Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi nenkululeko yenkolo kwakha indawo eqinile yokubusa kwentando yeningi nesithunzi sabantu. Inkululeko yomphakathi nenkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe ekuphathweni nguhulumeni (ihlanganisa ilungelo lokukhulekela, ukushintsha izinkolelo, noma ukungabi nokholo nhlobo. Uma isekelwa kakhulu, lenkululeko yakha isimo lapho abantu bengaqhuba khona inkolo yabo ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa, ukucwaswa, noma ukwesaba. Lesihloko sihlola indlela inkululeko yomphakathi nenkululeko engokwenkolo ehlala njalo, ukudwebela ezimpandeni zomlando, izingxabano zomthetho, izingxabano zesikhathi esikhona, nendima ehlala njalo yokufundisa nomphakathi womphakathi.

Umlando Wenkululeko Yangaphakathi Nenkolo

Ukuncintisana kwenkululeko yomphakathi nenkululeko engokwenkolo akuyona into esungulwe namuhla. Kuwo wonke umlando, ukulwela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kuye kwagxila ekhonweni lokukhulekela ngokuvumelana nonembeza. Izenzakalo zakudala njengeMagna Carta (1215) zasungula umqondo wokuthi ngisho namakhosi ayeboshwe umthetho qhawe ekugcineni ukuze avikele izinkolo ezimbalwa. I-Ginging Bill of Rights (1689) iye yawenqabela ngokuqondile “ukulwa nesijeziso esingavamile” futhi yaqinisekisa ilungelo lamaProtestani lokuphatha izikhali, kodwa futhi yanciphisa nekhono likaHulumeni lokuphazamisa ukhetho lwephalamende, iqinisa izwi labaphikisi benkolo.

INguquko yamaProthestani yaqeda ubunye benkathi ephakathi beLobukholwa futhi yabangela amakhulu eminyaka ezimpi zenkolo. Ukuthula kwaseWestphalia (1648) kwaqeda lezompi ngokumisa isimiso se- cuius regio, eius religio.Nkolo yombusi yaba inkolo yesifunda. Nakuba lokhu kwavumela izinga elithile lokuvumelana kwezenkolo, akuzange kunikeze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Intuthuko yeqiniso yafika phakathi noKhanyiselwa, lapho ongqondo abanjengoJohn Locle bephikisa ngokuthi yilungelo lemvelo. Locle’s Treat Contivement [[FLT] [FLT:] [16] [16])) yagomela ukuthi ohulumeni besizwe babengenagunya, umqondo omkhulu owathonya i-U.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (1791) sahlanganisa izivikelo ezimbili ezihlukene: ukumiswa kuka-Claus (inkolo egunyaziwe kahulumeni) nenkolo ye-Free Exenifice Claus (inikeza ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukholo lomuntu). Lesi simiso esihlangene saba isibonelo sedemokrasi eningi. Nokho ngisho nasezweni lokuqala, inkululeko yenkolo yayikude kakhulu kumhlaba wonke. AmaKatolika, amaJuda, kanye namakholwa ayebhekene nokukhubazeka okungokomthetho, futhi imikhuba engokomoya engokoMdabu wase-America yavinjelwa. Ngakho, isigaba esingokomlando senkululeko yomphakathi sinye sesandisa: isizukulwane ngasinye siye safaka imingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Imisebenzi Yokuzenzela Engokomthetho Esekela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Inkululeko engokomthetho yanamuhla ehlanganisa inkululeko engokwenkolo engokwenkolo njengelungelo lomphakathi wonke. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (UDHR, 1948), esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene, sithi eSiphakameni 18: “Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza nenkolo; lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokushintsha inkolo yakhe noma izinkolelo zakhe, kanye nenkululeko, kungaba yedwa noma emphakathini nabanye noma ngasese, ukubonakalisa inkolo yakhe noma inkolelo ekufundiseni, umkhuba, ukukhulekela nokugcina.” Lesi simemezelo, nakuba singaboshiwe ngokomthetho, siye sathonya cishe zonke izivumelo zamalungelo abantu ezilandelayo.

Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke somphakathi kumalungelo omphakathi nawabezombangazwe (ICPR, 1966) saguqula izifiso zeUDHR zaba umthetho obophayo eziqenjini zayo ezingu-173. ISiphakamiso 18 solimi lwe-ICCPR salingisa futhi sandisa i-UDHR, sinqabela ukuphoqelela okungaphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu ukuba abambelele noma amukele inkolo. Ivumela futhi ukuba kube nokulinganiselwa kuphela lapho kudingekile ukuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi, ukuhleleka, ukuhleleka, impilo, noma ukuziphatha okuncane okumelwe kuthethelelwe ngokuphelele.

Ngokwesizwe, imithetho-mithetho eminingi ivikela ngokuqondile inkululeko engokwenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-German Basic Law (1949) uqinisekisa “umkhuba onzima wenkolo,” kuyilapho uMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya (1950) unikeza bonke abantu ilungelo lokuzisholo ngokukhululekile, lokusebenza, nokusakaza inkolo, ngaphansi kokuhleleka komphakathi, ukuziphatha okuhle, nempilo. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika (1996) uhlanganisa ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemithetho kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Abanye bathi isivikelo esingokomthetho senkululeko engokwenkolo siphinde sinyathelela imithetho yokuhlamba, ukuguqulwa, noma ukudingiswa kwamaqembu enkolo wonke.

Izinqubo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge UN Special Rapportur ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yenkolo noma inkolelo, ihlola ukuthotshelwa nokukhishwa kwezindaba. Izindikimba zesifunda ezinjenge- Eupainan Court of Human Rights [ zisungule indikimba enkulu yecala elimelene nenkululeko yenkolo nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:]] i-Lautsi v.[weTY][FLT] [[FF]] [20:1], iGuauted Court yanquma ukuthi ukuba khona kwezindlu zesikole zase-Italy akuzange kuphule ingqungquthelane i-Europe, ibhekisela ekuthandeni kokwazisa kombuso. Ngokungafani, [ku-FLT] ku-EFF]. [5] eUnited Kingdom: [20], iNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkathi leNkathi yezelele izikhulu zesikole esivamile iveza imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho esobala, iveza ukukhohlolwayomthetho womphakathi.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zenkululeko Yenkolo

Naphezu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho esiqinile, inkululeko yenkolo ibhekene nezinselele ezinzima zamanje.

Imingcele Kahulumeni Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Emazweni amaningi, ohulumeni bavimbela imikhuba engokwenkolo ngaphansi kwesivikelo sesizwe noma ukulwisana nesimiso sobuphekula. Umthetho we-Patriot (2001) we-Patriot wamandla anwetshiwe okuhlola athinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yamaSulumane, kuhlanganise nokunikeza nokuhlola okungokwenkolo nokuphana ngeminikelo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo zeChina eXinjiang ziye zachazwa yi-UN abacwaningi ngokuthi “izigebengu ezimelene nesintu,” kuhlanganise nokuvala ngempoqo amaSulumane, ukubhujiswa kwemibhalo engokwenkolo, nokugcinwa kwe-Uyghur Sulumane emakamu emfundo. Izenzo ezinjalo zikahulumeni ziphikisana kokubili i-ICRPPR ne-UDHR.

Ukucwaswa Kwenkolo

Ubandlululo olumelene nenkolo encane lusalokhu lusakazeke kakhulu. Ngokwe-[FLT] Pew Research Center, imingcele kahulumeni engokwenkolo iye yanyuka emhlabeni wonke kusukela phakathi konyaka ka-2000. EMyanmar, izinhlangano zobuBuddha ziye zakhuthaza ubudlova ku-Rohingya Muslim abambalwa, kanye nezenzo zokuhlanza ngokohlanga. ENdiya, ukuhlasela amaSulumane namaKristu kuye kwanda ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje, ngokuvamile ethethelelwa ngemithetho yendawo evikela izinkomo noma evimbela “inguquko. EYurophu, amaqembu ama-Pugallery athe amelene ne-Muslimsmusmus, aholela emithethweni ezindaweni ezivini ezigcwele eFrance nase-Belgium.

Imithetho Yokuhlambalaza Nokulahlwa Kwezihlubuki

Imithetho yokuhlambalaza ihlala ikhona ezincwadini emazweni angaba ngu-71, ngokuvamile iphethe izijeziso ezinzima ezihlanganisa ukuboshwa nokufa. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wePakistan wokuhlambalaza uye wasetshenziselwa ukushushisa izinkolo ezincane futhi wanenza impumelelo. ESaudi Arabia, ukuhlubuka kujeziswa ngokufa, futhi amaphoyisa enkolo aphoqelela imithetho eqinile yokugqoka nokukhulekela. Ngisho nasemazweni ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho yokuhlambalaza, ukucindezela komphakathi kungabhebhebhetheka: e-Indonesia, umbusi waseJakarta, uBasuki Tjaja Purnama, waboshwa ngo-201717 ngenxa yokuthiwa uk ngokuthululaza i-Quanic ivesi phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Namanye Amalungelo

Enye yezinselele ezingathi sína kakhulu zamanje ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi amalungelo abesifazane, LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, kanye nezingane. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. inqulu yamacala e Burwell v. Hobby Lobby [ii-Ufulume] (i-Engosi)] (ivumela izinhlangano ezisondelene kakhulu ukuba zenqabe ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezingokwenkolo, isinqumo abaningi abaphikisa ukuthi sanciphisa ukungenela kwabesifazane ekunakekeleni impilo. [[FLTLT:2]] Amacreshopyhop v. Coloradoval Rights Com Commist Commis ), (2017) iNkakhulu leNkathiwe ukubusa kombhakishobo oweyo noma umbhaki owenyelelekashaye, kodwa iqopheka impikiswano yeze imithetho engokwenkolo emelene nokuphikisa kwezenkolo.

Lokhu kucindezeleka akuxazululwa kalula. Uhlelo oluqinile lwenkululeko yangaphakathi yesizwe kumelwe luvikele kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo, kodwa umngcele phakathi kwendawo evunyelwe nengakholeki uncishwane kakhulu. Amaqembu angenacala njengaye ALULU luphikisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ayinakusetshenziswa njengenkemba ekulimazeni abanye, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezinjenge-Becket Fund yeNkululeko yenkolo ziphikelela ngokuthi izinhlangano zenkolo zidinga ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho esebenzayo ukuze zilondoloze ubuqotho bazo. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okunezimiso kudinga ingxoxo engapheli, ukuthuthukiswa okungokomthetho, kanye nokuzinikela ekuhlonipheni abantu bonke.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Inkululeko Yombango

Imfundo iyithuluzi elinamandla lokudlulisela izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yomphakathi nenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Imfundo Yamalungelo Abantu

Amazwe amaningi aye ahlanganisa imfundo yamalungelo abantu nemfundo yesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Union’s Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Buttonship neFourture ikhuthaza amalungu ukuba afundise ngamalungelo e-Early Convention. Izinhlelo ezifana [[FLT:] ezifundisa ukubekezelela [[FLT] (manje] ukufundisa ngeMahluleli ka-[FLT:]) ukunikeza imithombo yezentengiselwano engokomthetho )] ukuxoxa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezenkolo nezentengiselwano. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abahlanganyela ezimisweni ezinjalo, ukuzimisela okukhulu ukuvikela amalungelo ehlayo, nokuncitshiswa kwemibono elinganiselwe.

Izingxoxo Ezihlobene Nezimiso Zomphakathi

Ngaphandle kwemfundo esemthethweni, izinyathelo zokuxuba izinkolo ezisekelwe emphakathini zingaqeda izinkolo ezivamile. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Inter Religious Youth Core abafundi basekholiji baqeqeshela ukuhola imisebenzi yokubambisana kwenkolo. Emadolobheni anjenge Birmingham, UK, izinhlangano ezixubene kakhulu zihlanganisa abaholi abavela ebuKristwini, ubuSulumane, ubuHindu, ubuSikh, namaJuda ukuze baxazulule izinselele ezivamile. Lezinhlelo zakha “ukuhlanganisa inhloko mphakathi."[1] Ukuxhumana okungokwenkolo okuhlanganisa izifunda ezihlukeneyo.

Izinselele Zemizamo Yokufundisa

Naphezu kwalempumelelo, imfundo ngenkululeko engokwenkolo ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ezifundeni zempoqo, izikole zidideka ukuthuthukisa umqondo owodwa noma inkolo engokomthetho. E-United States, izimpi zamuva zamasiko ziye zaholela emithethweni evimbela indlela othisha abaxoxa ngayo ngezinhlanga, ubulili, nenkolo. Ukuvinjelwa kwezincwadi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izincazelo ezihlukene ezingokwenkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifundeni eziningi, izikole zihlukaniswa inkolo, zinciphisa amathuba okuhlangana okunenzuzo. Ukuqinisa imfundo yenkululeko yomphakathi akudingi nje kuphela izinto ezingcono kodwa futhi kudinga ukuvikela inkululeko yezemfundo yezemfundo engokwezombangazwe futhi kuthuthukisa indawo ezungezile yokufunda.

Ukuhlola Icala Lokukhululeka Kwezakhamuzi Nenkolo

Ukuhlola amacala angokomthetho akhethekile nezinhlangano zezenhlalo kunikeza imifanekiso ecacile yendlela inkululeko yomphakathi engavikela noma ilulaze ngayo inkululeko engokwenkolo.

I - “Asloy Division v. Smith (1990)

Kulelicala eliyingqopha - mlando leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., amadoda amabili amaMelika Omdabu axoshwa emisebenzini yawo njengezeluleko zezidakamizwa lapho kusetshenziswa ipeyote emkhosini wenkolo. Lapho efaka isicelo sokuthola izinzuzo zokungasebenzi, isifundazwe sase-Oregon saphika ukuthi ayexoshiwe ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukungathathi hlangothini nemithetho, ngokuvamile isebenzisa imithetho evimbela ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa, njengokuthiwa yimithetho evimbela ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa, kodwa i-RFLT [FRA], ngo-1993 “inxalale” eyayiyifaka impikiswano: inkululeko engokwenkolo yaphikisa izinkolelo - zinkolelo - . [FFT] [FFT] [2]: [FT] izishaya-mkhankambiso zecala lenkolo ezithiwe.[FLD]

INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu Nezibonakaliso Ezingokwenkolo

INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu eMalungelo (ECHR) iye yaveza ukuvumelana okuhlukile ezimpawini zenkolo ezisezindaweni zomphakathi. Sahin v. Turkey (2005], iNkantolo yasekela ukuvinjelwa kwe-Turkey emayunivesithi, ukukhomba izimiso zokungahlangani kwenkolo nokulingana kwabesilisa. [[FLT:]] Darwin v. [[FLT:]] [2001], isekela ukuvinjelwa kwesikole esiyinhloko esifaka i-headcarfff, iveza ukuthi isamba somfundisi singase sibe nomphumela oguqula izingane. [FLD] BBRAP] kulokhu kuveza ukukhomba komthetho wezelela iNkathi yenkolo egcwele umphakathi ngenxa yokuvinjelwa komphakathi kanye nangenxa yemvume engokomthetho womphakathi. [FLT] [FF] [F]

Imizabalazo Ekhuthaza Amalungelo Amancane Enkolo

Umphakathi wezakhamuzi uye wangenela lapho ohulumeni behluleka khona ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo. ENigeria, i- uNhlangano wobuKristu waseNigeria kanye no[FLT] jatu Nasril Islam [[ useke walwa ngokuhlangene futhi wafuna ukulandisa ngohulumeni. [eUnited States, i-[FLT:] i-Conquential yokulondoloza iNkululeko yenkolo[[[[[FLT:]] ne-[FLT] i-D] ihlanganise imigqa yokholo yokuphikisa umthetho ovimbela ukusebenza kwezenkolo. Ngokuphawulekayo, [[FLT] i-act:6] i-Adm [ircedksss procertiod procertivesting procesting (intshi) yezezezezesikole sezezeze isikole sezezezeze isikole.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwenkululeko Yombango

Ukuhlangana kwenkululeko yomphakathi nenkululeko yenkolo akuyona into efezwayo kodwa intuthuko enzima, ephikiswayo. Intuthuko engokomlando iye yaba yiqiniso: amazwe amaningi aye asuka enkolweni ehlotshiswe uhulumeni aya ezikhungweni eziningi. Kodwa izinselele zamanje − ekunyukeni kobuzwe, ukuqashwa, nokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe − ukukhuculula lentuthuko. Izimo ezingokomthetho ezinjenge-UDHR ne-ICPR zisemqoka, kodwa kumelwe ziqiniswe futhi zivumelaniswe kakhulu namaqiniso ama-ioral, kuhlanganise nenkathi ye-tediumics (lapho inzondo nenqubo yenkolo ikhona kanye nokuhlola inqubo yezentethele) kanye nesimo sezulu (okungathi ithinta kakhulu intuthuko yemiphakathi yamazwe athile).

Imfundo nezimpande zemidlalo yotshani ziyizinto ezibalulekile ezihambisana nesivikelo esingokomthetho. Ukufundisa intsha ngenani lenkululeko yomphakathi kudala impucuko yenhlonipho edlula noma isiphi isinqumo senkantolo eyodwa. Ukubambisana kwenkolo kwakha ukwethembana okudingekayo emphakathini ezimpikiswaneni zezulu. Futhi lapho ohulumeni bephaphamba, izakhamuzi eziqaphile − ezihlome ngamathuluzi omphakathi.

Ekugcineni, inkululeko yenkolo ixhomeke ekubophekeni okukhulu ekufuneni inkululeko yomphakathi kubo bonke. Uma amalungelo eqembu elilodwa elinganiselwe, izimiso ezivikela wonke umuntu zibuthakathaka. Njengoba sibhekene nekusasa elingaqinisekile, sivikela lezizimiso, kudinga ukuqapha njalo. Amazwi e-UDHR ahlala ephuthuma njengakuqala: “Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngesithunzi namalungelo.” Ukuqaphela lowombono, kubantu bazo zonke izinkolo nabangakho, kuwumsebenzi ohlala njalo womphakathi okhululekile.