Entegeka y’Abafuzi Abafuga Obusaasizi

Constitution ya United States etandikawo enkola y'obufuzi bw'eggwanga. Ebiwandiiko bya 1787 era ne bikkirizibwa mu 1788, etteeka eryali lisimbye amakanda ne lidda mu kifo kya Speciation of Conference. Abatandikawo baakakasa nti wabeewo gavumenti ennywevu era nti ewa buli mulembe. Okutegeera omusingi guno gwa mugaso nnyo eri abayizi nga beekenneenya engeri gavumenti y'ensi yonna gy'ekolamu leero.

Ekiragiro ekifuga tteeka lino ekisangibwa mu Article VI, kiraga nti amateeka g'ensi n'ebitundu mwe bituula gatwala ekifo ekikulu okusinga amateeka g'ensi bwe wabalukawo obutakkaanya. Kyokka, gavumenti ya gavumenti y'ensi kirimu obuyinza obutono obwabalibwa, obubalirirwamu.(ekiyinza kukola mu kifo ssemateeka w'amateeka gye gawa obuyinza obwo. Omusingi guno gwawula United States okuva ku sistemu emu gavumenti gye zisaanidde okuteeka obuyinza. Buli gavumenti ekola kirina okusinziirwa ku nsibuko yaayo.

Akatundu I: Amaanyi Agaba Obuyambi

Akatundu I, akalimu olukalala lw'amasaza amanene ennyo. Olukiiko lw'ensiri lulina obuyinza ku misolo, okwewola ssente, okutegeka ebizimbe n'amawanga amalala era ne gavumenti, okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku nkula y'obutonde n'okuwaanyisa ebyabwe, okubonereza ebisale by'amakompuku, okuteekawo ofiisi ez'okusibe n'engu ez'okusibe, okuwa olukalala olumanyibwawo, okuteekawo kontulakiti n'enkola za gavumenti, okulonda n'okubonereza ebiwandise ku nnyanja eza waggulu, okulangirira n'okuwanirira n'okukukuuma amagye, okuteekawo amateeka g'abajaasi ab'eby'amagye, okuyita amagye ag'okumenya amateeka n'okugoba obukyayimirimu, era n'okuteekawo amateeka agaawonera ddala amateeka ku lupapula lwa Columbia.

Ama buyinza gano gatera okuyitibwa amanya agafuga . Omusango ogusooka okutaputa obuyinza obw'okukuŋŋaana, Hylton v. United States [1796], gwakolebwako omusolo ogw'oku kiddukanya ekiddukanya, nga gukakasa nti Convention yalina amakomyantiri g'okusasula. Ekiragiro kiwagira amaanyi ag'okusasula emisolo tekiriiko ekkomo. era n'emirimu gyonna egikolebwa mu nsi yonna giteekwa okugabanyizibwa mu bungi.

Ebintu Ebiyinza Okukozesebwa Claus n’Amaanyi Agamu

Olutundu olusembayo olw'Akatundu I, Ekigaba 8=Kigambo kya Maryland[FLT][Fourse][Fourse][Gractive] congress'efuga okussaawo amateeka "ematwanyi era agasaanira" agatuukiriza obufuzi bwago. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza okuva ku Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], nga mu ago John Marshall yalagira nti Constantices zisobola okuyingiza banka za bbanka y'eggwanga wadde nga teziikiragiddwa mu lukalala olwa bulijjo. Kkooti "yalina empaka" kitegeeza nti "matwaze" mu kifo eky'enkola entuufu n'ennamba ezikkirizibwa, ekisobozesa okuwa kko obwewo enkyukakyuka mu mbeera ezikyuka.

Amanya agakozeseddwa galese gavumenti okweyongera mu bbanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Congress yakozesa amaanyi gaayo agasasula okutandikawo embeera y'obutunzi, obuyinza bw'eby'obusuubuzi okuyisa amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, n'amaanyi gaayo ag'okuteeka mu nkola ensimbi ezikozesebwa mu makubo amanene n'eby'enjigiriza. Abavumirira bagamba nti amaanyi agateeberezebwa okuba amakolekedde etteeka lya Ssaze ery'okufuga, naye abawagizi balese gavumenti okugonjoola ebizibu ebiriwo leero.

Kkooti enkulu emirundi mingi ereesezza obunene obwali buwagirwa gavumenti ez'amaanyi. United States v. Lopez (1995]), kkooti yakuba omutemwa gwa Gun-Free School Zoons Act, nga gusalirawo nti okusitula emmundu okumpi n'essomero tekirina kye kikola ku nkyukakyuka mu by'obusuubuzi. Kino kye kyasooka mu myaka makumi mukaaga nti Kkooti y'obusuubuzi y'empandika z'amako g'amakompukufu ge yalinako obwewandisizza amateeka.

Okwawukanira Ddala Eby’Obufuzi n’Eby’Obuyinza

Ekiragiro kigabanyamu amaanyi g'ensi yonna ku matabi asatu.[1] Okuziyiza obunene n'okufuga. Buli ttabi liba limenyamenye obuyinza obusobola okukebera amalala. Okutegeera okwawukana kuno, kikulu okutegeera ekyo gavumenti y'eggwanga kye eyinza okukola ne ky'etasobola.

Ab’Amaanyi: Beeyongerayo ku Bakkiriza Bannaddiini Abalina Obukulembeze

Congress, okugatta ku manya agaayinjagibwawo, era n'obuyinza obw'amaanyi okuyitira mu nkola y'ekitongole kya Claus Claus, ne Palace, ne Theaksity Claus. Mu mpandika eya Keklezidenti John Marshall, Gibbons v. Ogden[FLT] [1824] yassaawo ekitongole kya Convention obuyinza okumanyisa ebiva mu by'enjereere oba ebik'ebyalawulimu ebiwerako. Ennyinnyonnyola eno ewandikidde empagibwa enzigi z'enjiri ez'enjiri ez'enjawulo.

Kkooti y'ekomyawo era ewa ekiragiro New Deal eya 1930, ekyasobozesanga Consert okutegeka emirimu, okulima, n'obusuubuzi. Wickard v. Filburn (1942), kkooti yasalawo nti omulimi eyali alimi eŋŋaano asobole okweyimirizaawo yennyini yalina okuteekebwawo mu nkola kubanga omulimu ogwo gwandifunze okukomya omulimu gw'okutunda eŋŋaano mu nsi yonna. Endowooza eno egattise eŋŋaano yabaawo okutuusa mu mwaka gwa 1990 nga Kkoluunti ya Rehnquist etandise okukwasisa ensalo.

Omusolo gwa Congress n'amaanyi bye bigufuula munene nnyo. Nga guyitira mu mpagi z'ekitongole ekikola ku bintu, enkola z'ensi mu bifo nga ebipimo empewo z'empandika, okuva ku sipiidi enzijjuvu okutuuka ku mitindo gy'enjigiriza. Kkooti esinga obukulu ekkiriza nti embeera ng'ezo ziteekwa okuba nga zitegeerekeka bulungi, nga zikwatagana n'okwagala kw'eggwanga sootacensidenti, so si n'okusoosa. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebellius [20], kkooti yasalawo nti Active Carence's Medicaid Act, kyayisaamu olunyiriri luno, ne kigwetaagisa ebirowo ebiteego.

Abafuzi era n’Abakulembeze ba Bukulembeze

Pulezidenti alina amatwale g'amatwale ag'amaanyi: omukulu w'amagye ag'abasirikale, obuyinza okusonyiwa, obuyinza okukola endagaano (nga bakkiriza kkomyawo), amaanyi ag'okulonda abakungu ba gavumenti n'abalamuzi (era nga bakolera wamu n'ekitongole) era n'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'oku "kasattuka amateeka gatuukibwe n'obwesigwa." ab'obuyinza bagaziyizza obuyinza mu nsonga z'amawanga, naddala mu nsonga z'amawanga ne mu bukuumi bw'eggwanga.

Bakozidenti bawa ebireetebwawo ebisukka ku ebyo ebimenyese. Abraham Lincoln yaleeka Habeas corpus mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'omunda, n'aleetera ebiwandikiro okuteekawo amalagiro. Gye buvuddeko awo, ebiragiro by'abakungu ba gavumenti, okussa emikono ku bigambo, n'okukola eby'amagye naye nga tewali muntu ali ku lukalala bigezese enkyuungiddwa mu mateeka. Kkooti enkulu oluusi kye kikosezza bye yayogera nga mu Brown Link Comment=B - Comment=B - Comment=B - Commentat [[FLK] [[FLT]][FLK][FYC. v] [FLTYM] [1952]], bwe kyatta Pulezidenti Truman'esaamu mu lutalo olw'omu Korea.

Amaanyi g’Abalamuzi n’Ekifo kya Kkooti Ennyo

judiary ya gavumenti ekulemberwa kkooti enkulu, eyoleka obuyinza obw'okulambula oba okulambula mu kkooti.[1] obuyinza obw'okuyisa amateeka awatali bukulembeze. Amaanyi gaateekebwawo mu Marbury v. Madison[ (103] era nga gasimbye ek'awandiikibwawo mu nkola y'okukebera n'okugoongera ku bipimo. Ebisalirwawo bya Kko kinnyonnyola ekkomo ly'obuyinza obwa gavumenti, obukola ku n'enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti z'eggwanga.

Obusongasonga obukulu bunnyonnyoddwa bulungi ekyo gavumenti ya gavumenti ey'ensi eyo ky'etasobola kukola. Spost v. United States (1997), kkooti yasaze etteeka eryali lisemba gavumenti n'okukwasisa amateeka ag'omu kitundu okuwa abaguzi b'amasasiro obulagirizi, era nga eraga nti gavumenti tesobola kulagira bakungu ba gavumenti. Murphy v. NCA, kkooti efeereza alipoota y'eggwanga nga y'ewanjufu era n'eraga enkola ya Assembrikiti, era ng'egaana abakungu ab'eggwanga okuteekawo amateeka.

Obuwagguzi: Obweyawulaawuungevu Wakati w’Eggwanga n’Eggwanga

Ekiragiro kyatandikawo enkola ey'emirundi ebiri okufuga gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti gye ziyinza okukolagana.Empuliziganya ey'Ekkumi ewa obudde mu Amerika era n'egaana gavumenti okubeera mu ggwanga. Enteekateeka eno esobozesa obuyinza bw'eggwanga okukeberezebwa ku buyinza bw'ensi.

Emirimu Egiwambiddwa

Amawanga gasobola okulonda ebigasa mu bitundu byago eby'omunda, ebitera okuyitibwa manyanda . Gano zitwaliramu obusobozi bw'okufuga embeera z'obulamu, obutebenkevu, empisa, n'obutebenkevu mu nvirondo. Amagatte gasalawo eby'okulonda, gavumenti ez'omu bitundu, okuddukanya eby'omulembe, okutegeka eby'obusuubuzi, n'okufuga amateeka ag'omu butonde. Ekiragiro kino tekimenyawo manya gannaabwo kubanga bye byasooka okuteekawo obukulembeze bwa gavumenti.

Federalism ekkiriza enkola eyo. Omulamuzi Louis Brandeis ayogerwako nga "Enkcuukanya za demokulase" awayinza okugezesebwa amateeka ga bapayoniya ag'esasulira ssente, ebiragiro by'enkola y'obudde, n'enkola za insuwalensi z'eby'obujjanjabi. Ekibuuzo kino kisobozesa abakungu ba disiturikiti okussaawo enjawukana mu bitundu era ne kibawa ebifo bingi ebisobola okuweerwako mu by'obufuzi.

Amaanyi Agaliwo

Gavumenti ez'ensi ne gavumenti zikozesa amaanyi agamu mu kiseera kye kimu. amawanga gano gazingiramu obusobozi bw'okusasula emisolo, okwewola ssente, okuteekawo kkooti, okuteekawo amateeka n'okukussawo. Gavumenti bwe zikontana ku nsonga nga zigoberera amateeka agafuga, ne gavumenti zissa essira ku mateeka agafuga ensi. Kyokka, eggwanga liyinza okuteekawo emisolo egitasosola ebizikwata ku buwabuzi oba ebitongole ebifuga.

Obukuubagano wakati w'ab'obuyinza mu gavumenti buleesewo okuleetawo obutakkaanya. Ebibuuzo gamba nga, okulingana mu bufumbo, enjaga, n'okuvamu enziragiro, biraga engeri z'obufuzi ez'amaanyi. Wadde kooti enkulu etaddewo obunene mu bitundu nga eddembe ly'obuntu n'eby'obusuubuzi, era erese ekwase ekkomo. United States v. Morrison[FL:1] [2000]), Kkooti yasattulugunya gavumenti z'amateeka agat'abakyala, era nga kigambe nti Consert teyinza kufuga tterimu ku kikolwa kya Bannazinyinyinyi.

Amaanyi Agaagambibwa Okukozesebwa: Gavumenti y’Ensi Kye Teyinza Okukola

Amateeka gano gaateeka mu nteeka ezikugira abantu kinnoomu era n'etteeka ery'okwefuga. Ebimu ku bigaana bisangibwa mu kitundu I, Ekyaw 9, ate ebirala biva mu Kitundu 9, ate ebirala biva mu kitongole ekikola ku ddembe ly'obuntu n'ekivaamu.

Okumenya Amateeka Agakwata ku Kintu

Akatundu I, Ekitundu 9 tekikkiriza kuyisa biwandiiko bya kampuni ebifuga ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti okuwa abawa obulambe oba abawa ebitiibwa nga bavudde ku nkomerero y'ekitongole, okusasula emisolo ku b'obuyinza obutundibwa ku nsi endala, oba okulonda ebidduka ku byalo bya gavumenti ekimu. Ekiragiro era kikugira abawa abawandiisi b'amasasi abawaaweebudu okusiikusibwa ku byalo by'ennyonyi ebyo okusobola okukaka emisango egiba guba guba guba gubakiddwawo oba okulumba abamenyi b'amateeka bwe kiba nga kyetaagisa okubunfuga. Ebiragiro bino biraga nti abawandiisi ba gavumenti okusobola okuzikolako.

Ekitongole ekitegeka amateeka ku ddembe kyakikkiriza okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku kutandikawo eddiini oba okugakugira okukubawo enzijanjaba oba okwogera ku ddembe ery'okuwandiika, okukuba ebitabo, okukuŋŋaana awamu oba okusaba. Ekitongole eky'okubiri kikuuma eddembe ery'okutambula n'ebyokulwanyisa. Abagabuzi abawerezza emmeeri si be batasobola kunoonyereza ku nsonga ezitali za bwenkanya n'okukwatibwa ensajja. Enkyukakyuka ey'okubiri ekakasa nti amateeka agafuga entegeka z'eddiini tegasatu tegateekebwako kakwate ne gagwa.

Ebisoomo ebiddirira byakoma. Kkomyawo ekitongole eky'Eddembe lya ID n'ekya 14 kyakomya obukwasiro bwonna obwaddaaki obwali bukwasibwa amateeka n'ebisiba, era ne kikakasa nti amateeka tegasobola kulemesa muntu yenna kutwala bulamu, ddembe oba bintu nga tebikola. Wadde nga bino okukoma ku kuteeka mateeka ku nzikkiriza, era bissaawo obuyinza obw'ensi yonna nga bissaawo emitindo gy'eggwanga.

Enjigiriza Ezikugira Obuyinza

Wadde nga waaliwo okuwera okw'amaanyi agafuga ensi, enjigiriza eza ggygyamateeka ziwaliriza gavumenti. Olukalala lwa buyinza obutonotono obwa gavumenti [ kitegeeza nti kakiiko kayinza kukola nga kawa butegese. Singa tewabaawo kawyiro yenna awa buyinza ku nsonga emu, ensonga zibeera bwegattiddwa mu mateeka. Omusingi guno gukulu mu mateeka ga Amereka.

[[NKULA:0] Enjigiriza ey'ekiragiro eziyiza gavumenti okufuna amacala oba abakungu abafuga okugifuga okuteekawo programu eza gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza enfunda n'enfunda nti wadde nga kakiiko akafuzi kayinza okuwa ebizigizigi oba okuteekako ebyetaago ku nzirukanya z'eggwanga, teyinza kulagira gavumenti zigireeteezo zigireetezo butereevu ku nkola amateeka agafuga. Enjigiriza eno, eyateekebwa mu New York v. United States era n'eddamu okuteekamu [[FLT:][FLT:]] Ekiragiro ekitongole ekifuga kigiwandikira mu [[FLT:]]

Enjigiriza [[NKULA] ekoma okukoma ku busobozi bw'okukwasa bannakyewa obuyinza mu nkola ez'enkola. Wadde nga gavumenti ey'omu kiseera kino yesigamye ku kussaawo gavumenti, kkooti ebadde esaba enjigiriza eno okuyita ku bayingi obungi. Mu mitendera egyakayita, nga Gundy v. United States (2029), kkooti ewagidde obanga 'C' obulagirizi obwali mu kusindikiro oba mu kusindikiro, era ng'eraga obanga Convents obutuufu bulaga nti ekiwandikiro kiwandikiro kiyinza okusindika abantu mu buyinza obufuga, ekyo ne kiwandikibwawo enzijira ku biragiro eby'omulembedde.

Enkaayana ez’Omu Kiseera Kino n’Eby’Obuwanguzi

Okutegeera ensonga ezo kiyamba abayizi okulaba engeri amateeka ga Katonda gye gakolamu ku nsonga ezikwata ku by’obujjanjabi, gamba ng’okukuuma obutonde, okukuuma abanoonyi b’obubudamo, n’okugezesa eddembe ly’abanoonyi b’obubudamu.

Okusuubuzi “Claus ” mu Kyasa 21

Kkooti enkulu ya ' Kino kyaleetawo okusoomoozebwa kwa 'Centre' mu ' ne Morrison' era ne kkooti yazzaawo ekkomo erivaako ku buteeso ku buddukiro bwa Claus'oku ntikyungibwako, naye Afford Care Act mu ] NFIB v. Sebelius yakola olukalala olumu. Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti ewa gavumenti teyinza kuwaliriza bantu kuyingira mu by'obusuubuzi nga baagala okugula insuwa ya Busuubuzi. Kyokka, kyawagira ekiragiro kino okulaga engeri gavumenti gye zisobola okutuukirizamu ebiwandiiko eby'omusolo mu matwalo ga gavumenti.

EPA (2007) yakkiriza nti gavumenti esobola okutegeka amasasi agamu mu mateeka agabaddewo. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu esala ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi mu mu kulonda [FLT] Massachetts v. EPA (2007]) kyeyoleka nti gavumenti esobola okutegekamu omukka gwa ggwenyu mu nsi yonna wansi w'amateeka agabaddewo. Kyokka, kkooti elina amateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga enfuga enjereere ku n'amazzi agafuga enfulseera, nga bwe kirabibwa mu Raphanos v. [[FLT:][200] n'ebirala ebivuddewo mu mateeka.

Afuga Obuwagizi n’Ekyetaagibwa Kinnoomu

Okuva mu 1960, Congress yeeyambisa obusuubuzi n'amalaanyi agagikozesa okuwaliriza abantu okukola ku ntegeka z'abantu. Ekitongole kya Colvil Rights Act ekya 1964, ekyakolera ku kya Atlanta Motel v. United States, kyagaana obusosoze mu bifo ebya lukale olw'obusosoze mu mawanga. Olukiiko olusingawo olw'eggwanga lwalina enkanyi za gavumenti lwalina okuteeka essira ku ku ku kulembereza okw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'taano okw'okusalamu mu kulonda ekibalo. Shelby County v. Kkommenti[FF:3] (2013]), kkooti esingayo waggulu yakuba olukalala olw'ensonga ezaali zikwata ku nkyukakyuka mu by'okuvwooka obukola.

Kkooti efuga abatuuze ababeera mu ggwanga eryo eribakwasibwa. Kkonsole erimu obuyinza obw'okuteekawo amateeka ag'okuyingira mu ggwanga oba ag'okugiggyawo. Kyokka, gavumenti zikolamu obumu nga zikolagana bulungi n'abatuuze abatali bawabulibwa. Kkooti enkulu esala ku lukiiko olwo mu Arizona v'. United States (202) yasazesezza amateeka agatali gamu aga gavumenti okukiteeka mu nkola eya gavumenti nga gannaago, so ng'amateeka ga gavumenti bwe gaagikkiriza enteekateeka eya poli ekyetaagisa abanoozi b'okubunnyanja okukebera embeera y'okubunyingira mu mateeka.

Okuyigiriza Amaanyi Amanene: Puloguramu Ezirina Okukozesebwa

Abasomesa n'abayizi, ebiwandiiko ebitegeera eby'ensi yonna byetaaga okwekenneenya ebiwandiiko by'amateeka n'ebyokulabirako ebya ddala. Okwekenneenya ensonga ezikwata ku bintu ebimu kiyamba okutegeera engeri kkooti gye zitegeeramu Amateeka. Okugeraageranya gavumenti n'eggwanga ku nsonga gamba ng'obuyigirize, eby'obujjanjabi n'amateeka amabi, kiyamba mu kutuukiriza enkola y'obufuzi.

Ebikolebwa mu ttendekero kiyinza okuzingiramu okwekenneenya Ekiwandiiko eky'Akatundu I, Ekitundu 8[[FLT'] ekiva ku National Constitution Center, nga kino kinnyonnyola oba nga Congress yandibadde nako amaanyi ku ntegeka ya intaneeti, oba nga amakampulirirano gagikwata ku kukozesa ssente z'enjigiriza mu kuwandiisa gavumenti mu by'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo mu by'obukalu era n'osobola okwekenneenya endowooza za Kko SUP] ku buyinza obw'ensikaluunizo engeri eyinza okulondoola engeri ekyukakyuka mu ku nnyitoso tteeka.

Okutegeera amanya g'ensi mu ngeri kiyamba n'abantu okwekenneenya emboozi z'eby'obufuzi. Okugamba nti etteeka erya gavumenti terikkirizibwa kussaawo kukolebwa kiyinza okukwetaagisa okwekenneenya obanga tteeka liwa Consert obuyinza ku nsonga eno. Conerrent.gov[ omukutu gwa inkyusa y'enkola guwa ebyafaayo ebiraga ewandiisi amateeka w'enkola w'ewandisizza ebiwandiiko. Mu ngeri y'emu, endowooza eza prezidenkola ku buyinza obwa kkaluunti obufuga enfuga amateeka ga gavumenti ziyinza okukkirizibwa okukontana n'empandiikibwa kiwandiiko oba ekigo.

Makulu Gano: Gavumenti Eriko ekkomo

Amanya ga gavumenti ga nkomeredde era galina ekkomo. Ekiragiro kiwa obuyinza obwabalibwa obukkirizibwa okusobozesa gavumenti y'eggwanga okukola obulungi mu nsi yonna. Mu kiseera kye kimu, okussaawo amatwale g'ensi, gavumenti, Bill of Rights, ne mu kunoonyereza okulina okugobererwa okusobola okuziyiza obukujjukujju.

Abayizi n'abasomesa abategeera emitindo gino basobola okutegeera engeri enkola y'okufuga y'enjawulo: obumu mu ggwanga n'okwefuga, gavumenti ennungi awamu n'eddembe ly'abantu. Empuliziganya wakati wa Congress, prezidenti, kkooti, n'eggwanga zikuuma amateeka ga gavumenti nga gaanyiga kunywerera ku nkola y'obufuzi bw'eggwanga.

Okusobola okusoma ebisingawo, [[Akabonero:0] Etterekero ly'eggwanga liwa enzivvuunuzi eza Constitution. Ekitongole ekinoonya ennono ku by'ennono kya '[FLT'] Legitaliyo' mu Cornell[ kyongera kulaga mu bujjuvu amateeka agafuga entegeka. Eby'obusobozi bino biyamba okwongera okutegeera ekyo gavumenti ky'esobola ne ky'etasobola kukola.