Uyini Uhulumeni?

Uhulumeni uyisimiso noma indikimba yabantu abanegunya lokwenza nokuphoqelela imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso endaweni enikiweyo. Yinqubo umphakathi ozihlela ngayo, unikeze imithombo yengcebo, futhi uxazulule izingxabano. Umqondo kahulumeni usukela emuva emuva kwempucuko yasendulo, lapho ababusi abaqala ukusungula imithetho yomthetho nezimiso zokuphatha zokulawula ukuba balawule abantu abakhulayo. Namuhla, ohulumeni bakhona endaweni, ezindaweni, ezizweni, nasezweni lonke, futhi bahluka kakhulu ngokwezimiso, izinga, nangokwefilosofi.

Uhulumeni usebenza ekuhleleni futhi unikezeni iziqondiso. Ngaphandle kokubusa, izinhlangano zingazama ukuhlanganisa izenzo ezihlangene, ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, noma ukulondoloza izinto zomphakathi njengemigwaqo, izikole, namanzi ahlanzekile. Izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe kusukela ku-Aristotle kuya kuJohn Locke ziye zaphikisana ngendima efanelekile nemingcele kahulumeni, kodwa eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi ibalulekile ukuze umphakathi usebenze, uhlale uqinile.

Umtapo wohulumeni wekhorathi

Nakuba imithwalo yemfanelo eqondile kahulumeni ingahluka emazweni, izazi eziningi ziveza imisebenzi eminingana esemhlabeni wonke efezwa yibo bonke ohulumeni ngezinga elithile. Lemisebenzi ihlobene futhi ibalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi onempilo. Ngezansi, sinweba imisebenzi emihlanu eyisisekelo eyaqalwa esihlokweni sokuqala, ngencazelo ejulile nezibonelo zezwe zangempela.

Ukulondoloza Uhlelo

Uhlelo lokugcina [ luyimisebenzi eyisisekelo kahulumeni. Kuhilela ukwenza nokumisa imithetho echaza ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo, ukumisa isimiso sobulungisa sokumisa izimpikiswano, nokuthumela izinhlangano zokuqapha umthetho ukuze zivimbele futhi ziphendule ebugebengwini. Imithetho ayivikeli nje kuphela imingcele, iqiniseki izivumelwano, futhi yenza ezentengiselwano ziphumelele.

Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yezimoto inciphisa izingozi futhi isindise ukuphila; imithetho yokwakha iqinisekisa izakhiwo ukuthi zilondekile; futhi imithetho yobugebengu ivimbela ubudlova nokweba. Ngaphandle kokuhleleka, umphakathi ungangena kulokho isazi sefilosofi uThomas Hobbes esikubiza ngokuthi “impi kubo bonke ngokumelene nabo bonke.” Ohulumeni futhi balondoloza ukuhleleka ngezinkantolo zomphakathi, ezixazulula izimpikiswano ezingabangeli ubugebengu, nangezinhlangano zokuphatha ezilawula yonke into elawulwa yindawo ephephile ezungezile.

Intando yeningi yanamuhla ilinganisela isidingo sokuhleleka nokuhlonipha inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Yingakho amaphoyisa ngokuvamile elinganiselwa ngenqubo efanele, futhi kungani abaphathi bezehluleli abazimele behlola ubumthetho bezenzo zikahulumeni. Ukufinyelela lokhu kulinganisela kuyinselele eqhubekayo, kodwa kulokhu kuwumthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wohulumeni bonke.

Ukunikeza Ukulondeka

Ukhuseleko luhlanganisa kokubili ukuzivikela kwangaphandle nokuphepha kwangaphakathi. Ngaphandle, ohulumeni balondoloza amabutho ahlomile okuvikela izwe ezinsongweni zakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amabutho, imikhumbi yempi, izindiza zempi, izikhali zezindiza, futhi ngokwandayo, izinhlangano zokuzivikela ze-inthanethanelo. Ukuvikela kwesizwe kuhlanganisa nezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha ezihlola futhi zivimbele ubuphekula noma ubuphekula.

Ohulumeni banikeza ukulondeka ngamaphoyisa, ngeminyango yomlilo, ngezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nangezinhlangano ezisiza ngezinhlekelele. Lezi zinkonzo zivikela izakhamuzi ebugebengwini, ezingozini, ezibangelwa izinhlekelele zemvelo, nasezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo zomphakathi njengezifo eziwubhadane. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenhlekelele ye-COVID-19, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bahlela ukuvala, ukusakaza imithi yokugoma, nezinhlelo zosizo zezomnotho ukuze bavikele impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha.

Ohulumeni futhi batshala ukulondeka isikhathi eside ngokuxoxa ngezivumelwano, bahlanganyele ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke njenge-NATO, futhi bahileleke ekulweni ukuze banciphise izingxabano. Izindleko zokunikeza ukulondeka zikhulu kakhulu, kodwa zibhekwa njengezibalulekile ukuze kusinde.

Ukuhambisa Izinkonzo

Ohulumeni banikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi eziningi kakhulu izimakethe ezizimele ezingenakukwazi ukunikeza ngokuphumelelayo noma zingeke zihambisane. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Imfundo:[ izikole zomphakathi zinikeza imfundo yamahhala noma ephansi kusukela emazingeni aphansi kuya emazingeni aphansi, nasemazweni amaningi, amayunivesithi athathiwe uhulumeni. Imfundo ibalulekile ekuqhubekeni komphakathi nasekukhiqizweni kwezomnotho.
  • Ukunakekela kwempilo: Ohulumeni abaningi balawula izimiso zezempilo zomphakathi (umzk., i-UK’S NHS) noma balawule futhi basebenzise ukunakekelwa kwempilo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukungena. Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi zihlola izifo futhi zithuthukise imikhankaso engcono.
  • Izakhiwo: Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, izikhumulo zezindiza, iziteshi, izimiso zamanzi, i-grid kagesi, kanye nohambo lomphakathi kuvame ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lokhu kutshala izimali kwenza ezentengiselwano nokuphila kwansuku zonke.
  • Izinkonzo zobuKhosi:[ Ohulumeni banikeza izindlu zomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana, ukunakekelwa kwasebegugile, nokukhubazeka ekusekeleni imiphakathi esengozini. Lezi zinkonzo zisiza ekunciphiseni ukungalingani futhi zinikeze inetha lokuphepha.
  • Ukuphepha komphakathi:[ Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, amaphoyisa, umlilo, nezinkonzo zokuhlenga ziyimpahla yomphakathi ohulumeni abayixhasayo ngentela.

Ukunikeza lezi zinkonzo kudinga ukuphatha okuphumelelayo, ukuhlela, futhi ngokuvamile ukubambisana nezinhlangano zangasese nezingazuzisi. Izinga nezinga lezinkonzo zomphakathi lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni imali ephezulu nakuzinto ezisemqoka kwezombangazwe.

Ukusekela Ukuqina Kwezomnotho

Ohulumeni banendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umnotho. Ngenkambiso yemali (intela nokusebenzisa imali) kanye nenqubo ye-monary [ [ukulawula ukuthunyelwa kwemali nenzalo, ngokuvamile okulawulwa yibhange elizimele, bahlose ukufinyelela:

  • Ukukhula kwezomnotho: ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa okukhuphukayo ukuze kukhuliswe izinga lokuphila.
  • Ukungasebenzi okungaqedi: Ukusungula umsebenzi ngokusebenza, ngokuqeqesha izinhlelo, nezisusa zamabhizinisi.
  • [ ukuqina kwe-Pice: ukulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali ukuze imali igcine inani layo futhi igcine imali ivikelekile.
  • Ibhizinisi elidaliweyo: Ukulawula ukungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kugwenywe ukuswela okungamahlalakhona noma izinsalela.

Ohulumeni balawula futhi izimakethe zezimali ukuze bavimbele ukukhwabanisa nokuthatha izingozi ezingaphezulu, njengoba kuboniswa ngemva kwenkinga yezezimali ka-2008. Bafaka umshuwalense wokuvikela abalondolozi, futhi bangasebenza njengobolekisa ngezingcezu zokugcina phakathi nokwesaba kwebhange. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni batshala imali ekucwaningeni nasekuthuthukiseni intuthuko, imfundo, nesisekelo sokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo owengeziwe. Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa amanetha okuphepha komphakathi njengomshuwalense kanye nosizo lokudla ukuze anciphise ukuwohloka kwezomnotho.

Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Yomphakathi

Inhlalakahle engokwendawo [ ibhekisela ezihlelweni zikahulumeni eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezibhekene nobunzima. Lezinhlelo zisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi umphakathi ophucukile kufanele uqinisekise izinga elilinganiselwe lokuphila kuwo wonke amalungu awo. Izinhlelo ezivamile zenhlala - kahle zihlanganisa:

  • [[UKRAWULO:0] Izinzuzo zokungasebenzi: Ukusekela iholo lesikhashana lezisebenzi ezilahlekelwa imisebenzi yazo.
  • Usizo lokudla: Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Someral Nutrition Application Program e-United States, esiza imindeni ethola ukudla okuphansi ithenge ukudla.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izikhombi ezikhombayo: izisekelo ezisiza imikhaya empofu ukuba ikhokhe intela.
  • Ukudluliswa:[ Izikweletu eziqondile kwasebekhulile, abakhubazekile, noma imikhaya enabantwana (umzk., Ukulondeka kweNtlalo, izinzuzo zengane).
  • Umshuwalense wempilo we-Public: Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid (USA) noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo emhlabeni wonke kwamanye amazwe anikeza abampofu nasebekhulile imfihlo yezokwelapha.

Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zixhaswe ngentela futhi zivame ukuphikiswana, nezimpikiswano mayelana nokuphumelela kwazo, izindleko, kanye nokwenza umsebenzi ungasebenzi. Nokho, ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi amanetha okuphepha komphakathi ahlelwe kahle anciphisa ubumpofu, athuthukisa imiphumela yempilo, futhi athuthukise ukuqina kwezenhlalo. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene icela uhulumeni ngokuqondile ukuba asebenzise izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela bonke abantu.

Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni

Ukuqonda izinhlobo eziyinhloko zegunya kusiza ekucaciseni indlela ehlelwe ngayo, indlela abaholi abakhethwa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo ezakhamuzi avikelwe ngayo. Ngezansi sihlola izigaba ezinhlanu ezibanzi, ezinezici ezicacile nezibonelo.

Intando yeningi

I-Democracy (kususelwa esiGrekini ēmokratia, “kubusa abantu”) iyisimiso lapho izakhamuzi zinamandla okukhetha abaholi bazo nezinqumo, ngokuvamile ngokhetho olukhululekile nolulungile.

  • Imibono eminingi engokwezombangazwe namaqembu amaningi.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu siqu (i - sheech, umhlangano, umbiko).
  • Ukubusa umthetho nemithetho ezimele.
  • Ukulawula ibutho lezempi.

Izibonelo zentando yeningi zihlanganisa i-United States, iJalimane, iNdiya, neJapane. Idemocracy yanamuhla cishe ihlala ikhona (abameleli abakhethiwe ukuba benze imithetho) kunokuba baqondise (amavoti ahlukene kuyo yonke impikiswano). Ezinye idemokratistiki zihlanganisa futhi izici zedemokraticle eqondile, njengamademocracy. Izimiso zedemocratic zifuna ukuba isakhamuzi sihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo, futhi zisengozini yokukhukhuleka ngokususa i-profection, ukunganaki, noma ukulawulwa kwe-athoricial.

Umbhali

I-Authoritarial[ igxilisa amandla kumholi oyedwa noma ku-37] omncane, okunokuncane noma ungabi nasibopho sokulandisa emphakathini. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukucindezelwa kokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe nokuphikisana.
  • Lawula imithombo yezindaba nokwaziswa.
  • Ukuntuleka kokhetho olukhululekile olunemiphumela enqunyiwe.
  • Ukusebenzisa amabutho ezokuvikela njalo ukuze kwesabise izakhamuzi.

Imibuso elawulayo ingase ithole ukufaneleka enqubweni, ubuzwe, noma ekufuneni ukuhleleka nokuhleleka. Nakuba ingalondoloza ukuhleleka futhi ngezinye izikhathi ithuthukise ezomnotho, ngokuvamile icindezela amalungelo abantu futhi intula izimiso zokulandelana ngokuthula.

Umbusi

I- monarchy iyisimiso lapho umuntu oyedwa (a inkosi, indlovukazi, umbusi, noma okufanayo) ekhonza njengenhloko kahulumeni, ngokuvamile ekuphileni. Imibuso ingaba:

  • Absuete: Inkosi inamandla angenamkhawulo, njengaseSaudi Arabia noma e-Oman.
  • I-Constigation: Imibuso yenkosi ilinganiselwe ngomthetho noma umthetho-sisekelo, futhi amandla angempela ezombangazwe ahlala ephalamendeni elikhethiwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iUnited Kingdom, iJapane, neSweden.

Imibuso yemibuso yezomthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile ikhonza njengezinhloko ezingokomfanekiso zesifundazwe, imelela ubunye nesiko lesizwe, kuyilapho izinhlangano zentando yeningi zisingatha ukubusa.

UbuKhomanisi

Ubukhomanisi [ buyinkolelo yezombangazwe nezomnotho ehloselwe ukudala umphakathi ongenazigaba lapho yonke impahla iyonke iyiyo. Eqinisweni, amazwe obukhomanisi aye abuswa umkhakha olawula umnotho, imithombo yezindaba, nokuphila kwezombangazwe. Izimpawu zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvinjelwa kokuzifunela izinto eziyinhloko.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwezomnotho okusesilinganisweni esiphambili kunokuhlelwa kwezindlela zokuthengisa.
  • Ukucindezelwa kokuphikisana kwezombangazwe nokuntuleka kokhetho oluhlukahlukene.

Imibuso eyayingamakhomanisi ihlanganisa iSoviet Union, iMpumalanga Jalimane, ne - People’s Republic of China (ize ihlanganise ubukhomanisi ngokomthetho, nakuba iye yahlanganisa izinhlangano eziphawulekayo zezimakethe). Nakuba ubukhomanisi babuthembisa ukulingana, imibuso eminingi enjalo yaba impoqo nehlulekayo ngokomnotho.

Ubumbano

IFEDALY ayiyona inkolelo ehlukile kodwa iyisimiso sokufundisa [ esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni abaphakathi (ozweni lonke) nohulumeni besifunda (isifunda/iprojekthi). Isilinganiso ngasinye sinamandla aso achazwa ngokomthetho ngokomthetho, futhi kokubili azimele ezindinganisweni zazo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-United States, i-Australia, i-Australia, i-Australia, i-Indiya.

Umthetho we-Federalism uvumela ukuhlukahluka kwemithetho nezimiso zendawo, okungasiza kakhulu emazweni amakhulu, ahlukene. Kudala futhi ukuhlola emagunyeni aphakathi. Nokho, kungaholela ekuhlukanisweni kwezimiso kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Ukuqonda uhulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi zingaki izinqubo zedemokrasi zanamuhla.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Uhulumeni awukho endaweni engenalutho; uthola ukufaneleka kwawo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo. Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zinawo kokubili amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo esiza ekulolongeni izenzo zikahulumeni. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ngenkuthalo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni intando yeningi enempilo.

Ukusanhlamvu

Ukuvota kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu yezakhamuzi ukuba zithonye uhulumeni. Ngokufaka amabhola okhetho, abantu bakhetha abameleli babo bezombangazwe futhi banqume ngemibuzo yesimiso nge-astendums. Ukuvota ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokuyilungelo nokuyisibopho. Amazwe ayahluka ezinqubeni zokuvota, ukuvota, nokuthi ukuvota kuyaphoqelelwa (umz., Australia).

Ukuba Yiqili Nokuphanga

Izakhamuzi zingasekela izimbangela ezizikhathalelayo ngokuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, zihlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi, zijoyina amaqembu enzalo, noma zihlela imikhankaso. Lobbying[ [isenzo sokuzama ukuthonya izinqumo zikahulumeni] siyindlela evikelekile yokuveza imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela futhi ekuvukeleni ngokuthula, ekubhaleni izingcezu zemibono, noma ekusebenziseni imikhankankazo yezenhlalo ukuphakamisa ukuqapha. Ukuphumelela kokuzama ukuthonya imibono ehlukahlukeneyo kuqinisekisiwe ekwenzeni izimiso.

Ukuhileleka Nokukhonza Komphakathi

Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezingokomthetho zezombangazwe, izakhamuzi zinikela ekubuseni ngokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi zendawo, emabhodini esikole, emabuthweni omphakathi, nasemaqenjini okuzithandela. Lokhu ukuthembisana ngesivumelwano sobuProjini [ kwakha ukuthembana, kusiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga zendawo, futhi kunikeze imvume ezikhulwini zikahulumeni. Imihlangano yedolobha, izinkulumo zomphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, nokusebenza ezindaweni zokwahlulela ziyizindlela ezengeziwe zokuxhumana ngokuqondile nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlala Nginolwazi Futhi Ngibheka Uhulumeni Njengonecala

Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi olunzulu zigxeka idemokrasi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa emithonjeni eminingi, zihlole izicelo ngokugxeka, futhi zibeke abaholi bazo icala ngokuqondisa nangebhokisi lokuvota. Izinhlangano ezigadayo, amaphephandaba akhululekile, nezinkantolo ezizimele konke kusekela lomsebenzi. Uma izakhamuzi zingawazi kahle umsebenzi noma zingawubambi, uhulumeni ungaba ongasabeli noma onakele.

Isiphetho

Uhulumeni ungaphezu kakhulu komqondo ongaqondakaliyo − uyisisekelo lapho imiphakathi yenza khona izinqumo ezihlanganisayo, igcina ukuhleleka, futhi iphishekela imigomo efanayo. Ngokunikeza ukulondeka nesisekelo sokuthuthukisa ukuchuma kwezomnotho nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo, ohulumeni bathinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwethu. Ukuqonda imisebenzi kahulumeni kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokuhlakanipha nezimiso zazo zezombangazwe, zisekela izimiso ezizuzisayo, futhi yenza ukuba abaholi baphendule. USUSA.gov ichaza, njengoba wazi ukuthi uhulumeni wakho usebenza kanjani ukukwenza kube yinyathelo lokuqala lokukusebenzela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda izifundo zezezezomthetho ngesikhathi sokuqala noma uthisha olindele ukucebisa izakhiwo zakho, ukuthatha lezi zinto ezibalulekile, ukuthatha inzuzo, ukwanelisa noma yisiphi isakhiwo emphakathini.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola lezi zinto ezilandelayo: