izindima ezibalulekile ezingokomfanekiso neziholayo ezibumba umphakathi namasiko aseMelika.

Inhloko Kahulumeni

Njengokuphela kwesikhulu esikhethiwe esimelela wonke umuntu e - U.S., umongameli kulindeleke ukuba abe umholi ohlanganisa sonke isizwe — hhayi nje iqembu labo lezombangazwe noma abasekeli.

Ngakho - ke, umongameli kufanele abonise izimfanelo zobuholi eziphakeme kakhulu futhi ahloniphe izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Njengoba ummeleli obonakalayo kakhulu kahulumeni waseMelika, ukuziphatha nobuntu bukamongameli kungathonya ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.

Ukuphathwa Kwenhlekelele

Kulindeleke ukuba abaholi baqondise isizwe ezinkingeni, kungaba izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, noma izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Ikhono likamongameli lokubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nezinselele ezingalindelekile lichaza ifa labo futhi lilololonga ukuthembela komphakathi kuhulumeni.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokusabela okuphumelelayo kwenhlekelele nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kuyinselele eqhubekayo ekubusweni kwaseMelika, nakuba lokhu kungase kusebenzise amandla anwetshiwe, nakuba kusengaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho nokwahlulela.

Ukuhola Kokuziphatha

Abaholi bavame ukusebenzisa iqophelo labo ukuze basekele izindinganiso, bathonye izakhamuzi futhi balungise izingxoxo zezwe ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Leli "pulpulpial" linikeza amongameli ithonya elidlulela ngalé kwemithetho yabo engokomthetho.

Ngezinkulumo, ukubonakala kwasobala, nezenzo ezingokomfanekiso, ababusi bangagxilisa ukunakekela kwesizwe ezindabeni ezithile, bakhe ukusekela izimiso zabo, futhi bathonye umbono womphakathi.

Ububonisi Banamuhla

Nakuba lesi sakhiwo esiyisisekelo sisafana, ubukhulu bemithwalo yemfanelo yobumongameli nobuyinkimbinkimbi buye bakhula ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Okuqondisa

Uhulumeni wamazwe ukhule kakhulu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, futhi kanye nawo, imithwalo yemfanelo kamongameli yokuphatha. Omongameli banamuhla bengamele izigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni futhi baphatha izimali ezisetshenziswayo ngamazigidi zezigidi zamaRandi.

Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe nazo ziye zaguqula umongameli. Ukuxhumana kwanamuhla kuvumela omongameli ukuba bakhulume ngokuqondile nabantu baseMelika kanye nezwe ngokushesha. Lokhu kuhlobana okuqondile kuye kwathuthukisa ithonya lomongameli kuyilapho futhi kuhlola omongameli ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili.

Abaholi Bomhlaba Wonke

Ukuvela kweMelika njengezwe elikhulu lembulunga yonke kuye kwenza umongameli waba omunye wezikhulu ezinamandla kakhulu ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke. Omongameli banamuhla kumelwe basebenzise ubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi nabasizi nabaphikisi, baxazulule izinkinga zomhlaba wonke, futhi bamele izithakazelo zaseMelika ezweni elihlangene.

Izinqumo zemithetho kamongameli wakwamanye amazwe zingaba nemiphumela enzima hhayi kumaMelika kuphela kodwa kubantu emhlabeni wonke. Lobubungangameli bembulunga yonke bebungaba nzima ngabasunguli ukuba bacabange kodwa baye baba semqoka ehhovisi lanamuhla.

Ukulandisa Nezindinganiso Zentando Yeningi

Esimisoni sentando yeningi, amandla obumongameli kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokufanele futhi ahlale enesibopho sokulandisa kubantu.

Izindlela zokukhetha

Isehlo esiyisisekelo kakhulu samandla obumongameli yinqubo yokhetho ngokwayo. Omongameli banikeza izinqumo zeminyaka emine futhi bangaphinde bakhethwe kanye, baqinisekise amathuba avamile abavoti ukuba bagcine umongameli enecala.

Abafuna ukumiswa ngokhetho abangomongameli ukuze bachaze umbono wabo ngezwe futhi bavikele imibhalo yabo.

Amaphephandaba Akhululekile Nokuhlola Komphakathi

Iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele lifeza indima ebalulekile ekubhekeni ababusi becala ngokuhlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, ngokungabaza izinqumo zikamongameli nangokutshela umphakathi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlola, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kungabakhathazi omongameli, kufeza umsebenzi obalulekile wentando yeningi.

Abaholi abalahlekelwa ukusekelwa umphakathi ngokuvamile bakuthola kunzima ukuthuthukisa izinhloso zabo, njengoba amalungu oMkhandlu engazimisele ukusekela omongameli abangathandwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Umongameli unemithwalo yemfanelo emakhaya kubantu abahlala e-U.S. nasezweni lonke ekulolongeni ubuhlobo namanye amazwe nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Izenzo zikamongameli zingathinta ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke kanye nenkululeko yabo kanye nokuhle kwesizwe sonke kanye nedumela laso lomhlaba wonke.

Izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlala zinolwazi ngezenzo zomongameli, zihileleke ezicini zentando yeningi, futhi ziphendule abaholi bazo abakhethiwe.

Ukuqonda Ukulinganiselwa Komongameli

Nakuba umongameli enegunya elibalulekile, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda lokho umongameli angenakukwenza. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi kuvimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla amaningi ezandleni zomuntu.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Umthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa ngamabomu amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni alinganayo. Umongameli akanakwenza imithetho, akanakuchaza imithetho ngegunya (okusho ukuthi iyindima yejaji), futhi akanakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokushaya indiva.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusho ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu ngokuvamile zidinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

UBufakazi Bamalungelo Kahulumeni nokunye ukulungisa umthetho - sisekelo kubeka imingcele kuwo wonke umbuso kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namandla obumongameli. umongameli akanakuwephula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ngisho nalapho ephishekela imigomo ebalulekile yesimiso.

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli balezisivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, ziqeda izenzo eziphethe eziphula amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Indima Yomongameli Ongumongameli

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila kakhulu kumongameli, kubaluleke ukuphawula kafushane indima yesekela likamongameli yomthetho-sisekelo nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko woMongameli ongumsizi wase-United States uwukuba akulungele ngesaziso sobuBusi uma uMongameli engakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe. Lokhu kungabangelwa ukufa kukaMongameli, ukuyeka umsebenzi, noma ukuphelelwa amandla kwesikhashana, noma uma uMongameli ongumKhosi kanye neningi lejaji leKhabhinethi ukuthi uMongameli akasakwazi ukuthatha imisebenzi kamongameli.

Umongameli oyisekela ukhonza futhi njengoMongameli weSigele sase-United States, lapho avotela khona icala le-thayi. Lokhu kwenza isekela likamongameli libe nendima engokomthetho enqubweni yomthetho, nakuba isekela likamongameli ligxile kakhulu ekusekeleni uhlelo lukamongameli futhi limelele ukuphatha.

Isiphetho: UBuseshi embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika

Umongameli umi esikhungweni sikahulumeni waseMelika, enegunya elikhulu kuyilapho ehlala engaphansi kwemingcele ebalulekile yomthetho - sisekelo.

Nokho amandla obumongameli awanakungabi namkhawulo. UMthetho-sisekelo, iKhongolo, izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, futhi ekugcineni abantu baseMelika bonke basebenza njengemishini yegunya eliphethe. Lesimiso samandla alinganiselwe siye savumela ukuba umongameli ashintshe futhi avumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ulondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda lokho umongameli akwenzayo − kanye nalokho umongameli angenakukwenza − kubalulekile ukuze abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Njengomuntu obonakalayo nonamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika, umongameli uhlela isimiso, uthonye izimpikiswano zesizwe, futhi umelela i-United States emhlabeni. Kodwa esimisweni sethu somthetho sisekelo, umongameli uhlala eyinceku yabantu, eboshwe umthetho futhi eboshelwe ngenqubo yentando yeningi.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngobumongameli nohulumeni waseMelika, inikeza i-National Constitution Center imithombo engcono kakhulu yemfundo. INational Archives[ inikeza ukutholakala kokusungula imibhalo nemibhalo engokomlando. [[FLT:] Iwebhsayithi] Emhlophe yendlu [[FLT] inikeza ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi nezimiso zamanje zikamongameli. Library of Congress ilondoloza imithombo ebanzi yomthetho nehlelo lombuso. ekugcineni, [[FLT] Izinkantolo [FLT] .FLT][F:]

Ngokuqonda amandla omongameli, ukulinganiselwa, nemithwalo yemfanelo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono nohulumeni, zibeke abaholi bazo icala, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Umongameli angase abe namandla, kodwa esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, abantu bahlala benegunya.