Ukuchaza Umthetho Kahulumeni

Umthetho usemthethweni kahulumeni isisekelo sokuziphatha nesomqondo esivumela ilungelo lendikimba ebusayo lokusebenzisa igunya phezu kwabantu. Iphendula umbuzo wokuthi kungani abantu kufanele balalele umthetho futhi bamukele izinqumo ezenziwa nguhulumeni. Umthetho uhlukile kumthetho osemthethweni nje: umbuso ungase umiswe ngokomthetho kodwa ungabi semthethweni wangempela emehlweni ezakhamuzi zawo. Yiglucolo egcina izimiso zezombangazwe zihlangene, iguqula amandla aqinile abe igunya elifanele. Izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe kusukela ku-Platopto Rayls kuya kuJohn Rawls ziye zalwa nemithombo kanye nomthetho, futhi namuhla uhlala ulokhu unomqondo oyinhloko ekuqondeni ukuqina nokusebenza kwezizwe.

Uhulumeni ongokomthetho ujabulela ukuzithoba ngokuzithandela kwezakhamuzi zawo, hhayi ngoba zesaba isijeziso, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi zikholelwa ukuthi lesi simiso silungile, silungile, futhi sifanelwe ukusekelwa. Lomehluko phakathi kokuphoqelelwa nokuvunyelwa usekela yonke inkulumo ngokomthetho. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka uhulumeni njengezingokomthetho, zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni ekuphileni komphakathi, ukukhokha izintela, nokuvikela umbuso ngezikhathi zenhlekelele.

IZisekelo Zobufundisi

Isiko Elihambisana Nezenhlalo

Umqondo wesivumelwano senhlalo ungomunye wemikhakha ehlala njalo yokuqonda ngokomthetho. Abacabangi njengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uvela esivumelwaneni esicacile noma esicacile phakathi kwabantu sokunikezela inkululeko ethile ukuze kuncishiswe ukulondeka nokuhleleka. Ngaphansi kwalombono, igunya likahulumeni linemibandela — uma umbusi ephula izimvume zesivumelwano, izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokulahla izivumelwano zazo. Izivumelwano zanamuhla zesivumelwano sezenhlalo, njengalezo ezinikezwa nguJohn Rawls, zigcizelela ukuthi izinhlangano zidinga ukuba kube nezimiso ezilungile futhi zibonise izimiso zokuthi izakhamuzi zikhululekile futhi zilingana zivumelana ngaphansi kwezimo ezilungile.

Izinhlobo Ezintathu Zegunya LikaMax Weber

Isazi sezenhlalo uMax Weber saziwa ngokuhlukanisa ngokomthetho zaba izinhlobo ezintathu ezifanelekayo, ngayinye isekelwe esisekelweni esihlukile sokuthi ibusa:

  • Igunya lomthetho-Régal: Amandla asetshenziswa ngokwemithetho emisiwe nezinqubo. Lena indlela evelele ezizweni zanamuhla ezibusayo, lapho igunya linamathela ehhovisi, hhayi kumuntu. Ukubusa komthetho nenqubo efaneleyo kuyisihluthulelo. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yesikhathi esikhona yehlela ngaphansi kwaloluhlobo.
  • Igunya lobuzwe: Imithetho isekelwe ebungcweleni bamasiko akudala kanye nokukholelwa ekulungeni kwababusi abangokwesiko. Ama-hereditary monarchy namakhonya angokohlanga ayizibonelo ezivelele. Loluhlobo lungaqina amakhulu amaningi eminyaka kodwa luvame ukumelana noshintsho.
  • Igunya lobukhomanisi elisuka kumholi wenkolo, abaholi, abaholi abavukelayo, namalungu ehlelo ngokuvamile basebenzisa igunya lezentengiselwano. Ayiqinile ngokwemvelo ngoba ixhomeke ekudluliseleni umholi futhi ngokuvamile kumelwe ifakwe ezindleleni zomthetho noma zesiko ukuze iphile.

I-tepchology kaWeber isalokhu iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola kokubili ohulumeni abangokomlando nabakhona manje, nakuba imibuso yangempela yomhlaba ivame ukuhlanganisa izici zazo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States ihlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlanganisa ngokomthetho nezici ezinamandla zegunya elingokwesiko (isib., ukuhlonipha uMthetho-sisekelo) kanye nokuhola kokuthakazela ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ukuba Isekela Lemithetho Esebenzayo

Ngalé kweWeber, ososayensi bezombangazwe banamuhla bayaqaphela ukuthi ukufaneleka kungazuzwa futhi ngokubusa okuphumelelayo. Ukugunyaza kwekhono – ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi ukukhishwa komthetho - sisekelo - kubhekisela embonweni wokuthi uhulumeni ungokomthetho ngokwezinga onikeza ngalo izinto ezidingekayo zomphakathi: ukulondeka, ukukhula kwezomnotho, izakhiwo zezenhlalakahle, nenhlalakahle. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu embusweni wobuphoqelela lapho ukhetho lungase lube nephutha noma lungabikho. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni waseChina uye wazuza ngokomlando ubukhulu bawo obuningi bokuthuthuka ngokushesha kwezomnotho nokuthuthukisa izindinganiso zokuphila. Ukuzimisela kungawohloka ngokushesha uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukuhlangabezana namathemba, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nezinhlekelele zezomnotho noma izinhlekelele zemvelo.

Indima Yokuvuma Nokuhlanganyela

Imvume Eyimfihlo

Imvume yokuzivumelanisa inqubo iyindlela eqondile abantu abanikeza ngayo uhulumeni ilungelo elingokomthetho. Ukugunyaza okhethweni olukhululekile nolungakhethi, ukusayina isivumelwano sezenhlalo, noma ukufunga isifungo sokwethembeka kuyizenzo zemvume ecacile. Inkolelo-mbono yeDemocratic isekela ukuthi okhethweni oluvamile, oluncintisanayo lunikeza inqubo yokunikeza noma yokuhoxa imvume. Uma izinqubo zokukhetha zibhekwa njengezilungile futhi zisobala, uhulumeni owenazo ujabulela ukubekwa kwemvume esemthethweni, ngisho naphakathi kwalabo abavotela ukulahlekelwa.

Ukuvuma Ngokuqondile Nokukhangisa

Ngokwesiko, bambalwa abantu abavuma ukubuswa ngokomthetho. Izazi zezombangazwe njengoJohn Locke noDavid Hume zaphikisa ngokuthi imvume ecacile noma engafihli ingakhishwa ezenzweni zomuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlala phakathi kwemingcele kahulumeni, ngokusebenzisa izinkonzo zawo zomphakathi, noma ukwamukela isivikelo sawo, umuntu angase abhekwe njengovumelana ngokukhululekile negunya lawo. Nokho, lombono uncintiswano: abagxeki baqaphela ukuthi abantu abaningi abanakukwazi ukushiya izwe labo kalula, futhi ukuthi ukuvuma ngokunganaki kuphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zingene esivumelwaneni esingathandeki sombuso. Noma kunjalo, inkolelo yokuvuma ingasho ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi bevumelana nohulumeni ngokuvamile bengagunyaziswanga ngokuqondile.

Umthetho Wentando Yeningi Nokuzikhulula

Kulowo mcabango wezombangazwe wamanje, ukuqamba umthetho kuhlangene kakhulu hhayi nje nokhetho kodwa nobungako bokucabanga nokuhlanganyela. UJurgen Habermas wasungula umqondo wokukhipha idemokrati ekhululekile, ephikisa ngokuthi izinqumo ezingokomthetho kumelwe zibangelwe ukuvuleka, ukuhlanganisa, nokuphikisana okunengqondo phakathi kwezakhamuzi noma abameleli bazo. Lombono ugcizelela ukuthi umphumela usemthethweni (ukuba isinqumo sihle) awubalulekile kunokuthatha umthetho osemthethweni (kanjalo isinqumo safinyelelwa ngenqubo elungile). Imibuso eminingi yanamuhla ihlanganisa inqubo yokukhipha imingcele engokomthetho enjengemihlangano yezakhamuzi kanye nokuxoxa komphakathi ukuze isekele ukufaneleka kwazo ngenkathi yokungathemba okungathembekile kokhetho olungokwesiko.

Izinselele Kuhulumeni Oyigunya

Ukonakala Nezinkampani

Ukonakala kungenye yezinsongo ezinamandla kakhulu ekugunyazweni. Uma izikhulu zomphakathi zisebenzisa amandla azo ukuze zicebise, isithembiso esiyisisekelo segunya lokumisa okungokomthetho - - imithetho sisebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu – kuyaphuka. Izakhamuzi ziphelelwa ukholo ngokushesha ezinhlanganweni ezingababekeleli abaholi abazolandisa. Impoqo ye-Perception International Indiceptions Index egcwele ikhohlakaza ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi amazwe anamazinga ephakeme yokonakala, njenge-Venezuela ne-Afghanistantian, ahlushwa izinhlekelele eziqinile nentengantenga yezombangazwe. Ngisho nasehlwini evuthiwe, amahlazo ehlwithwayo angaqeda ukwethemba; amahlazo e-Matergate eUnited States, ngokwesibonelo, ukonakala okukhulu kokholo ku-Precionberg no-Angressen.

Ukubhikisha Nokungalaleli Kombango

Ukungavumelani nomphakathi okuthatha isikhathi eside kuphawula ukuswela ngokomthetho. Ukuvukela kwe-Arabia Springs kwango- 2011, ukubhikisha kwe-2019 eHong Kong, kanye nombukiso ka-2020 Black Live Matter konke kwabonisa inkolelo egcwele ukuthi ohulumeni babengameleli izithakazelo zabantu babo. Uma ukubhikisha kuba kukhulu futhi kuphikelela, babuza igunya lokuziphatha lezwe. Ohulumeni bangasabela ngokucindezelwa, okungase kuvuse ukuhleleka kodwa ngokuvamile kuthuthukise inkinga esemthethweni phakathi kwesikhathi eside.

Ukungalingani Kwezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ukungalingani kungalulaza ukufaneleka ngokususa inkolelo yokuthi isimiso silungile. Uma idlanzana eliphethe ingxenye enkulu yengcebo namandla, kuyilapho abanye bezama ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo, isivumelwano sezenhlalo siyaphuka. Ukukhula kwezinhlangano ze-populist eziGuleni eziningi zentando yeningi zaseNtshonalanga ngokwengxenye kuyimpendulo yokungalingani okucatshangelwayo nomuzwa wokuthi lesi simiso simisiwe. Ohulumeni abahlulekayo ukusingatha izingozi zokungalingani ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwezindawo ezinkulu zomphakathi, kuholele ekuhlukani kwezombangazwe nokungahleleki.

Ukuqashelwa Nokuqondiswa Kwemithetho Yomhlaba Wonke

Ohulumeni futhi baxhomeke ekuqashelweni okungaphandle komphakathi wezizwe zonke. Ukuqashelwa kwangaphandle kwezizwe zonke. Umbuso we-Aspirinati, amalungu ezinhlangano ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, nokulalela umthetho wezizwe zonke konke kunikela ekumeni kukahulumeni phesheya. Uma umbuso usolwa kabanzi njengomthetho weTaliban njengongekho emthethweni, njengohulumeni wase Afghanistan (ongaqashelwa yimibuso eminingi) noma umbuso we-Assad e-Syria (ozimisele ukujeziswa nokulahlwa), ubhekene nokungabekeki imingcele entengisweni, imali, nokulondeka.

Ukuqapha Umthetho: Ukwehlukana Okubucayi

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukanisa kwezombangazwe ukuthi phakathi kobungangamsha nomthetho. Kungenzeka ukuthi uhulumeni umiswe ngokomthetho - ngokomthetho - okusho ukuthi, kodwa uhluleka ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane yamaNazi yaqala ukulawula ngezimiso ezingokomthetho, kodwa izenzo zayo zenyanze ukuba ibe yize kakhulu emehlweni amaningi omhlaba wonke futhi, ekugcineni, ingabi namthetho osemthethweni. Ngokuphambene, uhulumeni ungaba ngokomthetho kodwa usho ukuthi unegunya eliphakeme lokuziphatha. Izikhulu zaseMelika ezakha iZwe laseZwenikazini lempini emelene nomthetho waseBrithani zaphikisa ngokuthi izenzo zabo zazingafanelekile ngenxa yokumelela imvume yezwe elibuswayo. Lokhu kucindezela kungathiwa umthetho kugcwele ngokomthetho, hhayi enye indlela ezungezile.

Ukuhlola Icala Kwangesikhathi Esidlule Ngokushaya Indiva

I - United States: Isimo Esiyinkimbinkimbi

I-United States sekuyisikhathi eside ibhekwa njengesibonelo sokufaneleka kwentando yeningi, isekelwe eMthethweni womthetho, umthetho, nokhetho oluvamile. Nokho, izinselele zesikhathi esikhona – kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, imithetho yokuvota, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, nomphumela wezimpikiswano zenqubo yokhetho ezingu-2020 – iye yavivinywa ukuthi isemthethweni. Izakhamuzi eziningi manje ziveza ukungathembani ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu, kuhlanganise neNkantolo ephakeme, isimiso sokhetho, kanye nemithombo yezindaba. Ukuhlaselwa kweCapitol ngoJanuary 6, 2021, kwamelela ukuhlaselwa okuqondile kwenqubo yokuvota. idemokhrasi ihlala iqinile, kodwa ukukhukhuleka kwezimpawu zokuthembana okungenakuthathwa ngokusemthethweni.

IVenezuela: Ukuba Yizimemezelo Ezisenkingeni

IVenezuela inikeza isibonelo esiqinile sokuwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngemva kokuba yintando yeningi egcwele amashumi amaningi eminyaka, uhulumeni weHugo Chávez futhi kamuva iNicolás Maduro wasebenzisa amandla aphambili, wasebenzisa ukhetho, futhi waqeda ukuphikiswa. Ukhetho lukamongameli luka-201818, lapho uMaduro ebizwa njengonqobile phakathi kokudukiswa okusakazekile nokulahlwa kwezizwe ngezizwe zonke, walahlwa njengongakhululekileyo noma ngokungakhethi. Izwe manje libhekene nenkinga kahulumeni ombaxakile: isishaya undlu yomthetho (ingqungqungquthela yesizwe) ngaphansi komholi wokuphikiswa uJuan Guaidó, kuyilapho uMaduro ewudentive ewulawula ngokusemthethweni izikhali zikahulumeni zikahulumeni. Ohulumeni abaningi bakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise neUnited States ne-European Union, baqashelwa ngokuthi uGuidle umongameli wesizwe, kodwa uhulumeni ne-judiary wahlala ngokuthembeka kuMaduro. Lokhu kubonakalisa ukuncintisana kwezwe.

EChina: Umthetho Weqembu

I-CP yaseChina isekela ngokuyinhloko ukufaneleka kwayo ekwenzeni nokugcina ubukhosi obusheshayo kwezomnotho, ukuncipha kobumpofu, nokuzinza kwezenhlalo okuhlangene nesimiso esingokomthetho esihlanganisa indima yobuholi beqembu. Ngokungafani ne-democracy yaseNtshonalanga, akukho khetho oluncintisanayo ezingeni lesizwe; kunalokho, uhulumeni ugcizelela amandla awo okuveza imiphumela nokugcina ubukhosi bezwe. Umbuso futhi uye wasungula ukufaneleka ngokulandela ubuzwe nangesikhuthalo esingokomlando esibeka iCCCP njengombuyiseli wobukhulu baseChina. Ukuhlolwa kubonisa amazinga aphakeme okuthemba umphakathi kuhulumeni ophakathi, nakuba lokhu kungase kushukuswe yikho kokubili ukwaneliseka okuqotho nokungabutholi ubukhosi obuzimele. I-China ingaba inseleleka noma impumelelo ezomnotho, inhlekelele yezemvelo, noma inguquko enkulu emphakathini.

I-European Union: Imithetho Ingaphezu Kwesizwe

I-European Union (EU) ibhekene nenselele ekhethekile yokufaneleka ngoba iyinhlangano ehlangene entuthukweni yokuletha ukuthula (abantu). Izakhamuzi eziningi zizizwa zikude eBrussels futhi zikhononda ‘ ngokushiyeka kwentando yeningi” - umqondo wokuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngokungahlelwanga. Ukufaneleka kwe-EU kuxhomekeka emandleni ayo okuveza ukuthula, ukuchuma, nezindinganiso ezivamile, kodwa inkinga yezimali ka-2008, inhlekelele ye-UROOC, kanye ne-Brexit edalula yonke imiba ejulile. I-EUU iphendule ngokuzama ukuqinisa indima yePhalamende laseYurophu nangezindlela zokuhlola izakhamuzi, kodwa ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi besizwe nobukhosi obubusayo, kuhlala kuhleli ngokuqhubekisela phambili kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezivumelwano sezivumelwano sezivumelwano sezivumelwano sezivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezihlangenenikweni kanye nezizwe ezisebuthweni zomphakathini.

Ukulinganisa Imithetho: Sazi Kanjani?

Ososayensi bezombangazwe basebenzisa kokubili izindlela zokulinganisa nokwenza i-quantitive ukuze bahlole ukwethembeka. Ucwaningo olucela ukuthembela kuhulumeni, ukwaneliseka ngentando yeningi, nokuzimisela ukulalela umthetho lunikeza ukwaziswa okungokwesayensi. I-World Valuevery ne-Gallup World Poll ilandela lezi zimo zengqondo emhlabeni wonke. Enye indlela iwukuhlola izikhombo zendlela yokuziphatha: i-votarver (ngaba i-paneased ingasho ukwaneliseka noma ukunganeliseki), ukukhokha intela, nokuhlanganyela ekuphikiseni. Ezindaweni eziqinile, idemocrafecracy, ivame ukuba i-demodefacracy kodwa ayihlangene; emazweni abuthaka, iyi-episodic kanye neyash. Inkolelo ye- “ivotitity " yaqoshwa nguJürgen Habmaston ukuchaza isikhathi lapho uhulumeni engeke uphinde usekelele.

Impikiswano Engokwefilosofi: Ukuvumelana, Ubulungisa, Nokulingana

Ifilosofi yezombangazwe yamuva iyaqhubeka icwengisisa izimo ukuze kube semthethweni. UJohn Rawls uphikisa ngokuthi ukufaneleka kudinga ukuba isimo esiyisisekelo somphakathi sibe nje – okusho ukuthi sivumelana nezimiso ezivumela abantu abakhululekile nabalinganayo ukuba bavumelane nokuma kwasekuqaleni. Muva nje, abaholi bezombangazwe abanjengoDavid Held noSey Benib baye bahlola ukuthi ukufaneleka kunganwetshwa kanjani ngaphaya kwesizwe esiphethe izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Lemiba ayiyona nje impikiswano engokwemfundo: Bazisa izimpikiswano zangempela zezwe ngemingcele yamandla, amalungelo abaphambukeli, amalungelo esibopho somthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukweqisa Kokungafundi

Umthetho awukho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni noma ozisebenzelayo. Kumelwe usebenze ngokunamathela ngokunamathela emthethweni, ngokusabela ezidingweni zomphakathi, nangokunakekela izinhlangano ezilungile. Imithombo yomthetho - ngokomthetho – ukumisa okungokomthetho, okungokwesiko, okungokwesiko, okungokobudemori, nokusekela ukusebenza kwentando yeningi, nokusekelana. Ezweni elihlangeneyo yonke, ukufaneleka kuthonywa futhi yizimiso zezizwe zonke nokuqashelwa. Abafundi besayensi yezombangazwe nezakhamuzi bazuza ekuqondeni ukuthi ukwethembeka kuyisakhiwo somphakathi esinethe ukukhubazeka ekugcineni ezinkolelweni nasezenzweni zabantu abavamile. Impilo yesimiso sezombangazwe ixhomeke ekutheni labo abasebusomandla bangahlangabezana yini namathemba asebenzayo ezakhamuzini zabo, futhi bazizwe zizizwe zinikwe amandla okuphatha uhulumeni wabo. Njengoba umlando, lapho ukuvuleka, ngisho nokuwohloka kwemibuso emikhulu kakhulu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Encyclopedia yefilosofi ngokuphathelene ngokomthetho wezombangazwe, uhlobo lwe-Max Weber’s lwezintathu zegunya [, kanye ne [[FLT] Transpability International Pectures Index[ yemininingwane engokomthetho.