Ukuchaza Inkululeko Yangaphakathi: Isisekelo Senkululeko Nganye

Inkululeko yomphakathi imelela amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko evikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Lamalungelo awawona nje amalungelo; aqinisekiswa ngokomthetho-mthetho ukuthi avikela ukuzimela komuntu siqu, ukuveza izimpawu, nesithunzi ekuphazanyisweni umbuso. Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, inkululeko yomphakathi ivikela ekubuseni unyamezelweni, iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvala ukumelana ngokukhululekile, ungenele noma uphikise ubulungisa. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda ukuthi yini ewukwephulwa kwalenkululeko kubalulekile ukuqaphela uma ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuphelile.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, ikakhulukazi ngeBill of Rights neSichibiyelo seshumi nane, umisa uhlelo olulinganisela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Inkululeko yomphakathi ihlanganisa isivikelo esihlukene esihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lokungena ngokomthetho, ilungelo elifanele lenqubo yomthetho, inkululeko yokuhlangana, nenkululeko yenkolo. Ngalinye lalamalungelo lisebenza endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho lapho imingcele evunyelwe incikiswana njalo ngomthetho, ngemithetho, ngemithetho yenkantolo, nangenkulumo yasobala.

Ukwephula umthetho kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni − ngemithetho yakhe, izinqubo, noma izenzo − kuphazamisa ngokungemthetho lenkululeko evikelekile. Nokho, akuyona yonke imigoqo kahulumeni ewukwephula umthetho. Isihluthulelo sisekuqondeni ukuhlola okungokomthetho okuqondile, izici ezisekelwe kumongo, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando ezisetshenziswa izinkantolo ukuhlukanisa ukusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwamandla ombuso kunamaqhinga ombuso angavumelani nomthetho.

Umlando: Indlela Ukuphula Umthetho KwaseMelika Okuye Kwathonya Ngayo Ukulahlekelwa Umthetho Wabantu Bakhona

Umlando wenkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States uyindaba yokulwa, ukwanda, nokubuyiswa ngezikhathi ezithile. Kusukela ku-Alien and Sedition Acts ka-1798, okuwukugxekwa kobugebengu kukahulumeni, kuya ekunqanyulweni kwe-habeas corpus phakathi neMpi Yombango, isizwe siye sabhekana ngokuphindaphindiwe nobunzima phakathi nokulondeka nenkululeko. Lezizenzakalo ezingokomlando zinikeza izifundo ezibalulekile zokuhlukanisa ukwephulwa komthetho namuhla.

Izenzo Zobu - Aluen Nezokubusa: Imingcele Yokukhuluma Yakuqala

Phakathi kokwephulwa kokuqala kwenkululeko yomphakathi kwakuneAlien neSedition Acts, eyamiswa ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJohn Adams. Lemithetho yakwenza kube yicala ukusakaza "inkohliso, ihlazo, nokubhala okubi" kuhulumeni. Nakuba izenzo ezaphela ngaphambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme zazingabusa ngomthetho sisekelo, zabangela ukuphikisana kwesizwe ngemingcele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Izazi zanamuhla zibheka ukuphulwa okusobala kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, okubonisa ukuthi izisusa zobuphekula zingaholela kanjani ekucisweni kwempikiswano.

Usizo LwaseJapane LwaseMelika: Ikhambi Eliqaphile Lamalungelo Ezingane Ezisenkingeni

Okunye ukuphulwa okukhulu kwenkululeko yomphakathi emlandweni waseMelika kwakuwukuthuthwa nokufakwa kwamaJapane ngempoqo phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngaphansi koMthetho oPhakeme 9066, abantu abangaphezu kuka - 120 000, iningi labo laliyizakhamuzi zase-U.S., baboshwa ngesisekelo sozalo kuphela. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ngokudume kakhulu lesisenzo [i-Karema] tsu v. United States [1944], isinqumo esilahlwa kabanzi namuhla. Lelicala libonisa indlela ukuvikela kwesizwe okungathethelelwa ngayo ukuphulwa kwenqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo, futhi ligcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlola injongo nemiphumela kahulumeni.

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi: Ukwandisa Incazelo Yokuphula

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka labona intuthuko ephawulekayo ekuchazeni nasekubekeni inkululeko yomphakathi. INkantolo yaseWarren yakhipha imithetho ewuphawu eyandisa isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma, imfihlo, nenqubo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]) yasekela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuphula umthetho weSivikelo sika Claus, kuyilapho Gideon v. Wainright (1963) yamisa isohlangothi lweseluleko sabamangalelwa abamangalelwa. Lezinqunyiwe zabonisa ukuthi ukweqa ukukhululeka kwenkululeko ngokuvamile eziko ezimisweni zomphakathi ezihlelwe ngokwemithetho yombuso.

Isihluthulelo Sokucabangela Ukuphulwa Kwenkululeko Yombango

Ukunquma ukuthi isenzo esithile sikahulumeni sifana nokuphula umthetho kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwezici eziningi. Akukho kuhlola okusebenza emhlabeni wonke; kunalokho, izinkantolo zincike enhlanganisela yezimfundiso ezingokomthetho, izahlulelo ezisekelwe kumongo, nokuhlola okuhambisana nohlelo. Ukucabangela okulandelayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukuphambana okungase kwenzeke.

Isimo Selungelo Elisemgceni

Inkululeko ehlukene yomphakathi ijabulela amazinga esivikelo engaphansi komthetho. Amanye amalungelo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nokusebenzisa inkululeko yenkolo, athathwa "njengesici esiyinhloko" futhi ahlolwa ngokunembe kakhulu(indinganiso ephakeme yokwahlulela). Ngaphansi kokubhekisisa okuqinile, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi isenzo sakhe sifeza isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe uhulumeni futhi sihloselwe ukufinyelela leso sithakazelo. Amanye amalungelo, njengenkulumo yezentengiselwano noma inkululeko yezezomnotho, athola isisekelo esiphakathi noma esinengqondo, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba uhulumeni alawule.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ovimbela inkulumo yezombangazwe esekelwe ekuqukethe umthetho ongavumelani nesimiso somthetho, kuyilapho umthetho olawula isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma ungase uvunyelwe uma unikeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile futhi ushiya izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlangano ezibalulekile kubalulekile ngoba umnyango wokwephulwa uphansi kakhulu lapho kuhileleke ilungelo eliyisisekelo.

Indima Yokuphulwa Kwemithetho

Izindaba ezikumongo zikhulu. Isenzo esifanayo sikahulumeni singase sibhekwe njengokwephula umthetho kwesinye isimo kodwa esamukelekayo kwesinye. Izinkantolo zicabangela isimo sezombangazwe, ukukhathalela ukuphepha komphakathi, kanye nezenzakalo ezingokomlando lapho zihlola imingcele. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ukugqugquzela isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo akuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala (] Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubizwa kobudlova ekubhikisheni ibhikisheni kungavinjelwa ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho, kuyilapho umhlangano onokuthula ngesigijimi esifanayo ungavikelwa ngokugcwele.

Ngokufanayo, phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo ezimenyezelwayo, ohulumeni bangabeka imithetho yezikhathi zokwehla kwemithetho, ukuthatha uhambo, noma idinga ukugoma. Nakuba izinyathelo ezinjalo zingaphazamisa inkululeko, azikona ukuphulwa ngokuzenzekelayo uma zivunywa yinkinga yempilo yomphakathi yangempela futhi zivumelana nosongo. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi imingcele ingeyesikhashana, isekelwe ebufakazini, futhi isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo.

Inhloso Kahulumeni

Injongo kahulumeni yokubeka imingcele isici esibucayi. Izenzo ezihlukanisayo ngenjongo − njengokuhlasela inkolo ethile, iqembu lezombangazwe, noma iqembu lohlanga ("cishe njalo] kungukwephulwa kwemithetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ngisho nemithetho engathathi hlangothi ebusweni ingaphula inkululeko yomphakathi uma imiswa ngenjongo yokungathathi mthetho ( i-Vallingage of Arton Heights v. Metropolitan Homection Corp., 1977]).

Cabanga ngomthetho wedolobha odinga imvume yokubuthana okukhulu. Uma umthetho wathathwa ngokukhethekile ukuze kuqedwe i-LGBTQ + izenzakalo zokuziqhayisa, futhi uma izimali zokuvumela zimba eqolo noma imvume zivame ukuncishwa ngenxa yezenzakalo ezinjalo, umthetho uba imoto yokucwasa. I-hinter ingakhishwa emlandweni wokugcinwa kwemithetho, ithonya elingenakulinganiswa, nomlando wemithetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo zikahulumeni ezibanzi kakhulu noma ezingacacile zingaphula inqubo efanele. Umthetho owephula umthetho "owephula umthetho" ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe uhluleka ukunikeza abantu abavamile isaziso esilungile salokho okungekho emthethweni futhi ukhuthaza ukugcinwa komthetho okungenamthetho. Imithetho enjalo iye yahlatshwa ngezizathu ezicashile.

Ithonya Kubantu Nasemaqenjini

Ngisho noma inhloso kahulumeni ingathathi hlangothi, ithonya langempela lenkambiso lingaveza ukwephula umthetho. Imiphumela yokungavumelani nemiphakathi encishisiwe ivame ukuphawula ukuthi inkululeko iye yancitshiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumisa-ne ne-frisk amaphoyisa eDolobheni laseNew York kwatholakala ukuthi kuphula iSichibiyelo sesine ngoba sasisetshenziswa ngendlela yobuhlanga, naphezu komgomo oshiwoyo wokuvimbela ubugebengu. Inkantolo Floyd v. City of New York[[FLT:] (20)] (2013) yayinomphumela "we-buhlanga" emalungelweni abantu abambalwa ukuba bahambe ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokungena amaphoyisa.

Imiphumela emide yesikhathi eside nayo ibalulekile. Isimiso esidumaza abantu ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo − njengohlelo lokuhlola oluvimbela abashaya ikhwelo ekukhulumeni ngokuphandle, "" lungasho ukwephula umthetho ngisho noma kungekho muntu ojeziswa ngokuqondile. Imfundiso "eletha imiphumela" imiswe kahle emthethweni weSichibiyelo sokuqala, iqaphela ukuthi usongo lukahulumeni lungaphulwa ngokwanele ukuba luphule ilungelo lokukhuluma ngenkululeko.

Ukubheka Inkululeko Yabo Yomphakathi Eyinhloko Nokuphula Kwabo Imithetho

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi kuwukwephula umthetho, kubalulekile ukuhlola amalungelo athile ngokuningiliziwe.ngezansi kunenkululeko eminingana eyisisekelo, kanye nezibonelo zendlela ukwephulwa kwemithetho okwenzeka ngayo nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho eziwabusayo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ekucushweni kukahulumeni, kodwa akuyona yonke inkulumo evikelekile ehlanganisa inkulumo yezombangazwe, ukudweba, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso (njengokushiswa kwefulege), ngisho nenkulumo yenzondo (ngaphandle kokuba ibangele ubudlova noma iwele ohlwini oluncane lwenkulumo engalondekile njengo "izinsongo zangempela" noma "ukulwa namagama").

Izici zokwephulwa komthetho:

  • Ukujezisa isikhulumi ngesigijimi sabo ngaphandle kwesithakazelo esijulile.
  • Ngifaka imingcele ngaphambi kokuba ngiyikhiphe (isib., idinga ilayisense kahulumeni ngaphambi kokunyathelisa incwadi).
  • Ukwenza "izigodi ezikhululekile zokukhuluma" ezivumela ababhikishi ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nezilaleli zabo ezihloselwe ukubuya.
  • Ukumisa imithetho ebanzi ngokweqile ngokumelene nokuziphatha okungahlelekile ukuze kuthule abagxeki.

Izehlakalo eziyinhloko ezibonisa lemingcele zihlanganisa texas v. Johnson (1998), ezazithi ukushisa ifulege laseMelika kuvikelwe inkulumo engokomfanekiso, futhi QUal v. Tam[ , eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa kwezimpawu ezilula. Imfumbano yangaphandle: Ukufingqa ngokucubukisa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, bheka [[[FLT:]] Inkulumo ekhululekile ye-ACLU].

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokukhululekile ngelungelo lokufihla imfihlo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela kudala ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine, sesihlanu, se-Ninth, nesamashumi amane eSichibiyelo sidala izindawo zomuntu siqu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo zomuntu siqu ngomshado, ukuvimbela inzalo, nokukhipha isisu, kanye nobuhlobo obufanayo bobulili. Grislold v.Connecticut[ [1965] [iNkathi] [195], iNkakhulu yavala umthetho owenqabela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela imibandela njengesemthethweni yomshado. [[FLT:] Ogberge v. [[FLT]][3:] (2017]]) yaqaphela ukufaneleka emshadweni ofanayo ngaphansi kwenqubo yokuvikela nesilinganiso.

Izici zokwephulwa komthetho:

  • Ukuqapha izakhamuzi ngogesi ngaphandle kwesizathu noma imvume yenkantolo.
  • Uhulumeni unikeza umyalo wokuthi kungenele izinqumo ezijulile zomkhaya (isib., ukuvala inzalo ngempoqo).
  • Ukuthungatha abantu ukuze bembule ukwaziswa okujulile komuntu siqu ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuphoqelelayo.

Imfihlo yezobuchwepheshe iyinto eyandayo ekhathazayo. Ukunqwabelana kokwaziswa okuqoqwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni nezezomuntu siqu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela izigwegwe zesine zeSichibiyelo ezisebenza ngayo kumakhalekhukhwini, kumniningo wendawo, nakulayini yezokuxhumana. i-Extonic Foundation (EFF)[FL:1] inikeza imithombo ewusizo emananini enkululeko yomphakathi.

Inqubo Yomthetho Efanele

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke anciphe kunoma ubani "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho" lokhu kuhlanganisa kokubili inqubo efanelekile (izinqubo zokukhipha indle) nenqubo efanelekile (ukuvikelwa ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni oweqisayo).

Izici zokwephulwa komthetho:

  • Ukubopha othile ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala.
  • Ukudelela abantu ithuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo noma ukuchitha izincwadi zokugunyaza.
  • Ukushaya imithetho engacacile kangangokuthi iyahluleka ukunikeza isixwayiso esanele sokuziphatha okunqatshelwe.
  • Abazali abakhipha ilungelo lokuwinwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala noma ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuthi balimala.

Inqubo elindelekile ibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Amacala e-Landmark anjenge- Miranda v. Arizona (1966) athola ukuthi abasolayo kumelwe batshelwe ngamalungelo abo okuthula nokululeka ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokuvikela i-procedal widget eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuphulwa kweSichibiyeli sesihlanu.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano Neyokuzihlanganisa Nabanye

Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, ukubhikisha, nokuhlangana ndawonye ngezinjongo ezifanayo. Lenkululeko ihlobene eduze nenkululeko yokukhuluma futhi ibalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Ukuphula umthetho kungenzeka lapho ohulumeni bebeka izimfuneko eziqile, besakaza imibuthano enokuthula ngaphandle kwesizathu, noma bengena emaqenjini ezombangazwe ukuze bacindezele ukuphikisana.

Izici zokwephulwa komthetho:

  • Ukuboshwa kwabaningi ababhikishi abanokuthula kuhilela ukungalaleli komphakathi.
  • Ukuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba achaze ukuthi angamalungu ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuphoqelelayo.
  • Ukuqapha ukuze kuthule ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni engokomthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme NAACP v. Alabama (1958) yathi ukuphoqelela i-NAACP ukuba yambule uhlu lwamalungu ayo kwephule ilungelo lokuhlangana. Muva nje, izinkantolo zihlole ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqaphela ubuso kumelene nababhikishi. Kulokhu, bheka iSikhungo sokuhlaziya amalungelo okubhikisha [.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezingokwenkolo: Ukumiswa kukaClaus (ukugunyazwa kukahulumeni ogunyaza inkolo) ne - Free Execree Claus (ukuvikela ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisa ukholo lwabo). Ukuphula umthetho kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni ephoqa imikhosi engokwenkolo, ekhipha isijeziso senkolelo engokwenkolo, noma ethanda inkolo eyodwa ngaphezu kwezinye.

Izici zokwephulwa komthetho:

  • Umthandazo wokuphoqelela ezikoleni zomphakathi (uhlaselwe Engel v. Vitale, 1962).
  • Ukulahla iqembu lenkolo ngendlela efanayo yokungena kwezinye izindawo zomphakathi.
  • Ukunikeza imithetho ehlasela ngokukhethekile idlanzana lenkolo, njengemithetho evimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwamathempeli.
  • Ukuphoqelela abantu ukuba baphule izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo (isib., okudinga ukuba usokhemisi akhiphe ukuvimbela okuphuthumayo ngokumelene nokuphikisa okungokwenkolo — nakuba lendaba isaphikiswa).

IReligious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) kanye nesilinganiso sikahulumeni senezela ezinye izingqimba zesivikelo, idinga ukucubungula kakhulu lapho uhulumeni ethwele kakhulu izinkonzo ezingokwenkolo. I-pat: Isikhungo sokucwaninga se-Pew Research Center inikeza ukwaziswa ngezimpikiswano ezingokwenkolo zenkululeko.

Ukulinganisela Ukuhlolwa Nezindinganiso Ezingokomthetho: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezinquma Ngayo Ukuphulwa Kwemithetho

Kunalokho, zisebenzisa ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene okulinganiselayo okulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nezinzuzo zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlola kuyisihluthulelo sokubikezela ukuthi isenzo esithile siyobhekwa njengokwephula umthetho yini.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile

Uma umthetho usetshenziswa lapho uphula ilungelo eliyisisekelo (njengenkululeko yokukhuluma noma ilungelo lokuvota) noma ucwasa isigaba esisolwayo (njengesizwe noma inkolo). Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi isinyathelo sawo siyadingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo futhi siyindlela engcono kakhulu ekhona. Uma kusetshenziswa, ukuhlolisisa okuqinile ngokuvamile "ukukholelwa, okubulalayo, eqinisweni," kusho ukuthi imithetho eminingi ebekelwe inselele iyahluleka.

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi

Isetshenziselwa imithetho yenkulumo yezentengiselwano, imingcele yesikhathi esibekwe endaweni yemithetho yokukhuluma, nemithetho ethile equkethe okungahambisani nemithetho. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi lo mthetho ufeza isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni futhi uhlobene kakhulu naleyosithakazelo. Lendinganiso yenza uhulumeni athathe unyawo kakhulu kunokuhlolisisa ngokuqinile kodwa idinga ubufakazi bokulingana okufanele.

Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal

Isilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sokuhlola, esisetshenziswa ezimisweni eziningi zezomnotho nasemithethweni yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Uhulumeni udinga kuphela ukubonisa ubuhlobo obunengqondo phakathi komthetho nenjongo kahulumeni osemthethweni. Ngaphansi kwalendinganisweni, imithetho ayivamile ukushaywa phansi, ngaphandle kokuba iwumthetho owenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngokungenacala.

Ukukhethwa kokuhlola kunganquma umphumela wecala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Diologian of Columbia v. Heller (2008), iNkantolo yasebenzisa ukuhlola okwengeziwe eSichibiyelweni Sesibili, ekugcineni ithole ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwesibhamu sesandla kwephula ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izibhamu. Izinga lokuhlola ngokuvamile liyindawo yempi ekhululekile enkululekoni yomphakathi.

Imithi Yokukhulula Abahlali Iyaphula: Yini Elandelayo?

Uma kutholakala ukuthi uphukile, kutholakala amakhambi amaningana. Lawo angahlanganisa ukubulala umthetho owephula umthetho, ukukhipha umyalo wokunqanda isenzo sikahulumeni, ukujezisa izisulu, noma ukukhipha ushintsho ezimisweni. Kwezinye izimo, umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uyasebenza, okusho ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphula umthetho (njengokufuna okungekho emthethweni) abunakusetshenziswa lapho kuqulwa icala.

Abantu abankululeko yabo yomphakathi iye yaphulwa bangamangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni ngaphansi 42 U.S.C. 76 ngenxa yomonakalo noma ukukhululeka. Nokho, izikhulu zingaba nokufaneleka kokuzivikela uma ilungelo lokwephulwa lingamiswanga kahle ngesikhathi. Lemfundiso ibingashiya izisulu ngaphandle kokukhokhwa ngisho nalapho amalungelo azo encishwa ngokusobala.

Ukuqapha komphakathi nokuzitika ngemithetho kufeza indima. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) neNaACP Legal Defense zisebenzisa i-ligitation, imfundo, nokunxusa ukuze zivimbele ukuphulwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo. Kubafundisi, ukuhlanganisa lemiqondo ezifundweni zezifundo kusiza abafundi ukuba baqaphele futhi baphendule ekusongweni kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Izinselele Zanamuhla: Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanani, Ukulondeka Kwesizwe, Nokudlondlobala Kwezombangazwe

Inkululeko yomphakathi ibhekene nezinsongo ezintsha ekhulwini lama-21. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola, njengeqoqo lemininingwane eminingi ye-NSA eyambulwa ngu-Edward Snowden, ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngesivikelo seze-Impuculo Yesine. I-Internoisole Surveillance Court isebenza kakhulu ngasese, ngaphandle kokuqondisa okukhulu, okuholela ekuphuleni amalungelo okuxhumana amaMelika.

I-Protomy yobuProfethi ihlolwe futhi. Ngokulandela umzabalazo we-Black Live Matter, amadolobha aye amangalelwa ngokusebenzisa amandla eqisayo, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, nokuqashelwa kokuqashwa kwabashisekeli. Umnyango wobulungisa uvame ukuveza izindlela zokuziphatha okungavumelani nemithetho eziphula kokubili inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi.

Okokugcina, ukuhlukanisa kwezibalo nokwenza i-algorithism yesinqumo kunezikhawu ezintsha. Ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kwemithetho yokushaya ibheyili, isigwebo, noma izinzuzo kungaphazamisa ubandlululo lwezinhlanga futhi kuphazamise inqubo efanele. Izimiso zokubonana nokulandisa zisekhona ukuxazulula lezi zinkathazo.

Isiphetho: Isibopho Esiqhubekayo Sokuvikela Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Ukuqonda ukuthi yini ewukwephulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokulondoloza umphakathi okhululekile. Ngokuhlola uhlobo lwelungelo, umongo wokwephulwa kwamagama, injongo yokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni, kanye nethonya kubantu ngabanye, singawahlola ngokunembile uma imingcele iqedwe. Izifundo ezingokomlando zisikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo alula futhi adinga ukuqapha njalo. Izindinganiso zomthetho zinikeza amathuluzi okulandisa, kodwa ziphumelela uma izakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabasekeli bazo bezisebenzisa.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, incazelo yokwephulwa komthetho iyoqhubeka ihlolwa ezinkantolo, ezindlu zomthetho, nasembonweni womphakathi. Nokho izimiso eziyisisekelo zikhona: umbuso kahulumeni kumelwe ulinganiselwe, abantu kumelwe baphathwe ngesithunzi, nenkululeko esekela idemokrasi kumelwe ivikelwe ngokuqhubekayo. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuhlolwa kokuphulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi akunikezi isifundo somthetho kuphela kodwa futhi kunikeza nesicelo sokuhlanganyela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuvikela inkululeko yabo bonke abantu.