Ukuqonda Umthetho Oqondisayo

Umthetho olawulayo uyindikimba yomthetho olawula imisebenzi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zikhungo zakhiwa izindikimba zemithetho ukuze zenze imithetho ethile nezimiso zomphakathi. Umkhakha ukhathalela indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla azo eziwanikeziwe, kuhlanganise ukwenza izivumelwano zokubusa, ukufushanisa, nokuqinisekisa. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesigebengu noma wesivumelwano, ngokuyinhloko olawula ukuziphatha kwangasese, umthetho wokuqondisa ugxila ebuhlotsheni phakathi kombuso nezakhamuzi zawo ukuze kubekwe imingcele engokomthetho futhi ulinganisele ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni sihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho futhi sihambisana nobulungisa obungokwezibo.

Umthetho wanamuhla wokuqondisa ulandelela umsuka wawo ekukhuleni kwezwe elilawulayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Njengoba izinkampani ezigunyaziwe zeKhomishane zinakekela izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinjengesimo esiqinile, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nokuphepha kwezisebenzi, isidingo sezindinganiso ezingaguquki ze-procedrebral Act. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ka- 1946 izimfuneko eziyisisekelo ezimisiwe zokuthatha isinyathelo sobukhomkhakha, kuhlanganise nokuphawula komphakathi, izinkathi zokuphawula, nokubukeza izahlulelo. Namuhla, umthetho wokuqondisa udonsa ezimisweni zomthetho wemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni (ikakhulu inqubo efanelekile nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso), umthetho we-altutethory, kanye nendikimba ecebile yezezomthetho yokuchaza izinhlangano zezezomthetho.

Ubunzima obuyinhloko bomthetho wokuqondisa ukulinganisela ubuchwepheshe bezinhlangano nokuvumelana nokuziphendulela nokuhlola amandla. Imishini ivame ukusebenza ngochwepheshe abakhethekile − abaqondisi bezomnotho, ososayensi, 88 abakwazi ukuhlela izimiso ngokushesha ekushintsheni izimo. Nokho, le zinhlangano zezemithetho, izikhulu eziphethe, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ezingekho eziqondisweni ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokusemthethweni. Umthetho olawulayo unikeza izikhungo zokubhekana nalesosimo esinzima, ukwenze kube isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sezinhlangano Eziqondisayo

Izinhlangano eziphethe zakhiwa ngezimiso ezichaza umsebenzi wazo, amandla, nokulinganiselwa. Lemithetho iwumthombo wegunya lenhlangano lokuthatha isinyathelo, futhi izinhlangano azinakudlula leyo enikeza amandla. Uma sezimisiwe, izinhlangano zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezintathu zemisebenzi: ukubusa, ukufushanisa, nokuqinisa umthetho.

Ukubusa

Ukumisa kuyinqubo lapho izinhlangano zenza khona imithetho enethonya lomthetho. Ngaphansi kwe-APA, ukwenza imithetho eminingi kulandela isaziso nenqubo: lenhlangano ikhipha isaziso sokwenza umthetho ohlongozwayo ekwakheni umthetho Faceral Register[, imema ukukhulumela komphakathi, icabangela ukufakwa, bese ikhipha umthetho wokugcina ngenkulumo yesisekelo nenjongo. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukubonakala futhi ivumela amaqembu athintekile ukuba amise umthetho. Ezinye izinhlangano zihileleke futhi ekubekeni imithetho ngokwethukela noma ngokuphuthumayo lapho kudingekile. Ukushaya umthetho kukhulu . Ukuhlelwa komthetho kusuka ekuvikelweni kwendawo (EPA) ekuhleleni izinga lomoya ezimfuneko ze-SUNICMT (EC) ezise-ECMAND (E).

Imithetho elawulayo inemiphumela ebophayo njengemithetho. Imithetho yokuhumusha nezinkulumo zenqubo, ngokuphambene, icacisa imithetho ekhona noma imemezele izinhloso ze-authom kodwa ayiphathi isilinganiso esifanayo esingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zivame ukuthatha incazelo enengqondo yenhlangano yemithetho yayo engaqondakali, imfundiso esekelwe ngokubhekisele kubuchule benhlangano.

Ukudalulwa

Ukunqanda kuhilela ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwenhlangano nezinhlangano ezizimele, noma phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, ngokuqulwa kwecala. Amanxusa amaningi anomthetho wawo wokuphatha (ALJ) owengamela ukuzwa, othola ubufakazi, nofaka izinqumo zokuqala. Lezi zinqumo azikho ngokomthetho kunezokuqulwa kwenkantolo kahulumeni kodwa zisadinga izinhlelo ezifanele zokuvikelwa, njengesaziso, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, nomenzi wesinqumo ongenamkhethe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle, ukususwa kwezokuthutha, ne-OSHCARC. Isinqumo sokugcina senkantolo yomthetho sisengadluliswa enkantolo yombuso.

Ukuphoqelelwa

Imishini iphoqelela ukuba ilalele imithetho ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, izigwebo zomphakathi, nezijeziso zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Occapational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) yenza ukuhlolwa okungenangqondo emsebenzini futhi inganikeza imicaba nenkokhelo yokuphulwa kwezokuphepha. I-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yenza ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo ukuze kuqinisekiswe imikhuba emihle yokusungula. Izenzo zokuqinisekisa kumelwe zivumelane nomthetho weSijikijelo Sesine wokufuna okungenangqondo nezimfuneko ze-protective; ngaphandle kwalokho, ubufakazi bungakhishwa noma bungancishwa.

Umtapo woMthetho weKhorali

Umthetho ophethe ufeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile esekela ukubusa komthetho futhi uvikele amalungelo abantu abangaphansi kwesimo sokuqondisa.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Umthetho ophethe unikeza izinhlangano icala ngezenzo zazo. I-APA ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zichaze izinqumo zazo, zilandele izinqubo ezizinikeziwe, futhi zenze ngokuvumelana negunya lazo eligunyaziwe. Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe izenzo ezidlula igunya lomthetho, ziphule inqubo efanelekile, noma zithathe inqubekela phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ziqondiswa yiSishaya-Mnyango ngokuzwa, ukulawula izimali, neHhovisi Le-Akhawunti. Lezi zinqubo zokulandisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano azihambi ngalé kwemingcele ebekwe yi-agcodenti.

Ukubona ngale

I-APA inikeza imvume yokuba izinhlangano ziqhube ibhizinisi lazo obala. Izimpawu zokubekwa kwemithetho okuhlongozwayo kumelwe zikhishwe eFederal Register, futhi imithetho yokugcina ihlanganisa inkulumo efingqiwe yesisekelo nenjongo yazo. Inkululeko yolwazi inikeza ukutholakala komphakathi emibhalweni yezinhlangano, ngaphandle kwemingcele elinganiselwe. Uhulumeni ku-Sunnia Act ufuna ukuba imihlangano yezinhlangano ezinezigaba eziningi ivulekelwe umphakathi. Ukubona kwaziswa kwakha ukwethemba nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde futhi zithonyele izinqumo zikahulumeni.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo

Umthetho ophethe uvikela abantu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni somthetho ozimele. I-Act Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu nesashumi nane idinga izinqubo ezilungile uma inxusa liphuca othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ezimweni eziphawulayo njengo Mathews v. I-Eldiridge[, iNkantolo ePhakathile imisa uvivinyo olulinganiselayo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi iyiphi inqubo edinga inzuzo, ingozi yokuswela impoqo, nenzalo kahulumeni. Lesisekelo sisebenza emithethweni eminingi, ekuqedeni izinzuzo zokukhipha ilayiselo. Umthetho futhi uvikela amalungelo ngokuvumela abantu ukuba bavimbeke izinqumo zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezezwe phakathi kwezempi nakwehlulelo.

Ukwaneliseka

Izinhlangano zingaxazulula izingxabano ngokuphumelelayo kunezinkantolo ezingokwesiko. I-ALJs ekhethekile iqonda umongo wesimiso sokuqondisa, futhi ukuqula izikhalo ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu kune-ligitation kahulumeni. Lenhlangano ingahlanganisa futhi iziphakamiso eziningi, isebenzise izinqubo ezilandelanayo, futhi isebenzise ubuchwepheshe bayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSocial Security Administration ihlela izigidi zabantu abakhubazekile ngonyaka ngesimiso sokulawula esihlelwe ngendlela engaziqeda amandla enkantolo. Ukuhluleka kusiza kokubili uhulumeni nabathengizayo, ukunciphisa izivumelwano nokukhipha imiphumela ngokushesha.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Ukulandisa Ngoma - Asebe Asebephethe

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo somthetho wokuphatha. Ngaphansi kwe-APA, noma ubani ophakanyiswa yisenzo sokugcina senxusa unelungelo lokubukezwa kokwahlulela ngaphandle kokuba umthetho unqabele. Izinkantolo ziye zaveza izizathu eziningana zokugumbuqela izenzo zenhlangano:

  • Igunya lomthetho: Inxusa kumelwe lenze ngaphakathi kwegunya elinikezwa umthetho walo owenzayo. Uma lilawula okuthile okungahlosiwe, isenzo siwukuthatheka okukhulu.
  • Amaphutha angokwesiprofetho: Izimo eziphuthumayo kumele zilandele izinqubo ezigunyazwe yi-APA noma iziqondiso zazo. Ukwehluleka ukunikeza isaziso kanye nokuhlobana, ngokwesibonelo, kungaqeda umthetho.
  • Arbitriant ne-paddman: Inkantolo ihlola ukuthi inkampani ibheka izici ezihlobene nalendaba, ichaze ukucabanga kwayo, futhi ifinyelele isiphetho esinengqondo. Lena indinganiso evame kakhulu yokubukeza ukwenza umthetho.
  • Izenzo ezingavumelaniyo: Izimo eziphuthumayo zingawephuli amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, njengakhululeke ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, isivikelo esilinganayo, noma inqubo efanele.

Isigaba sokuhlolwa kokwahlulela silinganiselwe kodwa sinengqondo. Izinqumo ngokuvamile zilalela ukutholwa okungokwezinkomba uma zisekelwe ngobufakazi obuqinile, kanye nezincazelo zezinhlangano zezimiso ezididayo ngaphansi kwe IChevron[ imfundiso (nakuba izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zamuva nje zinciphe leyo thuba). Izimfuneko ezikhona ziqinisekisa ukuthi abachazi banokulimala okuqinisekile kwesenzo senhlangano. Naphezu kwalemikhawulo yemithetho, ukubukelo yokwahlulela kuhlala kuyi-exakero egxekayo esifundayo esifundazweni sezomthetho.

Izisebenziso zangempela zoMthetho Oqondisayo

Imithetho elawulayo isebenza kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla.

I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)

I-EPA inikeza imithetho elawula indawo ezungezile, kuhlanganise ne-Cease Air Act, Clean Water Act, kanye ne- Comprehensive Environment, Compensation, and Liaty Act (CERCLA). Imisa imigaqo yezinga lomoya eliphambili, i-Respect ye-octive, ivumela ukukhishwa kwezindawo eziyingozi. Imithetho ithatha iziphetho zezesayensi nezomnotho, nenkathi yokukhulumela umphakathi okuheha ukufakwa kwezezomfakelwa kwezezentengiselwano, amaqembu ezindawo ezizungezile, nohulumeni. Izinselele zemithetho yeze-EPALP [injini] ngokuvamile zihilela izimpikiswano ze-station, izindleko ze-benefit, futhi i-active projective i-Active i-mosercence i-Act. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkakhulu yeNkathi ye-Foctive eqaphela ngisho nezibopho ezisem.

Ukuphepha Nezokuphatha Zezempilo Ezemisebenzi (OSHA)

I-OSHA imisa futhi iphoqelele izindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini ngaphansi komthetho we-Occupational Safety and Health Act. Inhlangano inikeza izindinganiso ezisingatha izingozi ezinjengetsheboya, ukuwa kwesivikelo, nezifo ezithathelwanayo. Abaqashi kumelwe bavumelane nalezizindinganiso futhi babike amanxeba angathi sína. Abahloli bemisebenzi bangangena emsebenzini ngaphandle kwesaziso (imingcele yeSichibiyelo sesine) futhi bakhiphe izikhalo zokuphula umthetho phambi kwe-Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission ivumela abaqashi ukuba bancintisane ukuncintisana nokukhokhwana ngezijelo. Inqubo yokuphepha emsebenzini ngaphandle kokwethunga abaqashi, iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuqinisekisa zilandela imithetho ecacile.

Ukuphatha Kokudla Nezidakamizwa (FDA)

IFDA yengamela ukuphepha nokusebenza kwezidakamizwa, i-biologics, imishini yezokwelapha, nokudla. Inqubo yayo yokuqondisa idinga ukuhlolwa okunzima kwemithi emisha, ukuvunyelwa kwemishini ephezulu, nokunamathela emikhubeni emihle yokukhiqiza. I-FDA futhi ihlola imibiko emibi futhi inegunya lokukhumbula imikhiqizo eyingozi. Umthetho olawulayo ugcwele izinhlelo ze-FDA yokwenza izinqumo: imihlangano yekomiti yamakomiti e-DDA ivulelwe umphakathi, abakhiqizi bangadlulisa izinqumo ezimbi, futhi izinkantolo zibukele izenzo zokugcina zokusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha. Izehlakalo eziphezulu, njengalezo ezihilela ukugunyaza ngengozi ngemigoqo, uqokomisa ukubaluleka kobufakazi obubonisayo, inqubo ephakeme eveza ubufakazi obuvezayo.

Izindawo Nesimiso Se - Exchange (SEC)

I-SEC ilawula izimakethe ezinkulu ukuze ivikele abanikazi bezimali futhi igcine izimakethe ezilungile. Ihlanganyela ekumiseni imithetho yokushaya umthetho, njengoMthetho we-Secreations ka-1933 noMthetho we-Exchange ka-1934. I-SEC futhi yenza uphenyo lokukhomba okungase kube khona, iletha izenzo zokuqinisekisa (kungaba senkantolo kahulumeni noma phambi kwabahluleli bayo abaphethe), futhi ibeke izijeziso. Ukubekwa kwemithetho ye-SEC kubekelwe inselele, kuholela ezicabeni ezibalulekile zeNkantolo ephakeme ekwahlukaniseni kwemibuso, kuhlanganise Lucias v. SEC [2017]), eyaveza ukumiswa kuka-ALLD.

IKhomishane Yokuxhumana Kahulumeni (FCC)

I-FCC ilawula ukuxhumana phakathi kwezwe nokuxhumana kwezizwe nge-temstate, ithelevishini, ucingo, isiphuphutheki, kanye nentambo. Ilawula imingcele yezindawo, imithetho yokungathathi hlangothi, imingcele yezezindaba, nezimiso zokuvikela abathengi. Izinhlelo zokulawula zivame ukuheha ukuthatha isinyathelo esikhulu ezinkampanini ze-telecom, amaqembu enzalo yomphakathi, kanye nomphakathi. Izinqumo ze-FCC zisehlela ukubukezwa kwe-D.C. isifunda, esiye saguqula izici eziningi zomthetho wanamuhla wezokuxhumana, njengemisebenzi ye-palmfortment sesihloko se-internst njenge-partment ye-widget.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nenqubo Efanele

Ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi kuwuphawu lomthetho wokuphatha. Amalungiselelo e-APA okunikeza iziqondiso kanye nezinhlangano ithuba elibalulekile lokuthonya imithetho ngaphambi kokuba ibe eyokugcina. Imishini kumelwe icabangele futhi iphendule izimpendulo ezibalulekile, ezidala ingxoxo phakathi kwenhlangano nomphakathi. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zivame ukuqulwa umphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngemithetho ephikiswayo noma leyo ethinta imiphakathi yendawo. I-Federal Register isebenza njengencwadi engokomthetho yansuku zonke yemithetho ehlongozwayo, imithetho yokugcina, nezinye izimpawu zenhlangano, iqinisekisa ukungena komphakathi.

Enqubweni yokuhlola, inqubo efanele idinga umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi, isaziso sezimpikiswano, nethuba lokuveza ubufakazi kanye nofakazi be-examine. Ama-Mathews v. Eldridge [ ukulinganisela kunquma izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni zokukhubazeka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ukuzwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi akudingenzeki, kodwa ukuzwa ngemva kwe-depriga kwanele. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinhlangano ziye zabhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa izigwebo zomthetho ezingenazo izikhungo zomthetho, eziholela ekubizeni ukulungisa izinhlangano ezinjenge-SEC kanye ne-Department of Treagements for Geneal Office.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nomthetho Oqondisayo

Naphezu kwamandla awo, umthetho wokuphatha ubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezithinta ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwawo.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi

Isimiso sokuqondisa siminyene ngendlela engavamile. Izimiso ze-Federal zigcwalisa amakhasi angaphezu kwe-180 000 eMithethweni ye-Federal, futhi imithetho eminingi ihlanganisa izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe, imithetho ephambaniswe, nesiqondiso sokulalela ngokuningiliziwe. Abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi amancane bavame ukulwa nokuqonda izibopho zabo, okuholela ekuphucweni noma ekuhloleni okubizayo. Le mitayela enzima, okumelwe inikeze izimali ekuhleleni imithetho ecacile nokunikeza usizo olugunyaziweyo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano eziningi ezisebenza ngokungakhokhi imali kanye nezisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iEPA, iye yabona izisebenzi zayo eziphoqelelayo zincipha phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule, ukunciphisa ukuhlola nezijeziso zomphakathi. Izivumelwano zokufushanisa, njengase-Social Security Administration, zibambezela izinzuzo kubantu abafuna ukuvinjelwa. Ukuvinjelwa kwemithombo yemali kungaholela futhi ekuphuthumiseni ukubuswa kwemithetho noma ukuhlaziywa okunganele, okungandisa ingozi yenseleleko engokomthetho. Uma izinhlangano zingenakuhlangabezana nemithetho yazo esemthethweni, isivikelo esihloselwe izakhamuzi sibuthakathaka.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe

Izimo zikahulumeni ziyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe futhi ngenxa yalokho zingaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe okuvela eWhite House, Congress, namaqembu enzalo. Ukumiswa kweziphathi zezinhlangano nokwengamela kwezombangazwe kokwenza ukubusa ngeHhovisi Lolwazi ne-Reguara (OIRA) kungashintsha isimiso esiphambili. Usongo lwe-Congregational Review Act, olungagumbuqela imithetho yamuva ngevoti eningi, luthonya ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano. Nakuba okunye ukulandisa kwezombangazwe kudingekile, ukuphazamisa okukhulu kwezezombangazwe kungalulaza ubuchwepheshe nokugcinwa okungaguquguquki.

[[QUL:0]Chevron Ukuphikisana

Iminyaka engamashumi amaningi, lemfundiso ibeke indinganiso enengqondo yezincazelo zemithetho edidayo ngaphansi Chaveron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council (19984]). Lemfundiso yanikeza izinhlangano inkululeko ephawulekayo, kodwa iye yaveza ukugxekwa ngenxa yokushintsha amandla ezinkantolo ukuya ezinhlanganweni futhi yadala ukungaqiniseki ngendima efanele yokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo zibeke imingcele ye-Chevron[FLT], futhi imfundiso ingabuye ibuyiselwe. Ikusasa lokucwelisa ukuhlelwa kwe-debeence iyimpikiswano eyinhloko yokulungisa ukulinganisela komthetho phakathi kwezehlulele.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Olawulayo

Umthetho ophethe awumi ndawonye; ushintsha kanye nomphakathi, ubuchwepheshe, nethonya lezombangazwe.

Ukubusa Ngezinombolo Nokuhlakanipha Okuklanywe

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo eziningi manje ziyakwamukela ukukhulumela kweze-electronic, futhi izinhlangano zisebenzisa ama-data okungahambisani ne-asligin. Ukuhlakanipha okungokobuchwepheshe kuyasetshenziswa emisebenzini yokuhlobanisa, njengokuhlola izinhlelo zezinzuzo noma ukubikezela ukuvuselelwa kobuphindu. Lamathuluzi aphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokubona bha, inqubo efanele, nokucwaswa. Umthetho wokuqondisa wesikhathi esizayo ungadinga ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso ezintsha zokulandisa ngemithetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezizisebenzelayo zilungile futhi ziyabukezwa. I-Administrate of the United States isikhisele ukutusa kokusetshenziswa kwe-IAUIP embonisweni.

Isidingo Esandisiwe Sokubona Izindawo Nesokulandisa

Ukwethembela komphakathi kuhulumeni kuye kwancipha, okuholela ekubizeni ukuba kukhululeke. Izinqubo zihlanganisa ukufuna ukuba izinhlangano zinyathelise izinqubo ezikhokhela izindleko, ziveze imininingwane engemva kwemithetho, futhi zithuthukise ikhono lomphakathi lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni amapulatifomu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamabhokisi okulawula kanye nezinhlelo zokushayela kungakhula, zivumele izinhlangano ukuba zihlole imithetho ngemishini yesilinganiso esincane ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa okugcwele.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuncintisana Kwabantu

Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, njengesivumelwano seParis esiphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezivumelwano zokuhwebelana ngezahluko zokubambisana okulawula, zithonya umthetho wezokuphathwa kwamakhaya. Izimo kumelwe zisebenzelane nozakwabo bangaphandle futhi zicabangele imiphumela engaphezulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindinganiso . / kwemithi, amakhemikhali, nemikhiqizo yezezimali . .Njengoba kunciphisa imithwalo yezimboni zembulunga yonke kodwa futhi kungalinganisela ukukhululeka. Umthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho udinga ukuxoxa ngamalungelo okunqamulelwe imingcele, njengamandla ababheki bemithi yakwamanye amazwe ukuze bahlanganyele ekwenzeni i-galelo.

Ukungahleleki Nokuhlelwa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Izikhulu zamuva ziye zaqhubeka zikhipha imithetho yezikhulu ezifuna ukuba izinhlangano ziphinde zifune imithetho emibili yezindleko ezimbili ezintsha noma zokuvala izindleko ezisha. Lezimiso ziye zasheshisa ukususwa kwemithetho, kodwa futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ngenqubo yokuhlola izindleko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindleko. Umthetho woMphathi uzakuqhubeka ukulwisana nendinganiso efanele yokukhipha imithetho engokomthetho, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni ezinjenge Indawo yokhuseleko lwe Homelandland . Regents of the University of California[FLTB] [FLD] [20] [20], owalahla ukuhoxa kwe-TRUMP yokungamela imithetho ebanzi i-DAC.

Isiphetho

Umthetho ophethe uyingxenye esebenzayo neyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho. Unikeza isakhiwo sesenzo esingokomthetho nesiphumelelayo sikahulumeni, uqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha lokuphatha(*) lisebenza phakathi komthetho. Ngokukhuthaza ukulandisa, ukuba sobala, nokungakhethi, umthetho wokuphatha uvikela amalungelo ngamanye kuyilapho usiza umbuso ukuba ukwazi ukusingatha izinselele zezentengiselwano eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, ezombangazwe, nemikhosi yembulunga yonke, ngokufanayo kumelwe kushintshe izimiso nemikhuba yomthetho wokuphatha, kuvumelane nokulondoloza umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko: ukulinganisela igunya nenkululeko.