Ijaji elikhulu limi njengenye yezinhlangano ezihluke kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi, eziqondwa kabi kakhulu emthethweni wobugebengu baseMelika. Ngaphezu nje komthetho ovamile, amajaji amakhulu asebenza njengesehlo somthetho-mthetho egunyeni lomshushisi, inqubo yokuhlola ukuvimbela amacala angenasisekelo, kanye nenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nenqubo engokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokuthi amajaji amakhulu asebenza kanjani phakathi nomthetho, alandelela izimpande zawo ezingokomlando, ahlaziya ithonya lawo elingokomthetho, ahlaziya inqubo yawo yokumangalelwa nakwehlulelwa, futhi abhekise ukugxeka okukhulu okubekwe kuwo.

Ukuqonda Iziqu Ezinkulu: Umsuka Nenjongo

Iqembu elikhulu labahluleli liyindikimba yezakhamuzi ezibuthene ukuze zibukeze ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi futhi linqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kukhona imbangela yokuletha amacala angokomthetho obugebengu. Ngokungafani nejaji eliqulwayo (ngokuvamile) elibizwa ngokuthi ijaji elithatha icala noma ubumsulwa ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala eligcwele, ijaji elikhulu lisebenza endaweni ehlukile ngokuyisisekelo. Umsebenzi walo ukunquma ukuthi icala (icala elingokomthetho) limelwe likhishwe yini.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Ijaji elikhulu lilandela uhlu lwalo lozalo lwalo lwe-Clarendon eNgilandi ephakathi. I-Assace of Clarendon ngo- 1166, ngaphansi kweNkosi uHenry II, yafuna ukuba imiphakathi yendawo ikhiphe izimangalo zobugebengu obukhulu phambi kwamajaji asebukhosini. Lolu hlobo lwakuqala lwamajaji amakhulu lwasebenza kokubili njengendikimba ephenyayo nesivikelo ekumangalelweni okungenamthetho. Inhlangano yayiswa ezindaweni zaseMelika futhi kamuva yafakwa eSiphendulweni sesihlanu e-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution, ofuna ukuba “akenziwa ukuba kuphendulwe inhloko, noma ubugebengu obunedume kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuba i-Grand Jury.”

Abasunguli babheka amajaji amakhulu njengesikhawu esibucayi phakathi kwamandla ezwe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphawula, amajaji amakhulu “awumthetho-sisekelo owenziwe ngakwesokudla sawo” ( iUnited States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 1992). Ukufakwa kwawo eBill of Rights kugcizelela isinqumo somuntu ozimisele ukuthi akukho muntu okufanele abhekane nokumangalelwa okungathi sína kwecala ngaphandle kokuba aqale abekwe icala yiqembu lezakhamuzi ezivamile.

Injongo: Ukuhlola Amandla Okushushisa

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-jaji elikhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa akuqalwa ngezizathu ezilula, ezicwathile, noma ezinenzondo. Ngokufuna umshushisi ukuba anikeze ubufakazi kubantu abavamile abazimele, umgcini-jaji omkhulu usebenza njengomgcini wesango osekela isimiso sembangela cishe (indinganiso ephansi kunesisekelo esingangatshazwanga ngokunengqondo kodwa esiphakeme kunesizathu esikhona. Lo msebenzi wokuhlola ufeza imigomo eminingana ehlobene:

  • ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekumangaleleni okungenazimiso [ – ukwenqaba kwamajaji amakhulu ukwenqaba ukumangalela (“awukho umthetho”) kungamisa icala elibuthakathaka ngaphambi kokuba lifike emacaleni, kuvimbele omangalelwe izindleko, ihlazo, kanye nokulimala okungokomzwelo kweselelesi somphakathi.
  • Ukunikeza isisekelo esinengqondo sokumangalela [ - Imbangela okungenzeka ivimbela abashushisi ekufushaneni izikhalo ezingaqiniseki kahle, kanjalo ukulondoloza imithombo yokwahlulela futhi uvikele abamangalelwa ezimangalelweni ezingenasisekelo.
  • Ukukhonza njengesivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi - Ngokufaka indikimba yezakhamuzi phakathi kukahulumeni nomuntu, amajaji amakhulu aqinisa isimiso sentando yeningi sokuthi abantu, hhayi ochwepheshe abangokomthetho kuphela, kufanele babe nezwi ezinqumweni eziphathelene nezimangalo zobugebengu.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezinsimbi Ezinkulu Nokukhethwa Kwazo

Izikhulu zejaji zithathwa echibini elivamile njengejaji eliyijaji eliyijaji, ngokuvamile elivela ezinhlolweni zokuvota, emarekhodini ephepha-mvume lomshayeli, noma ezingqungqutheleni zentela. Inqubo yokukhetha ifuna ukuqinisekisa ummeleli oxhumene nomphakathi. Nokho, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kweqembu labasizi bejaji elikhulu nelabase-petit:

  • Ubungakanani – amajaji aphezulu akhiwa amalungu ayi 16 kuya ku-23. Izigijimi ezinkulu zikaHulumeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, ngokuvamile zisukela kubantu abasukela ku-12 kuya ku-23.
  • Isigaba senkonzo - Izisebenzi zejaguar jur zingasebenza isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile izinyanga eziningana, ukuzwa amacala amaningi ngesikhathi sawo. Lokhu kuphikisana nezijaji zokuqulwa kwecala, ezivame ukusebenza esikhathini sokuqulwa kosuku olulodwa.
  • Imfuneko yokuthola – Ukukhipha icala, iningi lamajaji amahle kumelwe livume. Umthetho, okungenani amalungu angu - 12 kuya ku-23 kumelwe avote.

Abasizi bejaji abaphambili bayabuzwa phakathi [[FLT: 0] ibhomu elibi kakhulu lokubona ubandlululo olungase lube khona, kodwa lenqubo ivame ukuba ingenamandla kakhulu kunasezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi abajaji abakhulu abanqumeli icala futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlanganisa ibhodi ngokushesha.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Umehluko Oyinhloko

Ukuqonda umsebenzi weziqu ezinkulu zezigebengu kudinga ukuqhathaniswa okucacile neziqu zomahluleli. Itafula elilandelayo lifingqa umehluko oyinhloko:

[[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FFLT:]: i-Grand council inquma ukuthi i-dict (isizathu esinganakwa); ukuqulwa kwecala kunquma ukuthi inecala noma imsulwa (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo).[[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] i-at quasess[FFFF:] [FFFFF:] [12]] impoqo yobufakazi.[FFF:12] [12] [indlela ezimele] [indlela ezimele] [iiiiiindlela yokwahlulela ezimele] [Fose:] [Foct:] [FUT] [10] [impet:] [impatho] [inxa: [iinxa][10][10][iiinqunyu yesilinganiso sendlela yomthetho yomthetho, icebo lomthetho-hlu][12][12] [ixmagconst: "ist : "ix][12]

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kuqokomisa isikhundla esiyingqayizivele sejaji elikhulu njengelungu elihlolayo nelihlolayo kunokuba libe yilungu eliyigodli.

Inqubo Enkulu Yoju

Inqubo ijaji elikhulu eliqhuba ngayo umsebenzi walo ihilela uchungechunge lwezigaba ezicacile, ngalinye elinemithetho yalo siqu engokomthetho kanye nezici eziwusizo.

Ukhetho ne Impanel

Ngemva kokubizwa nokufaneleka, abameleli bejaji abaphezulu bavela enkantolo ukuze bathathe isikhundla sokusebenza. Umahluleli unikeza isifungo, ufundisa ngemisebenzi yabo, futhi angase anikeze isiqondiso esandulelayo emthethweni. Uma sekubekwa izithuba ezithile, abahluleli abakhulu baqala igama labo, elingathatha kusukela emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuye ngokwesilinganiso sombuso nomthamo wamacala.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Phakathi nenkathi, umshushisi unikeza amacala kumajaji amakhulu. Ngokungafani necala, umbiko uyingxenye yecala eliwuphawu ]. Okusho ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuzwakala ngaphandle kweseluleko sommangalelwa noma sokuzivikela. Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi, uletha izincwadi, futhi anganikeza ubufakazi obungokoqobo obufana nemibiko ye-antensic, izithombe, noma ukuqopha. Ijaji elikhulu lingase futhi libe nofakazi abangaphansi kofakazi noma amabhukwana alodwa, nakuba le gunya lingavamile ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle komshushisi.

Izici eziyinhloko zokunikezwa kobufakazi zihlanganisa:

  • [ ubufakazi boFakazi [ – izikhulu zamaphoyisa, izisulu, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abakanye nabo bafakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo. Umshushisi uhlola ngokuqondile; abahluleli abakhulu bangabuza imibuzo.
  • Akukho kuhlola okuxhunyane -ngoba ummangalelwa akekho, alikho ithuba lokuba ukuzivikela kunikezeli lwe-examine. Lokhu kuwukusuka okuphawulekayo kwe-adversarial expart.
  • Imithetho ecacile esobala[ - Imithetho eqinile yobufakazi esebenzayo enkantolo (njengemingcele yezindlebe) ikhululekile emicimbini emikhulu yokucathula. Ubufakazi bezwi obuzwakalayo ngokuvamile abunakufinyelelwa, futhi amajaji amakhulu angacabangela ukwaziswa okungakhishwa ecaleni.
  • [[[QUT:0] Iziqondiso zezemali - Umshushisi anganikeza izincazelo ezingokomthetho ngezakhi zobugebengu obucatshangelwayo. Nokho, amajaji amakhulu awanikezwa iziyalezo eziphelele kuwo wonke umehluko womthetho.

Ukuzimisela Nokusebenza

Ngemva kobufakazi, amajaji, umshushisi, noma izisebenzi zasenkantolo zikhona ngasese lapho kucatshangelwa. Abahluleli baxoxa ngobufakazi, bahlole ukwethenjelwa, futhi banqume ukuthi ummangalelwa uye wathola yini ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umenze ubugebengu obabumangalelwa.

Isinqumo siphetha ekuvotelweni. Emajajini angokomthetho, okungenani amalungu angu-12 kwayishumi nanhlanu kuya ku-23 kumelwe avote amacala. Uma iningi elidingekayo lingafinyelelwanga, amajaji amakhulu awabuyiseli “icala.” Okubalulekile, abahluleli abakhulu bangakhetha ukukhipha impikiswano ethi“inkulumo” , qha icala elingokomthetho eliqaliswe yijaji elikhulu ngokwalo, ngaphandle kwesicelo somshushisi, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane endleleni yanamuhla.

Isigwebo

Uma ihlawulo elikhulu livota ukuba lifake isigwebo, likhipha incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi “isimemezelo seqiniso” noma nje icala. Icala lisho amacala abekwayo, isisekelo esiyiqiniso, nezakhi ezingokomthetho. Uma kuqashelwa, icala liqhubekela ekumangalelweni, lapho ummangalelwa elulekwa ngokusemthethweni futhi angene esicelweni. Uma kulapho, icala lingase liqhubeke ukuncenga, ukuthatha izivumelwano zomthetho, futhi ekugcineni uma kungekho sivumelwano esifinyelelwe.

Akukho Mpiyano

Uma abahluleli abakhulu bethola ubufakazi obunganele, babuyisa “awukho umthetho” (noma“akulona ifatimethi leqiniso”). Umphumela uwukuthi ummangalelwa akamangalelwa, futhi icala lixoshwa ngokuphumelelayo (ngokungazelelwe). Umshushisi angaphinde adlulise icala kumphathi omkhulu ohlukile uma ubufakazi obengeziwe butholakele kamuva. Icala alibangenzeli ukubulawa futhi, njengoba nje izingozi ezingaphazanyiswanga ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Isifuba Samaprotheni

Amajaji amakhulu aqulwa ngokufihla imfihlo. Abathathi-nxaxheba ($_kuhlanganise abahluleli, abashushisi, nofakazi) benqatshelwe ukuchaza okwenzekayo. Izizathu zalokhu kufihla zimiswa kahle:

  • Ikhuthaza ofakazi ukuba bakhulume ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.
  • Kuvimbela ummangalelwa ukuba abaleke noma ahlasele ofakazi uma bezwa ngokuphenya.
  • Kuvikela idumela labantu abahlolwa kodwa abangasolwa.
  • Ivumela ukuba ijaji elikhulu likwenze ngamabomu ngaphandle kokucindezela kwangaphandle noma ithonya.

Nokho, ukufihla imfihlo kuye kwaba imbangela yempikiswano, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kuvikela ukuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi futhi kuvimbela ukuhlolwa komphakathi kwesinqumo esinecala, ikakhulukazi emacaleni aphakeme lapho ukukhetha kwejaji elikhulu ukuba lingasoli kungabangela ukuthukutheliswa umphakathi.

Indima Yezigebengu Ezinkulu Esimisweni Sobulungisa Besigebengu

Umsebenzi wawo ulolongwa izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo, ukuhlukahluka kwemithetho, kanye nezici ezibanzi zesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Federal v. State Grand Juries

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sigunyaza ukuba kubekwe isigwebo esikhulu kumajaji amacala amakhulu ( isigwebo secala, noma ngandlela-nye esinedumela elibi” (izenzo zomthetho zikahulumeni zijeziswa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ejele). Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukuthi lemfuneko ayisebenzi ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo se 144 [[FLT]] iHurtado v. California, 110, U.S 516, 1884]. Ngenxa yalokho, amaphuzu akhululekile ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokulawula, njengeSimemezelo seMikha yokudlulisa noma ukwaziswa okudluliswa ngokuqondile ngabashushici.

Cishe ingxenye yezifundazwe isebenzisa izigijimi ezinkulu ekukhokheleni izigebengu, nakuba izinga lokusetshenziswa kwazo lihluka. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengaseNew York nase Texas, zisebenzisa amajaji amakhulu njalo, kuyilapho ezinye, njengeCalifornia ne-Illinois, zithembela ngokuyinhloko ekuzweni kokuqala. Ngisho nasezindabeni lapho zisebenzisa izigijimi ezinkulu, abashushisi ngokuvamile banethuba lokuqhubeka ngokwaziswa ngembangela yokuthola komiti.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa kusho ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kommangalelwa kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi icala lilethwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma esifundeni esivumela ukuqulwa kwamacala okuqala. Ukuze uthole eminye imininingwane, bheka U.S.S. iziqondiso ezingokomthetho zenkantolo ezinkulu zombuso .

Iqulo Elikhulu Eliphakeme Nezici Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Iziqu zamacala ezinkulu zivame ukuqashwa ezicabeni ezihilela ubufakazi obuningi, abamangalelwa abaningi, noma amacala ayinkimbinkimbi angokwezimali. Ikhono lawo lokufakaza futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi (kuhlanganise nokunikeza ukuzivikela komzimba) lizenza zibe ithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, ekumangalelweni ngemishuwalense emhlophe, abahluleli abakhulu bangahlala izinyanga eziningi bebukeza amarekhodi enkampani futhi bexoxa nofakazi abaningi.

Amacala aphezulu eprofile − njengalawo ahilela ukudubula kwamaphoyisa noma ukonakala kwezombangazwe − acubungula kakhulu ezinqumweni ezinkulu zamajaji. Uma amajaji amakhulu enqaba ukulahlwa, kungabhebhethekisa umbono womphakathi wokuthi isimiso simi ngentambo noma ukuthi umshushisi wasebenzisa lenqubo. Isinqumo sika-2014 se-St. Louis County abahluleli abakhulu asizange sifake icala i-Darren Wilson ngokufa kukaMichael Brown, ngokwesibonelo, sabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano yesizwe ngokuphathelene ne-mfundamahluleli enkulu nethonya lomshushishisi.

Indima Evelele Yomshushisi

Uma kuqalwa, umshushisi unethonya elikhulu ekuqulweni kwejaji elikhulu. Umshushisi unquma ukuthi obaphi ofakazi abizayo, yibuphi ubufakazi okumelwe babunikeze, nokuthi angawuhlela kanjani umbono ongokomthetho walelicala. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuzivikela akukho futhi inzwabethi ayikho, umshushisi angaveza ukulandisa okukodwa okuzinze okunzima ngabahluleli abakhulu ukuba balinganisele.

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yavuma ku- United States v. Williams (1992), “imisebenzi emikhulu yamajaji ayikona ukunquma ukuthi uhulumeni unikeze ubufakazi obanele yini ukuze asekele icala; kunalokho, kuwukunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kukholelwe ukuthi ummangalelwa wenze icala.” Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lendima elinganiselwe yenza ukuba ijaji elikhulu libe yi-projecter "isiteji”. Izifundo zezeluleko zisekela lombono: izigijiki ezinkulu zecala zikahulumeni ezidlula 99% zecala abanikezwa lona.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwethonya labashushisi, bheka Isethulo seGrand Jury Manual [[[FLT: 1].

Ama - critique Nezindawo Ezinkulu Ezizungeze Izintaba Ezinkulu

Naphezu kwesimiso sawo somthetho - sisekelo, amajaji amakhulu aye athola ukugxekwa okukhulu ezimfundini, abameli abavikelayo, abameleli bamalungelo abantu, ngisho nakwabanye abahluleli.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Izindawo Nokulandisa

Imfihlo enkulu yabahluleli, nakuba ithethelelwa ngezizathu ezithile, yenza isimo lapho ukuziphatha okubi kungabanjwa khona. Abashushisi bangase banikeze ubufakazi obudukisayo, bagodle izinto zokuzikhohlisa, noma ofakazi abafundisa ngokungafanele ngaphandle kokwesaba ukudalulwa komphakathi. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kokuqala, okuvulekele umphakathi nabezindaba, ukuqulwa okukhulu kwabahluleli kwenzeka ngemva kweminyango evaliwe. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya ukuthi amajaji amakhulu ayasifeza yini isinqumo sawo sobuso noma amane avumelanise isinqumo somshushisi.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala “Nomfashini Wesitembu ”” Inkinga

Isilinganiso esikhulu sokumangalela sibhebhethekisa umbono wokuthi izigebengu ezinkulu azibenzi abazimele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulawula komshushisi ukuthi buyini ubufakazi obunikezwayo, kuhlanganise nokungabikho kokuzivikela, kudala ukungalingani kwezakhiwo. Abavikeli abakhulu abavamile ukuzwa ubufakazi obungase bululaze icala lomshushisi (ezinje njengezindaba ezifakazelwa ufakazi, i-alibi, noma ezinye izincazelo. Ngaphandle kokuhlola kobuphikisi, ukuthola kwe-jaji elikhulu imzahluleli kuvame ukuphetha ngokuthi i-egcone.

Amalungelo Alinganiselwe Abamangalelwa

Abalweli abanalo ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokuvela phambi kwabahluleli abakhulu, ukuveza ubufakazi babo, noma ukuba neseluleko esikhona. Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ummangalelwa ukuba afakaze (ngokuvamile enqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda), lokhu akuvamile kunokuba kube umthetho. Ukungahlanganyeli komthetho wokuzivikela kusho ukuthi abahluleli abakhulu abasoze bezwa icala lalabo abamangalelwe ngaphambi kokuba banqume ukuthi bamangalelwe. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ekuzweni kokuqala, lapho ukuzivikela kunganikeza khona ofakazi abaphamba i-atamine futhi kuphikisa ukunqanyulwa.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Nezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ikomiti enkulu yabasizi bejaji ingabonisa ukucwasana okukhulu esimisweni sokukhetha abahluleli. Ukudluliswa kwabantu abambalwa nabezalelwayo abaphansi ezindaweni zokwahlulela kuphawulwe ngezindawo ezihlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufihla amacala kungafihla izindlela zokufihla inqubo yomthetho. Umbiko wamashumi amabili1 owe- ACLU waqokomisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi amajaji amakhulu awavamile ukusola izikhulu zamaphoyisa noma ezinye izikhulu ezinamandla, kuyilapho njalo evuma izikhalo ngokumelene nabamangalelwa abagwebi abagwebi.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko

Kuhlongozwa lezi zinguquko. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa:

  • Ivumela ukuba khona kokuzivikela [ – ivumela ummangalelwa noma iseluleko sokuvikela ukuba abe khona futhi abuze imibuzo, noma okungenani ukunikeza abahluleli abakhulu imibuzo ebhaliwe.
  • Ukuqinisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela – ukuba nomahluleli phakathi namajaji okubusa ngokuphikisa okusobala nokuqinisekisa ukulunga.
  • Ukwembulwa okungaqiniseki kobufakazi bokuqagela - Ukuveza ukuthi abashushisi banikeza ubufakazi obuveza icala, njengoba amanye amazwe enza kakade.
  • [ Ukwanda kokukhanya [ - Ukuvumela ama-pyript noma ukufushaniswa kwezenzakalo okuzokwenziwa obala ngemva kokuphela kwecala, okungavikeleka kofakazi nokuphenywa okuqhubekayo.
  • Ukunwetshwa komsebenzi wezindlebe zokuqala - - Ukufaka esikhundleni samajaji amahle ngembangela okungenzeka ukuba ukuzwa, njengoba amazwe amaningi esekwenzile.

Ezinye izikhulu ziye zazama ukulingisa amaprotheni axubile. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia ivumela abashushisi ukuba baqhubeke ngokwaziswa ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala kwasekuqaleni ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa acele ukumangalelwa okukhulu. Izinguquko ezinjalo zihlose ukulondoloza izinzuzo zejaji elikhulu njengethuluzi lokuhlola kuyilapho zisingatha izikweletu zalo zentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ijaji elikhulu linendawo eyinkimbinkimbi enquboni yobugebengu baseMelika. Liyisivikelo somthetho-mthetho kanye kanye ekuphathweni abashushisi, injini yophengululi enamandla, nenhlangano enephutha elikhulu ngokuvamile ehluleka ukunikeza ukubukeza okunenjongo. Umsuka walo emthethweni wesiNgisi nokwenamelwayo kumthetho ovamile uveza ukukhathazeka okungaphelelwa isikhathi: ukuthi akekho umuntu okufanele abhekane namandla asabekayo amacala obugebengu ngaphandle kwemvume yezakhamuzi ezikanye nawo. Nokho, amaqiniso asebenzayo ejajiwe ngabamangaleli abakhulu banamuhla, abekwe ngasese, futhi adluliselwe kakhulu emiphumelweni yawo engathi akasasebenzi yini.

Ukuqonda umsebenzi wezigebengu ezinkulu kudinga ukuvuma lokhu kucindezeleka. Akuyona impumelelo ephelele noma ukuhluleka okungenakulungiseka. Kunalokho, bayinhlangano elawulayo eqhubeka ivusa impikiswano ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamandla ombuso namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Njengoba izinhlangano zokwahlulela ezifuna ukushintshwa kwemithetho yezokwahlulela ziphoqelela ukuba zithathe icala elikhulu nokungakhethi, akungabazeki ukuthi indima yamajaji amakhulu iyohlala iwumsuka engxoxweni, futhi mhlawumbe, ekugcineni, ushintsho olunengqondo.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe, i-Curnell Legal Information Institute inikeza isisekelo esihle kakhulu, kuyilapho i- Brennan Center yeJaji [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa kokucabanga kweziphakamiso zenguquko.