Isisekelo Somthetho Wezombangazwe

Umthetho uyindabko yanoma yimuphi uhulumeni ozinzile. Yilungelo lokuziphatha nelenzuzo lombuso wokubusa, futhi lisekelwe ekwamukeni nasekuvumelaneni kwababuswayo. Ngaphandle kobungokomthetho, ngisho nombuso onamandla kakhulu ungaphunyuka ngenxa yobunzima bokumelana, ukunganaki, noma ukuvukela. Izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe kusukela kuPlato kuya ku-Rawlms ziye zaphikisana nalombono, kodwa umbuzo oyinhloko uyaqhubeka: yini eguqula amandla nje abe yigunya elifanele? Lesi sihloko sihlola izinkolelo eziyinhloko zokufaneleka kwemicikilisho yezenkambiwe (kusukela ezinkonzweni zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalo zezenzwe zentando yeningi zanamuhla, ukuthatheka nokwenza izivumelwano zezezombangazwe ezihlukene.)

Ukuchaza Umthetho Kahulumeni

Kumthetho waso olula, osemthethweni kusho ukuthi uhulumeni uqashelwa njengonelungelo lokubusa. Lokhu kuqaphela kumelwe kuvele ezinhlangothini ezimbili: izakhamuzi ezisemingceleni yayo nasemphakathini wezizwe zonke. Isazi sezenhlalo saseJalimane . [i-Max Weber sanikeza esinye sezisekelo ezihlala njalo. Wachaza ngokufanele njengenkolelo esebenzayo ekusebenziseni kwesimiso segunya, futhi waveza izinhlobo ezintathu ezimsulwa zegunya elingokomthetho:

  • Igunya lezenqubo - elisekelwe emasikweni amisiwe nakumandla azuzwe ngefa (umz., amamonarch).
  • Igunya le-Carismatic – lisekelwe ezimfanelweni zomuntu siqu ezikhethekile zikamholi (umz., izibalo eziguqulayo).
  • Igunya lokumisa elisemthethweni – lisekelwe esimisweni semithetho nezinqubo ezingakho ezingathi muntu (umz., amabhulawudi anamuhla).

Lezi zigaba azifani. Ohulumeni abaningi besikhathi esiphakathi kwabo bobathathu, kodwa isimo sokuhlukanisa esingokomthetho sivelele kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Inselele iwukuthi incazelo kaWeber igxile enkolelweni − uma abantu bekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ungokomthetho, khona - ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisekelo sawo sangempela sokuziphatha. Lokhu kuholela embuzweni ojulile: kufanele ukuba ugunyazwe noma usekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha eziphansi?

Izinkolelo - mbono Zezenhlalo: Ukuvumelana Njenge - Cornerstone

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sinikeza impendulo enamandla kulombuzo. Izingqondo ezinjengethi Thomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke[, futhi [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [i-jan-Jacoques] Rousseau [[ wavumelana ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uvela ku- ukuvumelana [[FLT: 7] kokubuswa. Ngokwemvelo, abantu bakhululekile futhi balingana kodwa babhekene ngokungalondeki. Bavumelana ngokuzithandela nokunye kwenkululeko yabo ephezulu noma elungiselelweni. Lokhu kuvumelana negunya lezombangazwe.[FLT]

Ama - hobbe NoLeviyathani

Hobbes wabheka isimo semvelo “njengempi yabo bonke abantu.” Ukubalekela ukuphila okungekho mthethweni, okumpofu, okungathandeki, okungathandeki, nokumfushane,” abantu kumelwe bavume kumbusi oyedwa, ophelele. Ku Hobbes, ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni okuvela esithembisweni sokulondeka; uma nje umbusi evikela abantu, ukulalela kukwenzelwa. Lesibonelo sigcizelela i-charnoo[ amandla: uhulumeni ungokomthetho uma ungaqinisa ukuthula, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunezici ezifanele ukubusa ngentando yeningi.

Ukuvala Nokuvuma Okungenamibandela

Locked Hobbes’s absolutism. Waphikisa ngokuthi imvume ayikona ukudluliswa kwegunya ngesikhathi esisodwa kodwa isivumelwano esiqhubekayo, esinemibandela. Uhulumeni kumelwe uvikele amalungelo emvelo /ukuphila, nempahla. Uma umbusi ephula lamalungelo, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela. Inkolelo-mbono ye-Locke isekela idemocracy yanamuhla ekhululekile, lapho umthetho womthetho [[[FLT:] kanye nomthetho wokwehla kwamalungelo [[FLT:].

URousseau NoJenene Wentando

Rousseau wasusa ukugxila emalungelweni abantu ngabanye wathatha ukuzikhethela kwabo bonke. Waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho kumelwe achaze “intando yentando” [1] Inzuzo evamile yawo wonke umphakathi. Izakhamuzi zivuma ngokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekubekeni umthetho. KuRousseau, uhulumeni omeleleyo ukuncishiswa kwemvume; ukuqamba umthetho kudinga ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondile lapho imithetho ibonisa khona izithakazelo ezihlanganyelwayo.

Lezizazi zefilosofi ezintathu zibonisa ukuthi ukuvuma akuwona umqondo wobukho bamagama afanayo. Kusukela ekuvumeni okungacacile kokuhleleka okukhona kuya ekuhlanganyeleni okuqhubekayo ekwenzeni izinqumo zezombangazwe. Uhulumeni ohluleka ukuvikela uhlobo oluthile lwemvume (ngokhetho), nge-astenda, noma ngezinqubo zokususa umthetho) uba yisigebengu.

Umehluko Phakathi Komthetho Nomthetho

Ukudideka okuvamile kuhambisana nokufaneleka komthetho. Umbuso ungamiswa ngokusemthethweni − futhi imithetho idluliswa ngezinqubo ezifanele .Njengoba ingekho emthethweni. I-partheid South Africa, ngokwesibonelo, inesimiso somthetho esidibanisa iningi. Imithetho inezela izinga lokuziphatha: imithetho kumelwe ibe nebulungisa, noma okungenani yamukeleka, kulabo abazithoba kuyo. Umthetho owenziwe ngokwemithetho [ usengozini enkulu yokuhlukanisa [[FT]] igebelele kakhulu kulomngcele; uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi umthetho ngokwawo ubekwe ngokumelene nazo, zingasusa inkolelo yazo esimisweni, ngisho nalapho ziqhubeka zilalela imithetho eqondile.

Lokhu kuphikisana kuyisisekelo sezimpikiswano zamanje. Uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengezihlukanisayo noma okhetho zibekwa, ukugcinwa kwamacala kuba yicala. Imithetho ifuna ukulunga okungokomthetho kanye no [FLT]] ukwahlulela okungalawuleki [. Njengoba isazi sefilosofi uJürgen Habermas ephikisayo, umthetho ongokomthetho usekelwe enqubweni yokuhlola umphakathi okungamukeleka ngokunengqondo.

Ukwamukela Ngaphandle Kokuvuma: Ukwanda Kwempucuko Nezinhlangano

Nakuba imvume isho isivumelwano esisebenzayo noma esingasebenzi, ukwamukela igunya kubanzi. Kuhlanganisa izici zempucuko, ezingokomlando, nezingokwengqondo ezenza izakhamuzi zibheke uhulumeni wazo njengofanele. Uhulumeni oletha ukuzinziwa, ukukhula kwezomnotho, nezinkonzo eziyisisekelo zingamukelwa ngisho noma izimpawu zawo zedemokrasi zibuthakathaka.

Ukwamukela Isiko

Wonke umphakathi unezimiso zokuthi ubani okufanele abuse futhi kanjani. Ezweni elivamile, ukuqamba amanga kusekelwe ekulandeleleni ifa. Ezizweni eziningi zangemva kwe-colonist, ukuqamba icala kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nenhlangano yenkululeko eyaletha inkululeko. Ukulandisa kwempucuko − ukusungula obaba, izimpi zobuzwe, nabaholi bamaqhawe kuveza lokho izakhamuzi ezikubheka njengegunya elamukelekayo. Uma lezo zindaba ziwohloka noma ziphikiswa ngokuphikisana, ukusemthethweni kungahlukanisa.

Ukuthembana Kweziqu

Ukwamukelwa kuxhomeke ekuthembeni ezinhlanganweni eziyinhloko: ijaji, amaphoyisa, ikhomishane yokuvota, inkonzo kahulumeni. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi lemikhakha ayikhethi futhi ifanelekile, zithambekele kakhulu ukwamukela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezingavumelani nazo. Amazinga amakhulu okuthembana aphezulu adala iqoqo elisemthethweni elivumela ohulumeni ukuba babhekane nezinkinga zezulu. Ukuthemba phansi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubangela ukugxeka nokumelana. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthembela eNkantolweni ephakeme yase-U.S. kuye kwancipha eminyakeni yamuva, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngekhono lenhlangano lokunikeza imvume yokubhekana nempikiswano.

Ukuba Isekela Lemithetho Esebenzayo

Kuhulumeni we-phoricity noma we-produkism, ukuqamba umthetho akusungulwa ngokuvuma noma ngokuhlanganyela kodwa ekusebenzeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina, lincike kakhulu ku ukwenziwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni[, ukugobeka kokuthi ukukhula ngokushesha kwezomnotho nokuzinza kwezenhlalo kuthethelela ukubusa okukodwa. Lomfanekiso usengozini: uma ukusebenza kuntengantenga (njengaphakathi nokwehla kwegebezeko noma umqedazwe), ukwamukeleka kungashabalala.

Izinselele Zokuba Uhulumeni Onegunya Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Awukho uhulumeni ojabulela ukufaneleka okunganqatshelwanga phakade. amandla ezombangazwe angesikhathi esizayo aye asungula abacindezeli abasha abavivinya ukuvunyelwa nokwamukelwa kwezakhamuzi.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa U - Elite

Lapho abezombangazwe nabalawuli besebenzisa ihhovisi lomphakathi ukuze bazuze, isivumelwano sezenhlalo siyaphulwa. Izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi imvume yazo iye yakhashelwa. Inkohlakalo egcwele yonke indawo iqeda kokubili igunya elingokomthetho nelokuziphatha lombuso. Ngisho nasemazweni abizwa ngokuthi abusa ngentando yeningi, imibono yenkohlakalo inciphisa ukuvota nokuthemba okhethweni. Umphumela uwukwehla okungokomthetho okungabangela izinhlangano ezithi “zidle ixhaphozi.”

Ukusakaza Nokulahlwa Kwezinhlangano Zenkululeko

Abaholi be-populist bavame ukubekela inselele ukuba ngokomthetho kwezinhlangano ezimisiwe − amacala ezindaba, imithombo yezindaba, izikhulu zezembubhiso, ngokuthi bamelela “abantu bangempela” kubaphathi abakhohlakele. Lelicebo linganqoba okhethweni, kodwa futhi lilulaza izimiso zokusekela imvume. Uma uhulumeni okhethiwe uhlasela ukuphikiswa, amaphepha-zindaba, kanye nomthetho wezomthetho, uguqula idemokrati ibe yilokho uSteven Levitsky noDaniel Ziblatt abakubiza ngokuthi “uthorist." I-Legitacyism iyashintsha i-keleleka: uma usekela umholi, ubheka u-spectal njenge-sham, abamelene no-skhasenzi.

Ukungaqondi Kakhulu Nezinkinga Zokuphazamiseka Kwengqondo

Ukwanda kokwaziswa okungamanga, ikakhulukazi ngezokuxhumana, kwenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuvumelana ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo. Uma ingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi ikholelwa ukuthi ukhetho lwebiwe, noma ukuthi ososayensi bakha uzungu ngokumelene nabo, khona - ke izinqumo zikahulumeni mayelana nesimiso sezempilo noma ukuphathwa kwezomnotho, ngeke kwamukelwe ngokomthetho. Ukubukelwa kwenkathi yokuqamba amanga akudingi ukuqapha kuphela kodwa futhi ukwandisa ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni eziveza ulwazi.

Ukungalingani Nokuqothulwa Kwezomnotho

Ukungalingani okukhulayo kwezomnotho kululaza umqondo wesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Uma abacebile bethonya ezombangazwe ngaphezu kwezakhamuzi ezivamile, imvume iba yize. Izakhamuzi ezizizwa zishiywe ngemva zingase zisuse ukwamukelwa kwazo isimiso, kuholele ekutheni zithatheleni phansi, zivukele, noma zisekele ezinye izindlela eziyingozi. Izazi ezinjengo Robert Putnam[ ziye zabonisa ukuthi ukungalingani kwezomnotho kunciphe ukwethembana kwezenhlalo, okuthi kamuva kunciphise ukufaneleka kwezombangazwe.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukushaya Indiva Kwemithetho

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela okwakhiwe ngayo ngokomthetho, okulondolozwa ngayo, nokulahlekayo.

IUnited States: Ukuvumelana Ngokuvumelana Nomthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sase-U.S. sakhiwe emibonweni kaLocke yamalungelo emvelo. Ukukhetha, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, nomthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe unikeza uhulumeni ukuzisholo okuqinile okungokomthetho. Nokho leli zwe liye labhekana nezinkinga eziphindaphindiwe: iMpi Yombango, umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, nokuncintiswa kwezindawo zamuva kwezinqumo ezingu-2020. Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuye kwehla, futhi ukuhlukana okukhulu kusho ukuthi amaMelika amaningi awasamukeli ilungelo likahulumeni oholwa iqembu eliphikisana neqembu elihlukile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nentando yeningi yentando yeningi yeningi kumelwe iqhubeke ivuma njalo.

ENingizimu Afrika: Ukusuka Ebuhlalweni Kuya Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Ukuguqulwa kobandlululo kusuka kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ngo-1994 kuyindaba yencwadi yokuguqula ngokusemthethweni. Isimiso sokuhlukanisa esingokomthetho senqatshwa emhlabeni wonke nayiningi le-South Africa. Umthetho-sisekelo omusha, oxoxiwe ngenqubo yentando yeningi, owenziwe jikelele, amalungelo abantu, nesimiso sesigaba esihlukene kakhulu. I-African National Congress (ANHEID) yathola ukufaneleka ngendima yayo ekulweleni inkululeko nakukhetho olukhululekile. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, ihlanekezelwe inkohlakalo nokuthunyelwa kwenkonzo engafanele, kubonisa ukuthi impumelelo yangaphambili ayiqinisekisi ukuvunyelwa.

I - European Union: Ingabe Imithetho Engokomthetho Engenabo Ubandlululo?

I-EU iyinhlangano eyingqayizivele yezombangazwe ethola ukufaneleka ezivumelwaneni, ezomnotho, kanye nezindinganiso ezihlanganyelwe. Nokho, ihlushwa “ukunciphiswa kwentando yeningi” ($hhcritism) iphikisa ngokuthi izinqumo eziyinhloko zenziwa abalawuli abangahleliwe nokuthi izakhamuzi azinalo ithonya eliqondile. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba i-euroscepticism ibeke inselele igunya le-EU, njenge-Brexit. Inkinga esemthethweni ye-EU ibonisa ukuthi imvume ayinakuthathwa esimisweni sokubusa esinesilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu; idinga imizamo esebenzayo yokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi nokuqinisa ukuphatha i-paleji.

IVenezuela: Ukuwa Kwemithetho

I-Venezuela ihla inyuka ingena esimweni esibucayi ifanekisela lokho okwenzekayo lapho umthetho ubhujiswa. UHugo Chávez wakhethwa kuqala ngedemokrasi futhi wajabulela ukufaneleka okunamandla okungokwemvelo. Kodwa uhulumeni wakhe kancane kancane wachitha izinhlangano zentando yeningi, amandla aphakathi, futhi wasebenzisa kabi umnotho. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umlandeli wakhe uNicolás Maduro wahola enhlekeleleni engokwenhlalakahle yabantu. Ukuphikiswa nomphakathi wezizwe zonke awusawuqapheli uhulumeni kaMaduro njengongokomthetho, oholela eqenjini elingekho emthethweni nelawushiwe kakhulu kwezombangazwe. IVenezuela ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nohulumeni owake wavunyelwa uhulumeni uhulumeni uhulumeni ungagcina ububi bomthetho womthetho ongekho emthethweni ngenkohlakalo, ukucindezela, ukuhluleka ukuletha izimpahla eziyisisekelo.

Ukuba Ilungu Lemithetho Enkathini Yezinombolo

I-Internet kanye ne-computer yezenstruction iye yashintsha indlela ekwakhiwe ngayo. Ohulumeni manje bangaxhumana ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi, badlulise imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko. Kodwa abashisekeli nabadlali bangaphandle bangabekela inselele ukufaneleka ngemikhankaso yamagciwane, ukuvuza, nokuhlanganisa. Umphumela uba indawo ehlukene kakhulu futhi ephikiswanayo. Ohulumeni abafuna ukugcina ngokomthetho kumelwe bahlanganyele nezindawo zomphakathi zamanani ngokucace, bavikele ubuqotho obukhethiwe ekusongweni kwe-inthaneti, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi inkulumo ye-webhusayithi ayisona isikhali sokulwa nezimiso zentando yeningi.

Ikusasa Lokufaneleka

Njengoba singena shí ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka, imithombo yokufaneleka iyoqhubeka iguquka. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nobhadane lwembulunga yonke konke kudala izinselele ezidinga ukuthathwa kweqembu kodwa futhi zicindezela amandla ohulumeni ngabanye. Izakhamuzi zingafuna izindlela eziqondile zokuhlanganyela, njengemihlangano yezakhamuzi noma i-athodia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpawu zempoqo zokushaya umthetho − ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni, ubuzwe, noma ukuthakamisa.

Isifundo esiyinhloko senkolelo - mbono yezombangazwe siwukuthi ubuqotho abuyona impahla emisiwe. Buwubuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo, obakhelwe ekwethembaneni, ukuvumelana, ukwamukelwa, nokusebenza. Ohulumeni abakhohlwa lobubuhlobo balahlekelwa yinto eyodwa eyenza amandla abo abe yiyo: ukusekela kwabantu ngokuzithandela.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe