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Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo: Isisekelo Sokuziphendukela Kwentando Yeningi

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zimelela enye yezinqubo ezinamandla kakhulu ekubuseni kwentando yeningi . Ziyizinguquko ezingokomthetho noma ukunezelwa komthetho wezwe oyisisekelo ovumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ushintshe uzungeze nomphakathi. Lokhu kulungisa kwenza uhlelo lokuqala lomthetho-sisekelo luvumelane nezimo ezintsha, ukusingatha izindaba ezingalindelekile, futhi usabelele ezidingweni ezishintshayo nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokuqeda, imithetho-mthetho iyakuhlala ihlelile imibhalo ehlelile, ingakwazi ukuhlazisela intuthuko noma ukulungisa ukungalungi okubonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umqondo wokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ubonisa ukulinganisela okuntekenteke phakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana. Kwesinye isandla, imithetho-sisekelo kumelwe izinze ngokwanele ukuba inikeze ukubusa okungaguquguquki nokuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumelwe ilula ngokwanele ukuba ihlale ibalulekile ezizukulwaneni zonke. Lokhu kulinganisela kufinyelelwa ngokulungisa ngokucophelela okwenza izinguquko zibe nokwenzeka kodwa kungabi lula kakhulu, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuqedwa kuphela kokusekelwa okukhulu kuba yingxenye yomthetho oyisisekelo.

Kuvoti nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Lezinguquko zithinta yonke into kusukela emalungelweni omuntu ngamuntu nenkululeko kuya ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni nasekusakazweni kwamandla. Lapho abavoti beqonda ukuthi iziphi izinguquko zisebenza kanjani, ukuthi kungani zibalulekile, bangathatha izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngoshintsho oluhlongozwayo futhi benze abameleli babo bazizwe benecala lokuvikela izimiso zomthetho-mthetho.

Siyini Ngempela ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo?

Ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kubukezwa ngokusemthethweni kumthetho-sisekelo wesizwe, osebenza njengomthetho wezwe ophakeme. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile ongadluliswa ngezinqubo ezivamile zezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho kudinga izinqubo ezikhethekile ezivame ukuhlanganisa imikhawulo ephakeme yokuvunyelwa. Lendinganiso ephakeme ibonisa isimo esiyisisekelo semiyalo yomthetho-sisekelo futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni zithola izivumelwano ezingavamile.

Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kungaba nezindlela eziningi. Zinganezela amalungiselelo amasha ngokuphelele kumthetho-sisekelo, zibhekise izindaba ezingafakwanga encwadini yokuqala. Bangaguqula amalungiselelo akhona okuvuselela ulimi, ukwandisa noma ukubeka imingcele, noma ukucacisa izinto ezivele ngokuchazwa. Kwezinye izimo, ukulungisa ngokucacile amalungiselelo angaphambili omthetho-sisekelo, njengoba kwenzeka lapho iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nambathu saphinda sabuyisela umthetho owenqabela iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesithathu eUnited States.

Umehluko phakathi kokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho evamile ubalulekile. Nakuba izishaya-mthetho zingadlula, zishintshe, noma zilungise imithetho evamile ngezinqubo ezivamile, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo athwala ubunzima obukhulu futhi ahlale njalo. Imithetho kumelwe ivumelane nomthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinkantolo zingashaya umthetho ophikisana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Lesisigaba siqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala zivikelekile ngisho nalapho iziphathi eziyinhloko zezombangazwe zingakhetha izimiso ezihlukene.

Injongo Ebalulekile Nemisebenzi Yeziphendulo

Ukulungiswa koMthetho - sisekelo kufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso sikahulumeni esinempilo nesisabelayo. Ukuqonda lezinjongo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani inqubo yokulungisa ikhona nokuthi kufanele isetshenziswe nini.

Ukuvikela Nokwandisa Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo iwukuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Izinguquko eziningi kuwo wonke umlando ziye zamukelwa ngokukhethekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkululeko eyisisekelo noma zinikeze isivikelo emaqenjini ayengasamukeleki ngaphambili. IBhill of Rights / ishumi lokuqala lilungisa lenjongo yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. //Izikhundla zenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, namanye amalungelo abalulekile alinganisela amandla kahulumeni phezu kwabantu ngabanye.

Iziphakamiso ziye zasetshenziswa futhi ekulungiseni ukungabi nabulungisa okungokomlando nokwandisa isigaba sabaphethe amalungelo. IziNguqulo zeReconstructen ngemva kweMpi Yombango zaqeda ubugqila, amalungelo ezakhamuzi asungulwe, futhi zenqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni. Kamuva ukuncishiswa kwezinhlanga kwandisa amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane futhi kwehlisa inkathi yokuvota, kuqaphela ukuthi imisebenzi yentando yeningi ingcono kakhulu uma ukuhlanganyela kuhlanganisa nako.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezenhlalo Nezobuchwepheshe

Izinguquko ziguqula, futhi umthetho-sisekelo uvumela umthetho oyisisekelo ukuba uhambisane nentuthuko yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, nezobuchwepheshe. Impikiswano yokuthi abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo abangeke bazilindele zingadinga ukunakekelwa komthetho-sisekelo njengoba bevela. Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza indlela yokusingatha lezi zinselele ezintsha kuyilapho kugcinwa ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, ezokuthutha, ezezomnotho nezokuhleleka kwezenhlalo ziye zabangela zonke izingxoxo zomthetho - sisekelo, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukukwazi ukulungisa imithetho - sisekelo ebhalwe emiphakathini yabantu okuqinisekisa ukuthi ingaba usizo enkathini yezezimboni neyokwaziswa, kukhulume ngezinkinga zanamuhla kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Amaphutha Ashukumisayo Nokulungisa

Ngezinye izikhathi izinhlelo zomthetho ngokomthetho zibonakala zididane, ziholela ekudidekeni noma ezimpikiswaneni ngokuphathelene nencazelo yazo. Izigwebo zingacacisa lezizimo ezithi azilungile, zinikeze izimpendulo eziqinisekile zemibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokufanayo, uma okuhlangenwe nakho kwembula ukuthi ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo linemiphumela engahlolwanga noma alisebenzi ngendlela ehlosiwe, iziphendu zingenza ukulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza isibonelo sale nqubo ecacisayo. Samukelwa ukuba sigumbuqele isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sicacise ukuthi isikhulu esinesimiso sokuvikela esisemthethweni othile. IsiHlanziso seTwelfth salungisa izinkinga ngesimiso sokuqala samakolishi esikhethiwe esaba sobala ngemva kokukhethwa ngo-1800.

Ukulungisa Izakhiwo Namandla Kahulumeni

Izinqumiso zingaguqula indlela uhulumeni ohlelwe ngayo nendlela onikezwa ngayo amandla phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene noma amazinga kahulumeni. Lokhu kulungisa kungasusa amandla, kudala izinhlelo ezintsha zikahulumeni, noma kuqede izakhiwo eziphelelwe isikhathi. Izinguquko ezinjalo zivumela uhulumeni ukuba ushintshe ngaphandle kokuba ufune ukuba kufakwe umthetho ophelele esikhundleni sawo.

Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinguquko ezashintsha indlela abasekeni abakhethwa ngayo, imingcele emisiwe yezikhathi zikamongameli, noma izinqubo ezishintshiwe zokulandela umongameli.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo Eshintshwa Ngayo

Inqubo yokuhlela umthetho-sisekelo ifuna okukhulu ngamabomu kunokukhipha imithetho evamile. Lolu mngcele lufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile: luqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zisekelwa kabanzi, luvimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo ezisekelwe ezifinyelelweni zesikhashana zezombangazwe, futhi lulondoloza ukuqina negunya lomthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo.

Inqubo YeSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sase - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa inqubo yeziteji ezimbili zokulungisa: isiphakamiso nokuhlawuliswa. ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo sihlela izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa kanye nezindlela ezimbili zokuzilungisa, zidala izindlela ezine ezingase zishintshelwe kumthetho-sisekelo.

Izindlela ezi-Protola: Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngevoti yombili yezindlu zomkhandlu noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngama-trithns amabili ezindlu zomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwenqubo, zonke izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa ku-U.S. ziye zahlongozwa yi-Congress; indlela yomthetho-mcimbi yesivumelwano ayizange isetshenziswe, nakuba bekulokhu kunezingcingo zomhlangano onjalo ngezikhathi ezithile.

Izindlela zokwahlukanisa: Inguquko kumele igunyazwe yizishaya-mthetho zezifunda ezintathu ezine noma ngemihlangano emithathu yezine yezifundazwe. IMikhandlu ikhetha ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokulungisa ezosetshenziswa ekulungiseni inguquko ngayinye. Konke ukulungisa ngaphandle kwamashumi amabili-kuqala kuvunyelwe yizishaya-mthetho; iSigqino senguquko samashumi amabili-kuqala, esaphinda savunyelwa yimihlangano yezwe.

Le nqubo idala izithiyo ezinkulu zoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Imfuneko yamasuntswana amakhulu kokubili esihlongozweni nasemagabeni okulungisa isho ukuthi ukusekelwa okunganqamukiyo kudinga ukusekelwa okubanzi, ukusekelwa okuqinile ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene nasemabusweni ezombangazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwahlongozwa izinkulungwane zezinguquko eSivumelwaneni phakathi neminyaka edlule, kodwa kunezingamashumi amathathu nantathu kuphela eziye zathola ivoti edingekayo ukuze ithunyelwe ezifundeni, futhi kuthunyelwe imvume engamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela.

Izinhlelo Zesichibiyelo Kwamanye Amazwe

Amazwe ahlukahlukene aye athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo, abonisa amafilosofi ahlukahlukene ngokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo nokuzinza. Eminye imithetho - sisekelo kulula ukuyishintsha kunamanye, futhi lokhu kungafani kunemiphumela ebalulekile yokuthi izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zishintsha kanjani.

Idemokrati yephalamende eziningi zivumela izishaya-mthetho zabo ukuba zishintshe umthetho-sisekelo namavoti amakhulu, ngaphandle kokufuna ukuhlawuliswa ngokwehlukana ngezindawo noma ngabavoti. Ngokwesibonelo, i-German Sicle Law ingalungiswa ngamavoti amabili-ntathu kuwo womabili amagumbi ephalamende. Lokhu kwenza ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo lufinyeleleke kakhulu kunase-United States, nakuba kusenzima kakhulu kunokudlulisa umthetho ovamile.

Amanye amazwe adinga izinduna zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ezithandwayo, okwenza izakhamuzi zisho ngokuqondile ngezinguquko eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ireland, ifuna ukuba zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zivunyelwe abavoti. I-Australia idinga kokubili imvume yephalamende kanye ne-paremenum lapho iningi labavoti ezweni lonke kanye neningi labavoti emazweni amaningi bevumela khona ukuqedwa kwenguquko. ISwitzerland futhi yenza ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ezinye izizwe zinezindlela ezihlukene zokulungisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye imithetho-sisekelo imisa amalungiselelo athile angalungiseki, avikele izimiso eziyisisekelo kunoma iluphi ushintsho. Ngokwesibonelo, iGerman Sicle Law imemezela ukuthi izinguquko ezithinta isithunzi somuntu, idemokrasi, noma ubuzwe azinakuguqulwa. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseFrance uvimbela ukulungiswa kohlobo lukahulumeni wezwe.

Indima Yokulinganiselwa Kwesikhathi Ekusebenziseni Ukugeleza

Isici esithakazelisayo senqubo yokulungisa sihlanganisa imingcele yesikhathi sokugudluzwa. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awusho isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokulungisa i-rafet okuhlongozwayo, kodwa uMkhandlu ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izikhawu zesikhathi esinqunyiwe esinqumweni sokulungisa noma embhalweni wokulungisa ngokwawo. Izinguquko eziningi zanamuhla zihlanganise izinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokwenza amashadi.

Indaba yemingcele yesikhathi iye yabangela impikiswano. ISichibiyelo samalungelo esiye sahlongozwa ngo-1972 esinonyaka oyisikhombisa, sehla izifunda ezintathu lapho isikhathi siphela ngo-1982, naphezu kokunwetshwa kwesivumelwano. Muva nje, ezinye izifunda ziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sinqumo siphelile ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi singaba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo se-20 , esiphakamisa umholo wengqungquthela, siveza icala elingavamile. Ngo-1789 njengengxenye yeBhili lamaLungelo lokuqala, asizange sigunyazwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1992/2000 kamuva. Ngenxa yokuthi sasingenawo umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa, saba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo lapho nje umbuso ongamashumi amathathu anesishiyagalombili uyigunyazile, ebonisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa ngaphandle kwemingcele yesikhathi kungahlala kuphila phakade.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezingadunyiswayo Nethonya Lazo

Ukuhlola izinguquko eziqondile kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela izinguquko ezingokomthetho eziye zathonya ngayo izizwe namalungelo avikelwe.

IBhili Lamalungelo: ISichibiyelo Esisodwa Ngeshumi

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ezaziwa njengeSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu, zagunyazwa ngo - 1791 futhi zimelela okunye kwempumelelo ephawulekayo emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zinguquko zenezelwa ukuxoxa ngokukhathazeka kokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala awuzange uvikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ophambanayo.

Isichibiyeli Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo eminingi: inkolo, inkulumo, ukudayisa, ukuhlangana, nesicelo. Sivimbela uMkhandlu ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ekunqandeni ukuvivinya inkolo, futhi uvikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono, ukusakaza ulwazi, ukuhlanganisa ngokuthula, nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Lezi zivikelo zakha isisekelo senkulumo yentando yeningi nokuhlanganyela kwezembubhiso.

Isichibiyeli sesibili sikhuluma ngelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, ilungiselelo eliqhubeka lidala impikiswano ephawulekayo ngobukhulu bayo nangomsebenzi wayo emphakathini wanamuhla. Isichibiyeli sesithathu [[ sivimbela ukulahlwa kwamasosha emakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume, sikhuluma ngezikhalazo ezithile ezisuka enkathini yamakoloni.

IsiHluzi sesine [ sivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli, okudinga iziqondiso ezisekelwe endongeni okungenzeka. Lesivikelo siye saqala ukusingatha ubuchwepheshe bobuhlola kanye nezici zemininingwane zanamuhla ezithinta imininingwane. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu[ sihlanganisa izivikelo eziningi: ilungelo kumajaji amakhulu ezigebengwini ezingathi sína, ukuvikelwa ezingozini eziphindwe kabili, ilungelo lokumelana nenqubo efanele nembuyiselo lapho impahla ithathwa ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi.

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa amalungelo ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokungakhethi, isaziso samacala, ukuphikisana kofakazi, inqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi, nosizo lweseluleko. [ ISichibiyelo seSeptic [ silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamajaji ezicabeni zomphakathi. [[[FLT:]] ISiphendulo seNguqulo seNkanga [[FLT]] [FLT]] [ikhulu] Impoqo:5] ivimbela igwebo eqithiweyo nenhle nesijeziso esineno nonya ngokungavamile.

Isichibiyeli se-Ninth sicacisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angahlelwanga. ISichibiyelo seshumi [ esigciniwe ezindaweni noma kubantu wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni, agcizelela isimiso sombuso.

IziNguqulo Zokwakha: Okweshumi Nesithathu, Okweshumi Nane Neshumi Nanhlanu

IziNguqulo Zokwakha kabusha, ezagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, ngokuyisisekelo zaguqula umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika ngokusingatha ubugqila nemiphumela yaso. Lezi zinguquko zimelela izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho - sisekelo kusukela eSivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo-1865, saqeda ubugqila nobugqila ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kulungisa kwasusa esinye seziphakamiso ezinkulu kakhulu ngokokuziphatha emlandweni waseMelika futhi ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula isimo sezwe sezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ukunqandwa kwaso kwaphawula ukuphela komthetho sisekelo wenhlangano eyayikhona kusukela ngezikhathi zamakoloni.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane , esagunyazwa ngo-1868, singenye yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo abaluleke kakhulu navame ukuhlawuliswa. Siqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abadalwe e-United States bayizakhamuzi, bagumbuqela isinqumo sikaDred Scott esasenqabela ukuba nesizwe sama-Afrika. Ukuhlenga-kancane kuvimbela ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi, ukuncisha noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho, noma ukuphika noma isiphi isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendulo i-Sigijimi i-Sivumelwano se-Celal ne-Uncil Protection Clauses siye sachazwa njengesebenzisela iMithetho eminingi yamalungelo esizwe isivikelo kuhulumeni bamazwe futhi inqabe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziphawulweyo ezithi isikole siyahlukana, ukulingana komshado, amalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa ziye zasekelwa emalungiselelweni eSichibiyelweni seshumi nane.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu , esagunyazwa ngo-1870, sivimbela ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba baphikise ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwezinhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili. Nakuba lenguquko yayihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota abantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili, isithembiso saso sancishwa cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngezenzo zokuhlola ukubhalisa amanani, ukukhokha intela, nobudlova. Isiqinisekiso se-Voting Rights Act ka-195 seSimendex se-Expressiter sesagcinwa ngokugcwele.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane

Iqiniswe ngo-1920 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuthatha isinyathelo nokuthatha izivumelwano, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba sivimbela ohulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe nohulumeni ukuba baphike ilungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo sobulili. Lokhu kulungisa kwaveza ukunqoba okukhulu kwenhlangano yabesifazane yokuziqhayisa futhi kwandisa kakhulu ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi.

Umzabalazo wokulwa kwabesifazane waqala ngobuqotho eSeneca Falls Convention ngo-1848 futhi waqhubeka ezizukulwaneni zokuhlela, ukubhikisha, nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Omasipala basebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene, kusukela emikhankasweni kahulumeni ngempoqo kuya emizamweni yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Ukulungisa ukuhlelwa kwemidanti kwaphindeka kabili futhi kwavula amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe nalithonye labesifazane.

Imiphumela yeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye yadlulela ngalé kwamalungelo okuvota, yanezela izinguquko ezinkulu ezingeni elingokomthetho nasemazindima ezingokwenhlalo. Nakuba ukungalingani kwabesifazane okuphawulekayo kwaqhubeka ngemva kuka-1920, ukumiswa kwesimiso somthetho sisekelo esibalulekile sokulingana kwezombangazwe futhi kwanikeza isisekelo sentuthuko eyalandelayo emalungelweni abesifazane.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokudla

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sagunyazwa ngo-1971, sehlisa inkathi yokuvota kusuka kumashumi amabili nanye kuya kushumi elinesishiyagalombili kuwo wonke uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo. Lokhu kulungisa kwamukelwa phakathi nenkathi yeMpi yaseVietnam, lapho isiqubulo esithi “imdala ngokwanele ukuba ilwe, isidala ngokwanele ukuba ivote" sithathe impikiswano yokuthi labo ababuswa empini kufanele babe nezwi ekukhetheni abaholi babo.

Kwahlongozwa futhi kwagunyazwa ngesivinini esiphawulekayo cishe ezinyangeni ezintathu kusukela esihlongozweni sobuzwe sokuhlatshwa kwezindawo ngenani elidingekayo. Lokhu kutholwa ngokushesha kwabonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kokuthi inkathi yokuvota kufanele yehliselwe, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa isimo sentsha yaseMelika elwayo.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuvota, sahlanganisa izigidi zabavoti abasebasha kule miqulu. Saqaphela ukuthi asebekhulile abaneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili banokuvuthwa okwanele futhi basengozini emphakathini ukuba bahlanganyele ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi, bahlanganisa amalungelo okuvota nezinye iziphawulo zobudala.

Ezinye Iziphendu Eziphawulekayo

Ezinye izinguquko eziningi ziye zenza igalelo elibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. ISichibiyelo sesithupha sagunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni, ngokuyisisekelo inguquko yezimali zikahulumeni. iSichibiyelo seSevente [ samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabavoti abavoti kunokuba izishaya umthetho, kwenze iSigele sesizwe sibe nesibopho esikhulu.

Isichibiyeli seshumi elinesibhozo savimbela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthutha iziphuzo ezidakayo, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo sokuqala samashumi amabili [ siphinde sawuvala lo mthetho owenqabelayo]. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa ukuthi ukunqandana komthetho ngokomthetho, nakuba kunzima ukwamukela, kungashintshwa futhi uma ungasebenzanga noma ungahlakaniphile.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili-Sazi-simende senqabela amongameli abalinganiselwe emagameni amabili asehhovisi, besabela kuFranklin D. Roosevelt's's's's's'''s-memorial. ISimende seNguqulo samashumi amabili-Amashumi amabili [ senqabela ukuhlelwa kwentela yokuhlola kuhulumeni kukhetho, ukususa isithiyo esasisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela abantu abampofu, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika, ekuvoti. ISiphendulo se-FT [aidth Fith Fith esicacisa ukulandelana nokukhubazeka kobuswa, ukuphendula izikhala ezambulwe yizifo zikamongameli nokubulala.

Impikiswano Ngokuvumelana Nomthetho - sisekelo

Kuye kwaphikiswana ngesilinganiso esifanele sokushintsha umthetho - sisekelo kusukela kwabhalwa imithetho - sisekelo.

Izimpikiswano Zezinqumo Ezinzima

Abasekeli bezinqubo ezinzima baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo kufanele uqine futhi uhlale njalo. Imigoqo ephakeme yokulungisa ivikela izimiso eziyisisekelo ezimisweni zesikhashana zezombangazwe futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi, okuqinile kunezifiso ezidlulayo. Lokhu kuqina kuvumela imithetho-sisekelo ukuba ibe ama-antare esimiso somthetho nemithombo yokuqhubeka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Lapho ushintsho olungokomthetho ludinga umzamo ongavamile nokusekelwa, abasekeli kumelwe bakhe imifelandawonye emikhulu futhi bakholise abagxeki. Le nqubo enqumayo ingathuthukisa izinga lokulungisa futhi ivimbele izinguquko ezisheshayo ezingase zibe nemiphumela engalindelekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo ezinzima zokulungisa zivikela amalungelo amancane ngokuvimbela izinto ezinkulu ekushintshweni kalula kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinguquko zazilula ukuzamukela, izisekelo zesikhashana zingalingwa ukuba zisuse isivikelo samaqembu angathandwayo noma imibono. Izintambo eziphezulu zokwamukelwa komnyango zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo ahlala elondekile ngisho nalapho ephikisana ngezombangazwe.

Izimpikiswano Zezinqumo Ezilula

Abagxeki bezinqubo ezinzima zokulungisa baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho-mthetho eqinile iphelelwa isikhathi futhi ingasabeli ezimweni ezishintshayo. Uma ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo lunzima kakhulu, imithetho-mthetho ingahluleka ukuxazulula izinselele ezintsha noma ukulungisa ukungalungi, okuholela ekukhungathekeni ngokulawula komthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi inqubo enzima yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. iye yabangela ukungasebenzi komthetho-sisekelo futhi yavimbela izinguquko ezidingekayo.

Izinqubo zokulungisa okulula zivumela imithetho-sisekelo ukuba ishintshele kuhulumeni wedemokrasi kunokuba ichazwe ngencazelo yokwahlulela. Uma ukulungisa okungokomthetho kunzima kakhulu, izinkantolo zingazizwa zicindezelwa ukuba zichaze kabusha amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ukuze zixazulule izindaba zamanje, zingalulaza ukulandisa kwentando yeningi. Izinqubo ezilula kakhulu zokulungisa idemokhrasi zingavumela abantu nabameleli bazo ukuba bavuselele lomthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasekeli boshintsho olulula baphikisa ngokuthi imibuso emikhulu yentando yeningi kufanele ikwazi ukuzibusa ngaphandle kokucindezelwa ngokweqile izinqumo ezenziwa izizukulwane ezidlule.

Ukulinganisela Okufanele

Izinga elingcono kakhulu lokuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo cishe liphakathi kokuqina okukhulu nokukhucululwa ngokweqile. Imithetho-sisekelo kufanele iqine ngokwanele ukuba inikeze ukuqhubekeka nokuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo, kodwa ivumelana ngokwanele nezimo ezishintshayo namaphutha alungile. Ukulinganisela okufanele kungahluka kuye ngomlando wezwe, isiko lezombangazwe, kanye nesimiso sezimiso.

Izindlela ezihlukene zokulungisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zohlelo zinganikeza ikhambi elilodwa. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ihlukanisa phakathi kwemiphako eyisisekelo enzima kakhulu noma engenakwenzeka ukuyilungisa kanye namalungiselelo ayisisekelo angashintshwa kalula. Lendlela ivikela izimiso eziyisisekelo kuyilapho ivumela ukuvumelana kwezinye izici.

Ushintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo Lwethukela

Nakuba izinguquko ezingokomthetho zimelela indlela engokomthetho yoshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo, imithetho - sisekelo iphinde ishintshe ngezindlela ezingahleliwe.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, futhi izincazelo zazo zingakushintsha ngokuphawulekayo okushiwo umthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo.

Izinqumo zomthetho - sisekelo ezikhishwa eNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zawushintsha ngokuphumelelayo umthetho - sisekelo ezindabeni ezisukela ekuhlukaniseni kuya kozalo lwezizwe kuya kolwabantu, konke kungenazo izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zichaze umthetho - sisekelo ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala, zilinganise ukukhetha kokwahlulela futhi zigcine umthetho - sisekelo njengoba ubhalwe. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho - sisekelo kumelwe uchazwe njengencwadi ephilayo eshintsha umphakathi, idinga izinkantolo ukuba zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezimo zanamuhla.

Umkhuba Wokushaya Indiva Nokwengamela Umthetho

Lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziwachaza njalo amalungiselelo omthetho ngezindlela ezithile, lezi zincazelo zingaba ukuqonda okumiswe umthetho - sisekelo ngisho noma kungalungiswa noma kungavunyelwa ngokomthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awugunyazi ngokuqondile ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, “‘ amandla ezinkantolo okukhipha imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho-mthetho (*) kodwa lomkhuba wasungulwa ngezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakemekazi futhi wamukelwa ngokulandelana namanye amagatsha. Ngokufanayo, izici eziningi zezwe lokuphatha lesimanje, indima kamongameli ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, nemisebenzi yokuhlela iye yasungulwa ngomthetho wezeziqu kunokuba kusungulwe ushintsho olungokomthetho.

Inguquko Yezenhlalo Nempucuko

Izinguquko zezenhlalo nezempucuko zithinta indlela eziqondwa ngayo futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba izimiso zomphakathi zishintsha, imiqondo engokomthetho-mthetho njenge "isivikelo esilinganayo," "inqubo yokuhamba phambili" ne "isijeziso esingavamile" zingachazwa ngokwehlukile. Okubhekwa njengokunengqondo, okudingekile, noma okufanelekile ngokwezimo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kuveza izindinganiso zosuku nokuqonda.

Lokhu kuhlangana phakathi komthetho - sisekelo noshintsho lwezenhlalo kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuqondiswe ngendlela ehlukile. Izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zingabangela ushintsho emphakathini ngokumisa amalungelo nesivikelo okubekela inselele imikhuba ekhona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano zezenhlalo nezinguquko zempucuko zingathonya incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, njengoba izinkantolo nezinye izinhlangano zisabela ekususeni izindinganiso zomphakathi.

Izichibiyelo Eziyehluleka Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Akuzona zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo eziphumelelayo, futhi ukuhlolwa kokungalungi kwembula izici ezibalulekile zezombangazwe zomthetho - sisekelo nezinselele zokufinyelela ukuvumelana ngezinguquko eziyisisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo

I-Uncimence Rights Amencial Amendment (ERA), eyayizokwenqabela ngokucace ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sobulili, yahlongozwa uMkhandlu ngo-1972 ngonyaka othatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa wokulungisa. Ukulungisa kwaqala kwathola ukusekela okusheshayo, kodwa ukugcinwa phakathi nokuphikiswa okuhleliwe. Naphezu kokunwetshwa komthetho wonyaka ka-1982, i-ERA yawa izifunda ezintathu ezidingwayo ezingamashumi amathathu nezinhlanu.

Ukwehluleka kwe-ERA kubonisa indlela okunzima ngayo ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okukhulu okudingekayo ekulungiseni umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ngisho nasezihlongozweni ezinokusekela okukhulu. Abaphikisi baveza ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela engenzeka emithethweni nasemithethweni eqondile yobulili, kuyilapho abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikelwa komthetho-mthethweni ocacile ekucalucalucalulweni ngokobulili kudingekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulingana.

Eminyakeni yamuva, izifunda eziningi ziye zagunyaza lo mthetho ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka, zaphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ingabe wawungaba yingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo yini.

Izinqumo Zendlela Yokusetshenziswa Kwemali Ezilinganiselwe

Izinhloso zokufuna uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwemali kahulumeni ngokulungiswa komthetho-mthetho ziye zaphikiswana amashumi eminyaka. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ushintsho olunjalo lungaphoqelela ukujeziswa futhi luvimbele izikweletu zikahulumeni ezeqisayo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali zingaba yingozi ngokwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuntengantenga kwemali okungadingekile, futhi kungaba nzima ukuzigcina.

Ukuhlelwa kwemali okulinganiselwe kuye kwasondela ekudluleni ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene kodwa akukaze kuthole ukuhleleka okudingekile kwenhlangano. Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso omningi uhlanganisa izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali, kodwa ukungathandeki nokungathandeki kwemfuneko enjalo esezingeni likahulumeni kusalokhu kuphikiswana.

Imingcele Yezinkathi Zokumiswa Kwezishaya - mthetho

Iziphakamiso zokulinganisela inani lamagama amalungu eSishaya-mthetho angawasebenzisayo athola ukusekelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zomzwakaliso omelene nokungaphathi kahle. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele yamagama ingenciphisa umsebenzi wokuziphilisa, ishintshele, futhi yenza iKhomishane isabelele kakhulu kubavoti. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele yamagama ingaqeda izishayamthetho ezinolwazi, yandise ithonya labafuna ukuhoxa, futhi iphikise ilungelo labavoti lokukhetha abameleli babo.

INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngo - 1995 ukuthi amazwe awakwazi ukubeka imingcele ezindaweni ezibuthene, okusho ukuthi imingcele yamagama ibiyodinga ukushintshwa komthetho - sisekelo. Naphezu kokusekelwa umphakathi kulomqondo, imingcele yegama ayizange ithole ukusekelwa okwanele kokuthunyelwa kwezinhlangano ukuze ithunyelwe ezizweni.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Nakuba inqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa ihilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekuqaleni, ekusekeleni, nasekumelaneni nomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuzitika Ngentando Yeningi Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izinguquko eziningi eziphumelelayo zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zandulelwa ukusekela okuqinile kwezenhlala-khona nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezakha ukusekela komphakathi nokucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuze kushintshwe. Umzabalazo wabesifazane, inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, neminye imizamo ehleliwe yabonisa amandla ezisebenzi zokwakha ekufinyeleleni inguquko yomthetho-mthetho.

Ukusekela okuphumelelayo ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kudinga isibopho esithatha isikhathi eside, ukwakhiwa kobunye emaqenjini ahlukene, ukuxhumana okuhleliwe ukuze kuthonye abagxeki, nokucindezela okuphikelelayo kwabaholi bezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi zingaba nengxenye kulemizamo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanganyela, kusukela ezimpandeni ezihlela ukuya emfundweni yomphakathi ukuze ziqondise abameleli.

Ukulandisa Nokulandisa

Izakhamuzi zithonya inqubo yokulungisa ngokuvota kwabo abameleli abazocabangela ukulungisa okuhlongozwa. Lapho izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zingezona ezingokwezombangazwe, abavoti bangasekela abavoti abanezinguquko ezihlongozwayo futhi basekele izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilandise ngezikhundla zazo ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ezindabeni lapho ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho kudinga ukuhlaziywa okuthandwayo, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ezinguqulweni ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganyela okuqondile kunikeza abavoti ithonya elisheshayo ekuthuthukiseni umthetho-sisekelo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo zisekelwa kakhulu. Ukuvota ezilungisweni zomthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi inguquko ingenzani, ukuthi ingawathinta kanjani amalungelo nokubusa, nokuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano eziwasekelayo futhi ziwaphikise.

Ukuzimisela Nemfundo Yomphakathi

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ziyazuza ekuhlonipheni komphakathi okuqinile. Uma izakhamuzi zixoxa ngokwaziswa ngezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlongozwayo, zingabona izinkinga ezingase zihlolwe, iziphakamiso ezicwengisisiwe, futhi zakhe ukuvumelana. Ukucabangela komphakathi futhi kuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa ukuqonda nokusekela okuthandwayo kwangempela kunokusebenzisa noma ukuphambanisa ngezindlela ezingcono noma izinkanuko zesikhashana.

Izakhamuzi zinganezela ekucatshangelweni komthetho - sisekelo ngokuzifundisa ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, zihlanganyele ezingxoxweni nasengxoxweni yomphakathi, zihlanganyele ngenhlonipho nalabo abanemibono engafani, futhi zisize abanye ukuba baqonde imiphumela yezinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Ukuzicabangela okuhle kudinga ukwaziswa okunembile, ukuthembisana ngokholo oluhle, nokuzimisela ukucabangela imibono eminingi.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuhlola indlela amazwe ahlukahlukene asingatha ngayo ukulungisa komthetho - sisekelo kunikeza umbono obalulekile oqhathanisayo futhi kwembule amakhambi ahlukahlukene ezinselele ezivamile.

Imithetho - sisekelo Evumelana Nezimo

Amanye amazwe anomthetho - sisekelo ovumelana nezimo ngokuqhathaniswa ongalungiswa ngezinqubo ezifuna ngokusesilinganisweni kunemithetho evamile. iUnited Kingdom, enomthetho - sisekelo ongagunyaziwe, ingenza izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ngomthetho - sisekelo ovamile, nakuba izinguquko ezithile eziyisisekelo zingase zidinge izinqubo ezikhethekile noma ukuvunyelwa okuthandwayo.

Umthetho-sisekelo waseNew Zealand ungalungiswa ngokufanayo ngomthetho ovamile, nakuba amanye amalungiselelo edinga ukusekelwa okukhulu. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo okusheshayo kodwa kunikeza isivikelo esincane ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ezimini ezinkulu zesikhashana.

Imithetho - sisekelo Engaqinile

Amanye amazwe anemithetho-mthetho eqinile kakhulu enzima kakhulu ukuyiqeda. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseJapane, udinga imvume ephindwe kathathu kuzo zombili izindlu zephalamende ezilandelwa ukuvunyelwa kweningi e-operation. Naphezu kweziphakamiso eziningi, umthetho-sisekelo waseJapane awuzange uguqulwe kusukela wathathwa ngo-1947, ukuwenza kube ngowomthetho-mthetho wezwe ozinzile kakhulu.

Ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo waseJapane kuye kwadala impikiswano yokuthi ibhekana ngokufanele yini nezinselele zamanje, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene namabutho empi nezokuvikela kwesizwe. Abasekeli besimiso samanje baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwayikhonza kahle iJapane, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi ukuhluleka ukuqeda kuye kwaholela ekuxabaniseni imisebenzi ekhona kanye nezincazelo.

Imithetho - sisekelo Ehambisana Nokuhlanganyela Okuthandwayo

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi idinga izinduna ezithandwayo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, inikeza izakhamuzi ukulawula ngokuqondile ngezinguquko eziyisisekelo. ISwitzerland inesinye sezimiso eziyisisekelo, ezivame ukuhlolwa ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo okuhlongozwa yikho kokubili ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Lesimiso siveza amasiko aseSwitzerland okuqondisa idemokrasi okuqondile futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo zisekelwa kakhulu.

I-Ireland idinga zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuba zivunyelwe yizimemezelo, okuholela ekubekeni izivumelwano eziphawulekayo zomphakathi ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Izikhombo zamuva nje zase-Ireland ngokulingana namalungelo okukhipha izisu zabonisa indlela ukuhileleka okuthandwayo ekulungiseni umthetho - sisekelo okungaxazulula ngayo izimpikiswano zezenhlalo eziphikisanayo ngezinqubo zentando yeningi.

Amalungiselelo Angenakubizwa Ngamagama

Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa amalungiselelo angenakulungiswa, avikele izimiso ezithile eziyisisekelo kunoma iluphi ushintsho. Umthetho we-Siciety we-Jalimane unqabela ukulungiswa okuthinta isithunzi somuntu, idemokrati, uhulumeni, nokubusa komthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo waseFrance unqabela ukubuyiselwa kohlobo lukahulumeni weRepublic. Lamalungiselelo angenakulungiseka abonisa izahlulelo zokuthi izimiso ezithile zibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba kufanele zivikelwe unomphetho.

Ingabe isizukulwane esisodwa singabopha izizukulwane ezizayo ngokwenza amalungiselelo athile angashintshi? Ingabe amalungiselelo angenakuguqulwa avikela izindinganiso ezibalulekile noma acindezela intando yeningi ngendlela engafanele? Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula kodwa iveza ukungezwani okukhulu emklamweni womthetho - sisekelo.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukungaqondi okuningi ngokushintsha komthetho - sisekelo kungaholela ekudidekeni ngendlela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Izigwebo Ziwukuphela Kwendlela Imithetho - sisekelo Eshintsha Ngayo

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ngaphambili, imithetho elawulayo ishintsha ngezindlela eziningi ezingenakulungiseka. Ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo, umthetho, ushintsho lwezenhlalo konke kunengxenye ekuthuthukiseni umthetho - sisekelo. Nakuba izinguquko ezingokomthetho zibalulekile, zimelela ushintsho olulodwa lomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqonda leliqiniso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ubunkimbinkimbi bezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezindlela eziningi ezingathonya ngazo incazelo yomthetho sisekelo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Wonke Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Abaluleke Kangako

Akuwona wonke amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo anesilinganiso esilinganayo noma ukubaluleka. Amanye amalungiselelo amisa amalungelo ayisisekelo noma izimiso zokwakha eziyisisekelo ezisemqoka ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo. Abanye bakhuluma ngezindaba ezincane ezingokwesiko noma izimo ezithile ezingokomlando. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithuthukise izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo futhi zigxile ezintweni ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ziwuthuthukisa Njalo Umthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba izinguquko eziningi ziye zathuthukisa izimiso ezibalulekile futhi zalungisa ukungalungi, akuzona zonke izinguquko eziye zaphumelela noma zazuzisa. Ukwenqabela kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo sotshwala kubhekwa kabanzi njengokuzama okuhlulekile okuye kwalungiseka ekugcineni. Ezinye izinguquko ziye zaba nemiphumela engalindelekile noma zabonakala zingaphumeleli kakhulu kunalokho okwakulindelekile. Izakhamuzi kufanele zihlole ngokubhekene nenhloso yokulungisa kunokucabanga ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho sisekelo lulungile ngokwemvelo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Ingokomthetho Ngokumsulwa

Nakuba izinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho zihilela izinqubo ezingokomthetho, inqubo yokulungisa ingokwezombangazwe ngokuyinhloko. Izinqumiso eziphumelelayo noma ezihlulekayo ezisekelwe ekubuthweni kwezombangazwe, ekwakheni ingxubevange, ukunxenxa, namandla. Ukuqonda izilinganiso zezombangazwe zokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqaphele ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo ludinga isinyathelo sezombangazwe, hhayi nje impikiswano engokomthetho.

Ikusasa Lesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iguquka, ukuguquka komthetho - sisekelo kuyohlala kubalulekile ekuvumelaniseni umthetho oyisisekelo nezimo ezintsha.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Intuthuko esheshayo yobuchwepheshe iphakamisa imibuzo emisha yomthetho-sisekelo ephathelene nokuzifihla, ukukhuluma ngenkululeko, ukuqapha namanye amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukuxhumana ngemishini, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, isayensi yebhayoloji nezinye izinto ezintsha kudala izinselele ababengeke bazilindele abaklami bomthetho-sisekelo. Ukulungisa ikusasa kungase kudingeke ukuze kuxazululwe lezinselele futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isivikelo somthetho sisekelo sihlala sinenjongo ezimweni zobuchwepheshe.

Imibuzo ephathelene nemininingwane eyimfihlo, ukuqapha kukahulumeni, ukwenza izinqumo ze-algorithm, namalungelo e-atcom amanani kakade isidala izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bushintsha, ukucindezela kokucacisa umthetho-sisekelo noma ukulungisa kungase kwande, ikakhulukazi uma amalungiselelo akhona emithetho-sisekelo ehluleka ukuxazulula izinsongo ezintsha zenkululeko nokulingana.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Namalungelo Okusizungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kuye kwabangela izingxoxo ngokuthi umthetho - sisekelo kufanele yini uvikele amalungelo emvelo noma ubeke imithwalo yemfanelo yendawo ezungezile kohulumeni. Amanye amazwe aye alungisa imithetho yawo engokomthetho ukuze aqaphele amalungelo emvelo noma amise isivikelo sendawo ezungezile njengesimiso somthetho sisekelo. Njengoba izinselele zendawo ezungezile zikhula, amazwe amaningi angase acabangele ukuncitshiswa komthetho - sisekelo ezimpikiswaneni zendawo ezungezile.

Ukuklanywa Kwenguquko Yentando Yeningi Nokuhlelwa Kwezinhlangano

Ukukhathazeka ngokungasebenzi kwentando yeningi, ukuhlukana kwezindawo, nokusebenza kwezimiso kuye kwaveza iziphakamiso zezinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho ezithinta izimiso zokuvota, umkhankaso wezezimali, izinqubo zomthetho, kanye nohlelo lukahulumeni. Nakuba izinguquko eziningi ezinjalo zingasetshenziswa ngomthetho ovamile, abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zinganikeza izixazululo eziqinile nezibopho eziyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni idemokrasi.

Iziphakamiso zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ezikhuluma ngamalungelo okuvota, ukuqondisa amahlawulo, ukugada, nemali kwezombangazwe ziveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zokuqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zithola ukusekelwa okwanele kokutholwa kwezingane ezizotholwa, kodwa zibonisa isithakazelo esiqhubekayo ekusebenziseni ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zokubusa.

Ukukhanya Nenselele KaConsenus

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi kwenza ukuvumelana okukhulu okudingekayo ekulungiseni umthetho - sisekelo kube nzima ngokwengeziwe. Lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe namaqembu ezenhlalo ehlukene kakhulu, ukwakha imifelandawonye emikhulu yoshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo kuba yinselele. Lokhu kuhlukana kungase kuholele ekuhlukanisweni komthetho - sisekelo, futhi izinguquko ezidingekayo zingatholakali ngenxa yokwehlukana kwabashokobezi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukana kungabangela ukucindezela kwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa izingxabano ezihlukanisayo nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zikhungatheka ngokwanele ngenxa yokuhlukana nokungahlangani, zingasekela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukuvumelana nokubambisana. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuhlukana nokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo cishe buyohlala bubalulekile eminyakeni ezayo.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sokukhipha Izinqumo Ezihlosiwe

Lapho abavoti behlangana nezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlongozwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisesilinganisweni sezwe noma sesizwe, kufanele bafinyelele lezi zinqumo ngokucabangela nangokuhlelekile.

Qonda Lokho ISichibiyelo Esiyokwenza Ngempela

Funda umbhalo wangempela wezinguquko ezihlongozwayo ngokucophelela, hhayi nje ukufushanisa noma ulimi olungasho lutho. Ulimi lomthetho lungaba olungolwazi oluqondile, futhi ukuqonda kahle lokho ukushintshwa okungadinga, ukunqabela, noma ukugunyaza. Bheka ukuhlaziywa okuvela emithonjeni eminingi, kuhlanganise nabasekeli nabaphikisi, ukuze uqonde incazelo ehlukene yalokho ukubuyiselwa okuyokufeza.

Cabangela imiphumela eqondile yokulungisa nomphumela ongaqondile. Ukulungisa kungasebenzelana kanjani namanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo? Imiphi izinselele ezingase zivele? Imiphi imiphumela engalindelekile? Ukuqonda okuphelele kudinga ukucabanga okungaphezu kwemiphumela eyenzeka ngesikhathi eside.

Hlola Ukuthi ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Siyadingeka Yini

Akuwona wonke umgomo wezimiso odinga ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Cabangela ukuthi umgomo ungafezwa yini ngomthetho ovamile, isenzo sokuqondisa, noma ngencazelo yokwahlulela. Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kufanele zigcinelwe izindaba eziyisisekelo ezidinga isikhundla esikhethekile nokuhlala njalo okunikezwa amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Buza ukuthi lendaba ihilela amalungelo ayisisekelo, isimo sikahulumeni esiyisisekelo, noma izimiso okufanele zivikelwe ezimisweni ezivamile zezombangazwe.

Cabangela Imiqondo Eminingi

Funa izimpikiswano kokubili ezizohlongozwayo nezingahlongozwanga emithonjeni ethembekile. Imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ivame ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso ezincintisanayo nokungavumelani okungokomthetho. Ukuqonda izimpikiswano ezinamandla kuzo zonke izinhlangothi kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izahlulelo ezilinganiselayo futhi bagweme ukuthonywa yisigebengu esisodwa.

Qaphela ukuthi ubani osekela futhi ophikisayo, kodwa gxila ngokuyinhloko ezingeni lempikiswano kunokuba uqonde ukuthi ubani osekelayo. Impikiswano enhle ingavela emithonjeni engalindelekile, futhi ukusekela okuthandwayo akusho ukuthi ukulungisa kuhlakaniphile.

Cabanga Isikhathi eside

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziklanyelwe ukuba zibe zezinguquko ezihlala njalo noma okungenani ezihlala isikhathi eside. Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo hhayi ngokwezimo zamanje kuphela kodwa mayelana nendlela ezizosebenza ngayo phakathi kwemo ehlukene yezombangazwe nezenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo. Ukulungisa okubonakala kuzuzisa ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje kungaveza inkinga uma izimo zishintsha.

Cabangela indlela ushintsho olungachazwa futhi lusetshenziswe ngayo ohulumeni besikhathi esizayo, izinkantolo, nezakhamuzi okungenzeka zinezindinganiso noma izinto eziza kuqala ezihlukile.

Hlola Imithombo Yengcebo Enokwethenjelwa

Sebenzisa imithombo ethembekile yokwaziswa okumayelana nokulungisa okuhlongozwayo. Iziqondiso zovota, ukucubungula kwezemfundo, kanye nokulinganisela kwezincwadi kunganikeza umongo obalulekile nokuhlaziya. Yiba nokungabaza imithombo ephakeme enikeza uhlangothi olulodwa lwezimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano njenge- iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe ye-Gregislatures[ nezinhlangano zemfundo ngokuvamile zinikeza ukwaziswa okunenhloso ngokuphathelene nezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Kuwo wonke amacala omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, imithombo enjenge i-Cunitution Annoted eMtatsheni we-Congress inikeza ukwaziswa okunegunya ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nencazelo yawo. Izazi zomthetho nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zinganikeza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokulungisa okuhlongozwayo, nakuba imibono yabo kufanele ihlolwe kanye neminye imithombo.

Okwenza Ukufunda Ngokusemthethweni Kubaluleke Ngokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo kuyingxenye yokufunda nokubhala okubanzi komthetho - sisekelo — ukwazi indlela imithetho - sisekelo esebenza ngayo, lokho ekuvikelayo, nendlela engashintshwa ngayo. Ukubhala ngomthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi sentando yeningi esiphumelelayo.

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda izimiso nezinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo, zingawavikela kangcono amalungelo azo, zigcine uhulumeni enesibopho sokulandisa, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunengqondo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufunda nokubhala komthetho-sisekelo kukhuthaza inhlonipho ngokubusa komthetho-sisekelo kanye nomthetho. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi kungani umthetho-sisekelo ukhona nokuthi zisebenza kanjani zithambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho izimfuneko ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo zingqubuzana nezintando zazo ezisheshayo. Lo mthetho-sisekelo ubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe idemokrasi ihloniphe amalungelo.

Izinhlangano zemfundo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba zonke zinendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda nomthetho-sisekelo. Imfundo kufanele ihlanganise ukunakekela okukhulu ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, izakhiwo, nezinqubo zokulungisa. Izingxoxo zomphakathi zezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo kufanele zitholakale kubantu abangezona izazi kuyilapho zilondoloza ukunemba nokujula. Uma ukufunda ngomthetho-sisekelo kusakazeke kakhulu, imisebenzi engcono namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kungcono.

Isiphetho: IziNguqulo Zomthetho - sisekelo Njengamathuluzi Entando Yeningi

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zimelela elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu entando yeningi okuguqula ukuthula, okusemthethweni. Zivumela imiphakathi ukuba ilungise ukungalungi, ivumelane nezimo ezintsha, ivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi ithuthukise izakhiwo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuvukela noma ubudlova. Inqubo yokulungisa ihlanganisa izimiso zentando yeningi ngokufuna ukuvumelana okukhulu nokuzinikela okuqhubekayo koshintsho oluyisisekelo.

Ukuqonda ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungani zibalulekile, izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlola ukushintshwa, zisekela inguquko yomthetho-sisekelo, noma zimane zifune ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni wazo usebenza kanjani, abavoti bazuza olwazini lwezinqubo nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Umlando wezinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho ubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka futhi kunezingqinamba zoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. IziNguqulo ziye zaqeda ubugqila, amalungelo ovota anwetshiwe, inkululeko eyisisekelo, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni eziguquliwe. Kodwa izinguquko ngezinye izikhathi ziye zehluleka, zabuyiselwa, noma zaba nemiphumela engalindelekile. Lo mlando oxubile ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokucabangisisa ngokucophelela nokwenziwa kwesinqumo esisekelwe emthethweni.

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka ishintsha futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziyohlala ziyizinqubo ezibalulekile zokuvumelanisa umthetho oyisisekelo nezidingo nezindinganiso ezishintshayo. Ukulungisa kuvumela isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sibe nengxenye ekuthuthukeni komthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho sihlonipha ukuhlakanipha nokufezwa kwezizukulwane ezidlule. Ngokuqonda nangokulungisa okungokomthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi zifeza imithwalo yazo njengengxenye yentando yeningi futhi zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho-mthetho iyaqhubeka ifeza injongo yobulungisa, inkululeko, nokubusa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, abavoti bangahlola imithombo yezinhlangano ezifana ne- National Archives, enikeza ukutholakala kombhalo nomlando wenguquko yomthetho-sisekelo, kanye U.S. izinkantolo[, ezinikeza izinto zokufundisa ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nangesimiso sokwahlulela.