Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele EMthethweni Ongenamthetho

Inqubo efanelekile yisimiso se-lickrock ye-grisprudency yaseMelika, esisekelwe eMagna Carta nase-codencetise ku-Magna eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu neseshumi nane se-U.S. IsiHlulo seSimende sesihlanu simemezela ukuthi akukho muntu “ozofa, okhululekileyo, noma impahla engenayo inqubo yomthetho.” Lesivikelo sinwetshwa kubo bonke abantu phakathi kwe-U.S. indawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-indawo ye-i-gaunigate. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukungagxeki kwezenziwa kwezehlo kubekwa emaphutheni kubekwa embangweni okuyisisekelo, ngisho noma bengena ezweni ngokungemthetho. Icala elingoko lokulawula inqubo yomthetho liyaqhubeka ukuhlelwa kwezelulekwa kwemvume. [FLD:0] [FLD][FLD:1][3][16][16]6]

Ngaphansi kwe-Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) nezimiso zezinhlangano ezikhishwa yi-Office ye-Immigation Review (EOIR), inqubo efanele iqinisekisa uchungechunge lwamalungelo esizwe okumelwe ahlonishwe ngaphambi kokuba umuntu anikezwe umthetho osuswe eUnited States. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa isaziso esibhaliwe samacala, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, ilungelo lokuhlola nokudlulisa ubufakazi bukahulumeni, kanye nelungelo lokudlulisa. Uma noma iziphi lezi sivikelo ziphi isivikelo ziphi ukuphazanyiswa, ukususwa kungatholakala ngokuyisisekelo futhi kuthathwe umthetho wokususa.

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iye yagcizelela ukuthi ukudingiswa kuyisijeziso esinzima kakhulu” — kwezinye izimo “ukungalungi kokuziphatha okubi kwendawo yokuhlala kulelizwe” — futhi izimfuneko zenqubo efanele kumelwe zigcinwe ngokucophelela. Lesi sisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sihlukanisa iU.S. izinhlelo zokufuduka ezisuka ezimisweni zokulawula zamanye amazwe amaningi, zimisa ibhande eliphezulu lokungaguquguquki. Ukubheka ngokujulile ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlelo ezifanele zezokuvikela izifiki, kuthinta i-Cornell Information Institute yenqubo efanelekile yezenqubo [[FLT].

Phawula Izikhalo: Ilungelo Lokwazi Icala Obekwe Linalo

Isici sokuqala nesiyisisekelo senqubo efanelekile ekudingisweni yisaziso esanele. Uhulumeni kumele asebenzise isaziso esingasho lutho ukuze kuvele (NTA) esichaza amacala ayiqiniso nezizathu ezingokomthetho zokususwa. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esicacile, umuntu akanakulungiselela isivikelo, futhi yonke inqubo ikeke yahlehliswa. Izinkantolo zesifunda ziphethe ukuthi i-NTA ehluleka ukusho usuku, isikhathi, noma indawo yokuqulwa kwecala ingaphula inqubo efanele, kuholele ekuqedweni kwezenzo zokususwa.

Amaphuzu aqashelwayo kumelwe abe ngolimi oluthi athathwe yi-accounting ixhunyiwe, noma okungenani akhashelwe umhumushi phakathi nokuqulwa komthetho wokuqala. I-Immigration Court Practice Manual ifuna ukuba i-NTAs ithunyelwe ngokoqobo noma ngeposi ekhelini elinikezwa umuntu. Izinkinga ziphakama lapho abantu ababuzwayo behluleka ukuthola isaziso ngoba bahamba ngaphandle kokukhumula ikheli labo — impikiswano evamile yabafuduki abavalelweyo. Ukukhuluma ngalento, ibhodi ye-Immigration Appives (IA) inqume ukuthi ukushintsha kwezakheli ye-a yekheli kumelwe kugcinwe; kungenjalo, uhulumeni angakhipha isaziso ngeposi lokugcina elazini, futhi uhluleke ukuphuma ngokukhipha umthetho oyingozi. Abagxeki abaphikisa lomthetho oyingozi bancintinyelwayo.

Ilungelo Lokulalela Umahluleli Ongakhethi

Ukumiswa Kwenkantolo Yokufuduka

Amacala okukhipha izigwegwe anqunywa ezinkantolo zokufuduka, eziyingxenye yeHhovisi Lezokuthutha lama-DOJ eliphethe i-Immigation Review. Abahluleli bokuhlukanisa bamiswa yi-Attorney General futhi kumelwe babe abameli abanolwazi oluqinile. Ezindlebeni, i-IJ inquma ukususwa kwemvume, izwa ubufakazi, icabangela izicelo zokukhululeka (njengenhlahlo, ukususwa, noma ukuhlelwa kwesikhundla), futhi inqumo ifuna ukuba i-IJ ingabi nabandlululo futhi ingacwasi. I-BIA iphendule iziyalezo lapho iveza ubandlululo noma ihluleka ukuveza ukuveza umlando ngokugcwele.

Izindlela Zokuzwa

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukususwa kobufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo "ngobufakazi obusobala” bezakhamuzi ezihlala njalo ezisemthethweni kanye“ nokuqaphela kobufakazi” kwabanye abangebona abakho. U-accessi banelungelo lokunikeza ofakazi, ukuhambisa amabhukwana, kanye nofakazi bakahulumeni abanqamule i-astamenti. I-IJ unomsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzwa okugcwele nokungakhethi kwenzeka — okusho ukuthi i-IJ ingadinga ukusiza ukusabela okungamele ekungeneni kobufakazi noma ukuchaza izibopho ezingokomthetho. Lendima yokuvikela iyingqayizivele ekuthuthweni nokukhishwa kwenqubo [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] ukukhunjulwa okungaqondile.

Ukuzwa ngokwako kungavela, ngokwe-templation ye-video, noma ngokuthintana. Kusukela kuwumqedazwe we-COVOID-19, ukuzwa kwevidiyo sekuyinqubo ejwayelekile. Nakuba uhulumeni eqasha impumelelo, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzwa okukude kungaphazamisa ikhono lempendulo lokuxhumana neseluleko esingokomthetho noma ukubonisa ukwethenjwa nge-personametic. Izinkantolo azikakwenzi ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukuzwa okukude enkabeni yokufuduka kuyaphula inqubo efanele, kodwa lendaba isalokhu ikhona. Funda okwengeziwe ngesakhiwo sezeluleko sokuphendula izinkantolo ze-EIR.

Ukuthola Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile, kodwa isiHlanziso seSihlanu secala esinelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko ezicaleni zobugebengu asisebenzi ezicini zokufuduka. Ngenxa yalokho, abathathi hlangothi ekususweni kwezenqubo banelungelo lokuqasha ummeli ngezindleko zabo, kodwa abanalo ilungelo lokuzikhulula ngenkululeko yeseluleko esimisiwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kube nokungalingani: uhulumeni uhlale emelelwa ummeli ovela e-Immigration naseCal Enforcementment (IE), kuyilapho abaningi abaphendulayo bebhekene nohulumeni kuphela. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi abantu abaphethe abamele ukumiswa cishe kahlanu ukuze bawine izigwebo zabo. Ukuqaphela lokhu, inani elikhulayo lemibuso liye lazuza “ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko sokudingiswa kwezinhlelo ze-Expost - City no-San Francisco.

Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba umuntu anikezwe ithuba elibalulekile lokuthola iseluleko. Uma umuntu ocela ukuphendulwa ecela isikhathi sokuthola ummeli, i-IJ ngokuvamile kumelwe inikeze imvume yaleyonjongo, uma isicelo sinengqondo. Uma i-IJ iphika ukuqhubeka futhi iphike ukuvela ngaphandle kweseluleko, i-BIA ingathola ukuthi ukuphika kuveza ukusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha okuphula inqubo efanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uhulumeni engaziphathi kahle — njengesikhulu esidukisa imbongolo eboshela amalungelo abo — kuvimbela othile ukuba athintane nommeli, futhi kungakhipha uhlelo lokususa.

Ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kubucayi kakhulu ngoba umthetho wokufuduka uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, unezinhlobo eziningi zosizo, iziqobo, futhi ngaphandle kommeli. Ngaphandle kommeli, umuntu angaphucwa amalungelo angaqondani, aphunyuke ewashiwe, noma ahluleke ukunikeza ubufakazi boshushiso. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Immigation Lawyers inikeza imithombo yokuthola izimpawu eziphansi. Ukucaciswa okubanzi kwenkinga yokungena kweze-'atting countrount enkantolo, bheka umbiko [ we-ACLU’s a mayelana namalungelo abafuduki ejele[FLT].

Ilungelo Lokunikeza Ubufakazi Nesiphambano

Ukulalela ngokufanele kudinga ukuba umuntu ophendulayo abe nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi bokusekela icala lakhe nokubekela ubufakazi bukahulumeni inselele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubufakazi obuyikhodi (njengezangaphandle, izitifiketi zokuzalwa, imibiko yesimo sezwe, amarekhodi ezokwelapha) nobufakazi obufakazele (ofakazi abangaqinisekisa izicelo). Umahluleli ofudukayo angabeka imingcele enengqondo uma bungasebenzi, buphindaphinda, noma bungenakwephulwa, kodwa bungabufihla ubufakazi obuphathekayo ngaphandle kokwephula inqubo efanelekile [.

Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyavikelwa futhi. Iseluleko noma iseluleko sabo singabuza ofakazi bakahulumeni — ngokuvamile ummeli wecala we-ICE kanye nanoma yimuphi ofakazi abangochwepheshe ababizwe uhulumeni. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni anganqamule-examine umthathi-examine ophendulayo nofakazi babo. Lenqubo yokuhlola ibalulekile ekuhlolweni kokwethembeka nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kobufakazi. Izinkantolo zithole ukuthi ukuncishwa kwethuba lokunqamule i-amine ubufakazi obuyinhloko, ikakhulukazi lapho uhulumeni ethembele khona ekufakazeleni ukuthembeka, kungaqeda umyalo osusiwe.

Ezimweni zokukhosela, umkhohlisi oqashelwayo ngokuvamile unomthwalo wokunikeza ubufakazi bokuveza ushushiso lwesikhathi esidlule noma “ukwesaba okusekelwe kahle” koshushiso lwesikhathi esizayo. Inqubo efanele yokunikeza ubufakazi ibalulekile, ngoba umbhalo ongaphelele ungaholela ekuphikeni kwesivikelo okunganembile. Izinga lokukhosela eziqashelweyo ngokuvamile zixhomeke ezincwadini ezisekela imibiko yamaphoyisa, amarekhodi asesibhedlela, noma ama-affidavits aphuma emalungwini omkhaya — izinto ezingase zinzima ukuthola uma lowo muntu esabela ngokushesha. IJ kumelwe inikeze “impepho enengqondo” i-iphendulo efuna isikhathi sokuthola ubufakazi obunjalo.

Amalungelo Okudlulisa Isikhalo Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukukhanga Kwezisebenzi

Uma ijaji elithatha ukukhishwa kwezindawo likhipha umyalo, umthathi-msekeli unelungelo lokudlulisa isikhalo ebhodini le-Immigration Appeals (I-BIA) phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30. I-BIA ihlola izinto ezitholakele zeqiniso ngaphansi “kokungamanga kahle” nemibuzo yomthetho de novo. Ukudlulisa isikhalo kumelwe kuchaze amaphutha esinqumweni se-IJ; ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekufushayeni. Ukudlulisa i-BIA akuyona indaba entsha; kodwa ibhodi inquma ukuthi isekelwe embhalweni okhona. Nokho, i-BIA ingaphinde i-BIA iphinde ishone icala le-IJ uma ithola ukuthi i-BI yenza iphutha eligciniwe noma ubufakazi obusha.

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba ukudlulisa isikhalo kube nengqondo. I-BIA kumelwe icabangele izimpikiswano futhi ikhiphe isinqumo esicatshangelwe kahle. Uma i-BIA inikeza ukuqinisekisa okufushanisiwe ngaphandle kombono (umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi “ukwephula”), izinkantolo ziye zathola ukuthi lokhu akungqubuzani nenqubo efanele uma isinqumo se-IJ siphelele. Kodwa uma i-BIA ihluleka ukuphendula impikiswano yomthetho-mthetho, inkantolo kahulumeni ingalibuyisela icala.

Ukubukeza Kwenkantolo Kahulumeni

Ngemva kwamakhambi okulawula akhandlayo, inkantolo engakhokhi ingacela ukubukezwa eNkantolo Yezikhwelo yase-U.S. Inkantolo ingagumbuqela uhlelo lokususwa uma iphula umthetho, umthetho, noma i-INA. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zagumbuqela iziyalezo zokususwa kwenqubo efanelekile yokuphula umthetho — ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-IJ inqaba ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle, uma ukuqulwa kwecala kungahunyushwanga ngokunembile, noma lapho uhulumeni ehluleka ukunikeza isaziso esiqondile. Nokho, i-REAL I-Act ka-real ka-2005 i-A Act encicishisiwe ngokucubukisa okukhulu izinqumo ezithile zomthetho ezithile, njengokuphika ukukhishwa kwenqubo eyiqiniso. Lokho kulinganiselwa ngokwako kuye kwaphikiswa njengokuvinjelwa kwendlela ekwahlulelweni kwe-hasborppoccops nenqubo efanele, kodwa iNkakhulu leNkakhulu lisekela igunya elivamile lokubukeza.

Izinkantolo ze-Frederal zizwa futhi izicelo ze-habeas corpus ezivela kubantu abangenwa ukuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, zinikeza indlela yokubekela inselele ukuvalelwa ejele okuthatha isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuzwana ngesibopho. Zadvydas v. Davis[ [2001], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvala imvume yokungazenzi lutho kuze kube phakade ngemva kokususwa komthetho wokugcina uma kungekho “mathuba abalulekile okususwa esikhathini esizayo esinengqondo.” Lesinqumo saphakamisa ilungelo lokukhulula inqubo efanele.

Inqubo Efanele Emongweni Wezinhloli Nezakhamuzi Ezinhle

Abafuni be-asylum babhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezifanele ngokukhethekile. Uma isikhulu sifika emngceleni obalekela ushushiso, ohlukumezekile, futhi singenazo izincwadi. Abaningi abakhulumi isiNgisi futhi abanakho ukumelelwa ngokomthetho. Ngaphansi “kokwesaba okungalindelekile” ukuhlola inqubo yokuxoxiwa, umuntu ozwakalisa ukwesaba kokubuya kumelwe axoxwe isikhululoze isikhulu sesikhulu sempisi. Uma isikhulu sesikhulu sithola “ithuba lokuphumelela” lokushushiswa, umuntu uthola ukuzwiwa ngokugcwele phambi komahluleli ofudukayo. Ngenxa yalokho inqubo yengxoxo idinga ukuba iqhutshwe ngolimi umuntu futhi ibone bonke ubufakazi obubalulekile. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi isimiso sokususa isivikelo sincishwa ngokuvala izindlebe ezigcwele, ikakhulukazi “ngaphansi kwe-Mexico” futhi ngaphansi kwesimiso sokukhipha izigxazulu esingu-a.

Izimo zokuzifihla nazo zithatha inqubo efanele. Uhulumeni angavala ama-robon lapho kususwa izikhalo. Kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwesibopho kungqubuzana nenqubo efanele, ngoba isithakazelo senkululeko sikhulu. Rodriguez v. Robbins [ngonyaka we-9] (i-Cir. 2015), inkantolo ibambelele ekutheni ababoshiwe isibopho sokuzwana njalo ngezinyanga eziyisithupha ngomthwalo kahulumeni ukuze kufakazelwe ngokucacile nangokugcwalisa ukuthi ukuvalela kulungile. Ezinye izifunda ziye zamukela imithetho efanayo, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingakade ingakayikhiphanga yonke indawo. Ngokuhlangana kwenqubo yokuthuthwa kwezithutho nenqubo efanelekile, bona i-Foctive. [Fodmist] [F]

Umphumela Wenqubo Eyifaneleyo Emiphumeleni Evela Kuhulumeni

Uma inqubo efanele ihlonishwa ngokugcwele, izinqumo zokuxoshwa zinembile futhi zilungile kakhulu. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukunikeza iseluleko nezinkonzo zokuchaza kuholela emazingeni aphakeme okunikeza usizo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma inqubo efanele incishiswa — ngokwesibonelo, ngokuzwa ngobuningi ngeziteshi ezijahile, ukutholakala kwabahumushi abalinganiselwe, noma ukuqashelwa okunganele kwamalungelo — abantu bangase bakhishwe ngisho nalapho beneziphakamiso ezisemthethweni. Lokhu kunemiphumela ephawulekayo: imikhaya iyahlukaniswa, abantu bayabuyiselwa ekushushisweni, futhi ukuthenjwa umphakathi kuphelile ezimisweni zokufuduka.

Isibonelo esiqinile yi- “Operperation Stramline” uhlelo, oluthatha izigebengu ezihlala phambi komahluleli oyedwa, ngezinye izikhathi ezinamacala amaningi abamangalelwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izinkantolo ze-BIA nezikahulumeni ziye zazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo zingaphula inqubo efanelekile uma umahluleli engakwazi ukunikeza ukunakekela ngakunye. Ngokufanayo, “i-rocket postry" isondela kwezinye izinkantolo zezenhlala kwamanye amazwe — ifuna ukuba aqedelwe eqeshiwe, efushaye isikhathi esifushane — iye yagxekwa ngokucindezela abahluleli ukuba banqume ubufakazi noma baphike ukuqhubekela phambili.

Isimiso futhi silinganisela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obuyimfihlo. Uhulumeni ngeke ancike ekwazisweni okuhlelwayo ngaphandle kokunikeza ithuba elibalulekile lokukuphikisa. Kaplan v. I-Chertoff [200], isifunda sesithathu sibambelele ekusebenziseni ukwaziswa okungashiwongo kwecala ekususeni inqubo efanele. Uhulumeni kumelwe wabele ubufakazi (ngisho nangesimo esibuyiselwe) noma abuyeke. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ye-adversarial isebenza kahle.

National Security vs. Inqubo Elindelekile: Ukulinganisela okungalawuleki

Umthetho woku-oparthera uye wamiswa isikhathi eside yizinkinga zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngemva kuka-9/11, uhulumeni wandisa ukuqapha, ukuboshwa, nokususwa kwecala elithile “kwesizwe lokuphepha”. Inqubo elandelanayo ithatha isihlalo ngemva lapho uhulumeni ethi izivikelo ze-procedudal zingalimaza izithakazelo zokhuseleko. [INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngalenkinga u-Rasul v. Bush [2004] [2004], eyandisa i-habeas CORP] ku-ketletsss eGuannamobay, futhi kunezici ezimele ukuvikelwa kwezimiso zayo.

U-Delete-more v. Kim [2003], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuvalelwa ngesibopho kwezihambi ezithile zobugebengu ezazilindele ukususwa kwemibandela, icabanga ukuthi uKhongolo lwalunesisekelo esinengqondo sokuvalela labo abangase bahlonishwe noma babangele ingozi. Kodwa iNkantolo yavuma ukuthi inqubo efanele ilinganisela ubude bejele obunjalo. Amacala alandela athathelwe kude egunyeni likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iSifundazwe Diouf izinqumo. Ukulinganisa kufuna ukuba uhulumeni ubonise usongo oluqondileyo nokuthi umuntu ngamunye unethuba lokuzwakala.

Izinguquko Eziqhubekayo Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Eminyakeni yamuva, umthetho ofana noMthetho we-Immigrant ohlongozwayo we-Immigrants Act noMthetho we-Fair in Immigration Litigation uhlose ukuqinisa izinhlelo ezifanele zokuvikela inqubo. I-Biden ithathe izinyathelo zokubuyisela ngokulunga kwezimiso, kuhlanganise nokuxhasa okwengeziwe kwezimiso ezingokomthetho, i-moritarium ezindaweni ezithile zokuboshwa, kanye nendawo [ku-. L. L. ICE ebeke izindinganiso zokuvalelwa kwemikhaya. Nokho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhlala kuhleli ezinkantolo zokuqondisa amacala okusemthethweni (kugcwele isigidi esisodwa esibekwe ezindaweni zokufuduka (kubangela ukulibala kwabantu abangu-2024) kusongela ngenqubo ebangela ukuba abantu ukuba babambene kakhulu, phakathi nokuhlala ezigeqeni ezigeqeni ezingokomthetho.

Abameleli bakhuthaza izinguquko eziningana: ukunikeza iseluleko kubo bonke abafuduki abangenamthetho ekususweni kwezinhlelo, ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlebe zamavidiyo kubantu abavalelwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuzwa okusheshayo, nokuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuzwa “ngokugcwele nangokulunga” ngomthetho. INhlangano yaseMelika Bar Association ikhiphe izinqumo ezibiza inqubo efanele ziqinisekisa ngokukhethekile ngezingane kanye nabanye abantu abasengozini. Bheka umthetho wezokufuduka kanye nemishini efanelekile

Isiphetho

Inqubo elindelekile iyisisekelo sokuthutha nokudingiswa okulungile. Ayisona isivikelo esivamile kodwa yisivikelo esingaphansi kohulumeni esiqinisekisa abantu ukuba bakhululeke noma banqamule izibopho zabo zomkhaya ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqinile somthetho. Nakuba uhlelo olungokomthetho luqinile — olusekelwe kumthetho, umthetho ongokomthetho, nesibonelo sokwahlulela — ukumiswa kwangempela kwezwe kuyafinyelelwa. Abantu abaningi abangangeni ngokomthetho bahamba ngaphandle kweseluleko, bavimbele imingcele yolimi, futhi bahlelwe ngokulandelana kwezimiso zomphakathi. Isidingo sokubuyisela nokunweba inqubo edingayo sikhunjululwa imiphumela enzima yokususwa: ukulahlekelwa ubunye bomkhaya, ubunzima bezomnotho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingozi yokushushiswa noma ukufa.

Ekugcineni, ukuhlonipha inqubo efanele kusekela umthetho futhi kuqinisa ukufaneleka kwesimiso sokufuduka. Kulinganisela ukulondeka kwesizwe ngokulunga okuyisisekelo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ebufakazini obuthembekile nasekwahluleleni okungakhethi. Njengoba izimpikiswano ze-U.S. zinikeza inguquko yokufuduka engokwengeziwe, ukuzimisela enqubweni efanele akumelwe kungabi yilutho. Ekuhloleni okunzulu amalungelo emvelo, i-National Conference of State Legislatures.