Study Castes ne programmes zikiikirira ebibinja bibiri ebigwa ku buwaŋŋanguse mu Buyindi. Okumanyibwa kwabyo mu mateeka ga Buyindi kwalaga nti okusala obwenkanya mu nsonga z'ensi kifuula enkola y'okugonjoola ensonga ez'ekika kya nukuta, nga kigendererwa okugonjoola ebika bya sistemu n'okusosolwa. Leero, ensonga z'eby'obufuzi ezikwata ku SCs ne STs zisingako obwegambo obuggggzi; zikyusa empandika z'amateeka, ebiva ku nkola ebireeteeyambisibwa mu ku buyinza. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola ennyiriri, ebireetera ebiwandiiko, ebigobeeyambibwa mu bya bya bya bufuzi, ebiwandikiro, n'emikisa egy'omu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Ebyafaayo: Okuva ku Kusalawo Okutuuka ku Kutegeera Endagaano Ennene

Gavumenti ez'enjawukana mu mawanga era n'enkola ey'okusosolaamu mu mawanga, nga Bungereza tennaba kufuga, naye mu kiseera ekyo, enjawukana zino we zaatandikira era ne ziteekebwawo n'obukulembeze. Gavumenti ya Bungereza yatandikawo enkola nti abantu mu bitundu byayo bakkirizibwa okufuga, era yayongera okuteeka Dalits (edda edda eyali emanyiddwa nga "Abatayinza kukwatibwa" ne Adivasis (ebibinja by'enkola).

Akakiiko akafuzi akaakulembera Dr. B. Ambedkar ne Mahatma Gandhi, kaaleetera ennaku SCs ne STs okuba mu maaso mu kuwa emboozi y'eggwanga. Akadekar okuba omutunzi w'eby'obufuzi n'enkwalo ya bantu ekyava mu kuteekawo olukiiko lw'eby'obufuzi mu mwaka gwa 1932, olwakakasa obutebenkevu obwaterekebwa mu matendekero g'aba Diveevisions. Post-inpencencencence, Constiententive Constantient, ne Amber akulira olukiiko olukulu olwa SCs ne ST. Ekiragiro kyasalawo nti: SCs ne ST.

Enjigiriza eno yaviirako aba SC ne SST okukyuka okuva ku bantu ne batandika okufugibwa demokulase. Okuteeka ebifo mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti tekwali kabonero bubonero, naye kyali nkola eya mu bugenderevu okukakasa nti abantu bano balina eddoboozi eribasobozesa okukola amateeka n'okussaawo enkola.

Endagaano z’Amateeka

Ekiragiro kya Buyindi kisobozesa SC ne ST okuteeka obuwagizi mu nsi eyo.

  • [[AK:0] Article 15 (4) ne 16 (4)[[AK'AWULA]: Leka embeera ekolewo enteekateeka ez'enjawulo ezisobozesa obuyigirize n'emirimu ku SCs, nga mw'otwalidde n'obulobozi mu matendekero n'emirimu gya gavumenti.
  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Article 17[[-FULT:1]]: Abolishes "atakwata ku sisitemu" era agaana enkola yaabyo mu ngeri yonna.
  • [[AK:0] Article 46: ewa obuyinza okutumbula obuyigirize n'eby'enfuna mu bitundu ebinafu, naddala SCs ne ST, era n'okukuuma obutali bwenkanya mu bantu era n'engeri zonna ez'okunnyaabonya.
  • [[NKULA] Article 330 ne 332: Ddi lwe kisobozesa obutuuti bw'entebe ez'entebe ez'omu SCs ne Status mu Lok Sabha (Ennyumba ey'Abantu) ne mu nkuŋŋaana eza gavumenti.
  • [[NKULULA] Article 334: Mu kusooka yassaawo ekkomo eriko ekkomo eririna okubeeramu emyaka 10 mu kifo kyalyo naye yagaziyizibwa okuyitira mu kukyusa kwa mateeka mu ngeri ezisukka mu kkumi (g., 95x Amerekance mu 2009 yagigaziya okutuusa mu 2020, ate 104 KMERIEDIYO (yamala emyaka 2020).
  • Kitundu [[:0] Kitundu IX ne Ekitundu IXA[[KA:1]]: Ekifo kino kisobozesa ebiwandikiro okufuna SCs ne STS mu Panchayats ne Manejat, ne kikakasa nti ebisibuka biyingizibwa mu bya bufuzi.

Ng'ogyeko amateeka, obukiiko obw'eggwanga obw'ekika ekimu nga Koominti y'eggwanga eriwandikidwa nga Ssetmalls era ne Commission for Students Comment for Students Confiblic Kino kikuuma okukolebwa kw'obukuumi era ne kikebera okwemulugunya kw'obusosoze. Ssettudies ne TPATB (Enkquawula ez'ebikolebwako) Act, 1989, ebitongole eby'eby'okutumbula n'okubonereza abantu bano.

Okuddamu Okuzannya Omusango: Okukola Enkola ey’Eddoboozi

Obutebe mu Palamenti butegeeza nti omuwendo gwa SCs ne STs gulina okusaasaana butereevu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu kizimbe ekiyitibwa Lok Sabba, 84 (ku 543) gwa kifo kya SCs ne 47 mu kifo kya STS, nga kyenkanankanankana omuwendo gw'abantu abali mu Parliale (16.6% ne 8.6%,%, mu bitundu eby'enjawulo, omuwendo ogwo gukyukakyuka okusinziira ku mateeka ate gugoberera emisingi egimu.

Kyokka, abanoonyereza bagamba nti ebbaagizo ku bwalyo teriyinza kusobozesa bantu kussaawo bituukagana bulungi n'ebyo ebibeera mu magye. Bangi babadde bagoberera 'MP' ne 'ML' ate nga bayinza obutafuna buzibu ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku bantu ab'omu kitundu. Kyokka okunoonyereza okwakolebwa kulaga nti ebitongole bya bannabyabufuzi bitera okulaba nti abantu ababadde bisaasaanya ssente ezisingawo ku by'enjigiriza, eby'obulamu, n'eby'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri eganyulamu SC ne TB. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okunoonyereza okw'abakessi bannasayansi nga .Pande (2003)[FFLT:1]

Amakulu g’Eby’obufuzi: Gasingawo ku Kikiikirira

Amakulu g'eby'obufuzi mu SC ne SST gayitirira mu nnyiriri nnyingi: ebitongole ebikola ku nkula y'ebiro, enkola, n'obuwagizi mu ntegeka. Ebitundu by'eby'obufuzi mu bitundu ebitali bimu nga BJP ne Congress, ne Btade ebikozesebwa mu magye, obukiiko bwa SC/ST bukola nga bannakyewa bankalu. Omuwendo gw'abantu abasss ne ST (abasukka mu 25% ku buli bantu b'omu Buyindi) kiba kye kisinze okuba eky'ekitebe ekikulu mu njyukanyo, naddala nga Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha, ne mu bukiikak'obukiikakkono bw'obukiikakkono.

Enkola y’Ekibiina n’Ebibiina

Mu kulonda, SC ne ST emirundi mingi ebiwayirizo bikolamu enkola ez'amaanyi. Mu kulonda, ebitongole ebikola ku nkyukakyuka z'eby'obufuzi, ebikolebwa mu Utar Pradesh bikozesa enkola nga SC/ST mu kulonda abagenda okutuula awamu n'ebifo ebiterekeddwawo.

Obukulembeze bw'Abadaliti bweyongera mu nteeso y'obufuzi ne mu Uttar Pradesh, Jignesh Mevani mu Gujarat, ne Ramdas Athawale mu Maharashtra(*) era ne kikakasa nti abafuzi b'ebyobufuzi ba SC beeyongedde okumanyibwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, abakulembeze b'eddiini mu Odisha, Jaharkash, ne mu bukiika kkono bw'amaserenge baaze obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi mu kuleetawo enjawukana ez'ebyobufuzi ne mu kunoonya obuyambi.

Okukyusiza Empisa

Abatuuze okuva mu SC ne mu makubo ag'enjawulo bataddewo nnyo olukalala ku mateeka agakwata ku bwenkanya, eddembe ly'ettaka, n'obuyigirize.

  • [[Act:0] Eddembe ly'Escape (2009)[[OKATANDIKWA]]: libaamu ebiwagizi eby'enjawulo ebiwagirwa abayizi aba SC ne SC mu masomero agabweya.
  • [[NKUM:0] Act des contreations (2006): Kino kikakasa eddembe ly'abafumbo abali mu STS n'abo ababeera mu bibira ku ttabi oba ku byalo, nga kikyusa empalana z'eby'okuva mu kifo ekimu.
  • [[AK'AMUT:0] Okuziyiza Act of Atrocity Act enzizzawo ku nkola ya Act (2015 ne 2018)[[KY'OKUZIMBA]]: okukomya ebibonerezo ne kinyweza ebibonerezo nga bikolebwa mu mitendera egya SC ne SST.
  • Ekiragiro kino n'enteekateeka za k'awamu [: ssente eziva mu mulimu ne bayitirizibwa okuva mu ddaala ery'ekika kya waggulu bigenze byeyongera, obuyigirize obwa waggulu kibuwadde ne bwewandisizza mu maaso.

Mu mpaka za palamenti, SC/ST MP zitera okuleetawo ensonga ezikwata ku kusolooza obululu, okugobererwa kw'abakozi, ettemu ery'okuva mu mawanga mu mawanga olw'okusima ebirombe oba olw'ebizimbe. Obuwagizi bwabwe buviiriddeko okutandikawo kkooti ez'enjawulo mu misango egy'ekikolwa eky'obutujju n'emitemwa gy'ensi za SC/ST.

Obukiiko bw’E disitulikiti n’Obutongole bwa Gavumenti

Mu puliti nga zirimu abantu bangi abayitibwa SC/ST, ebiwandikiro bitera okuyimirira nga balwanyi ba bantu bano. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Janata Dal (United) mu Bihar essirase ku Madalit ennanga ez'ekika ate ebibinja nga BijuJata Dal mu Odisha ne Jarkand Mokcha mu Jarkach ebiwandiikirira eddembe ly'eggwanga. Ebiwandikiro bino biwandikidde ku mateeka agafuga enfuga enfugamal, nga ebitundu ebiwerengo ebisinga obunene (g.Tamil Nadu's Nadu's 69% egabanyirikiti n'ebitundu ebimyufu) n'ebitongole ebikola ebikola ebimyufu.

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa okuteesa ku nsonga ezikwata ku SC ne ST. Kino kiviiriddeko embalirira ez'enjawulo ezikolebwa mu nsi nnyingi.

Obuzibu mu by’Obufuzi

Wadde nga waliwo amateeka agafuga enfuga n’okukulaakulana mu by’obufuzi, waliwo okusosolwa kwa maanyi.

Obusosoze n’Obusosoze

Ettemu n'ebikolwa ebikusike eby'okusiba ekika kya buwangwa tebyasimbye nnyo mu bitundu bingi ebya Buyindi. Okusinziira ku National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), ebikolwa eby'obumenyi ku SCS ebisukka mu 40,000 ne 8.000 ebikolebwa ku SSTS, byasalibwawo mu 2020 byokka, wadde nga omuwendo gw'abantu guba gusinga okusingira ddala olw'okuba nti balangibwa alipoota. Ettemu ng'olw'obutyo teriyongera bwokka okuleetera abantu okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi naye era terigaana n'okukosesa obukusingibwa.

Buli kiseera obukyayi bukwataganyizibwa n'obukuubagano bw'ensi, okukkirizibwa kw'amazzi, oba okuvuganya ne voti. lipoota ekwata ku ddembe ly'abantu (2021) yaggumiza obusosoze mu bizimbe, eby'enjigiriza, n'emirimu, ebisigaza obwavu n'e ekkomo ku by'obufuzi.

Eby’Eby’Obugagga Ebyawukana

Obuteefu bw'eby'enfuna bukyasinze okuba obuzibu obw'amaanyi. Amaka g'omulembe guno bwe gateeberezebwa obunene bw'ettaka, ssente ze gafuna, n'obuyigirize, nga bwe kigeraageranyizidwa n'ebitundu ebiragiddwa mu ngeri emanyiddwa mu ggwanga. Okusinziira ku nkola y'ekipimo eky'ekipimo (201-1-12), 29% mu maka g'abakyala ba SC ne 43% mu maka g'ST, baabadde ba wansi ku bwavu, bwe bageraageranya 12% ku bibiina ebirala. Kaweefube oyo ageetaagezesa ssente, ne kgeeteeka ekkomo ku mikutu, era ne k'abatunzi SC/ST be bassa obuwagizi mu mpandika eza bannakyewa, ebisobola okumenya obuyinza obuyinza obuva mu by'amakutu gamu.

Ate era, obuwagizi mu by'enfuna bususse abantu abo. Okukulaakulana mu mawanga kuviiriddeko okuva mu nsi endala nga tewali nzidde ku nzige, ekiviiriddeko obukyayi n'obukyayi mu by'obufuzi.

Okugattika Enjawukana mu by’Eby’obufuzi

Mu bibiina by'eby'obufuzi, munnabyabufuzi, SC ne ST batwalibwa ng'obujulizi. Batwalibwa mu bifo ebya waggulu nga "sofroid" (um'e., obeeko abantu bye bakola, okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'ensimbi, okugootaanya, oba eby'entebe ebya bulijjo. Mu kulonda abanyago, ebiterekebwa ebikuumibwa bitera okutwalibwa nga "entebe enkuumi" mu kifo eky'okutwala obukulembeze obw'ekika ekya waggulu mu kifo eky'okumanyibwa obutundu obwa nnamaddala. democracy'okwerinda oba eby'ekitongole ekikilebwa obusinga okubaamu okubaamu obulango obubonero.

Ate era, eky'ensonga z'ebyobufuzi bwe zitassibwamu kitiibwa kyenkanyi mu makanisa oba mu bibiina, tekikyakkirizibwa mu bya bufuzi.

Enkizo n’Obulagirizi Obunaabaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Wadde nga waliwo obuzibu buno, waliwo omukisa mungi okusobola okwongera amaanyi mu by'obufuzi mu SC ne SST. Obubonero obukolebwa ku bifo ebisinze okusiikukira eŋŋaano, okulongoosezaamu enkola z'emirimu n'obusobozi bw'obusobozi bw'abantu, bisobola okuleetera amaanyi gaabwe okweyongera.

Emirandira gy’Okwawula ku Bufuzi bw’Omu Nsi

Entegeka za 73th ne 74 eza ssemajini (1992) ziyambye nnyo mu kuleeta obukiika n'ekitundu kya SC ne ST mu kusalawo ku kigero eky'ebitundu ebya kampuni. Entebe ensenyi mu Panchayats ne Gavumenti zikakasa nti omuwendo omunene ogw'abakazi aba SC/ST n'abasajja bafuuka bakulu mu by'obukulembeze. Okugeza mu 2022, 7 ku buli kikumi eky'abantu b'omu Panchayat ze SC ne SST (ekifo ekitongole eky'omu bya kampuni) era bangi bakyusizza abantu mu bifo byabwe okuyitira mu by'emirimu, mu by'obujjanjabi n'eby'obuyigirize.

Programu nga Mahatma Gandhi National Rural BroakSpect Act (MGNREGA) nazo ziwadde obutebenkevu mu by'enfuna, ne kisobozesa amaka g'omu SC/ST okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi n'okunyweza ebitongole eby'omu nsi eyo n'okuyingiza mu by'enfuna, kiyinza okuleetera abantu abo okufugibwa.

Obuyigirize n’Ebitongole Ebirala

Okutuuka ku by'enjigiriza kye kimu ku bisinga obukulu mu by'obufuzi. Alipoota y'obuyigirize obwa waggulu egoberera enkola y'obuyigirize obwa waggulu mu SCS ne mu bitundu eby'omulembe ogwa waggulu esobola okwongerako ku.

Era enkola ez'okumanyisa okusoma n'okuwandika birimu amakulu mangi. Abakugu mu by'enkola y'enkola n'enkola za kompyuta esobozesa abatumbula eby'okussawuzi ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya obutassa kitiibwa mu nfuze ez'eby'empuliziganya, okwegatta ku buwagizi n'okulaga ebikolwa eby'obukazi. Empandika nga Twitter ne Youtube zireeseewo abalwanyisi mu by'enkola y'enkola eya Dalit ne Adivasi abakyusa endowooza ez'okumenya enfumbo. Gavumenti ya gavumenti esobola okusobozesa abantu okuleetawo obukulembeze ne bayinjabi ku mikutu gya kompyuta.

Enzimba Enjawulo n’Ebitundu Ebiba Bizimbiddwa

Obuyinza bwa by'obufuzi ebya SCs ne SST busobola okugattibwako nga bakolagana n'ebibinja ebirala: Ebitiibwa ebirala ebiyitibwa 'OBCs', abakazi, amadiini amatono, n'abantu abaavu mu bibuga. Obukujjukujju obukubiriza abantu ab'enkalakkalira ku nkula y'enkola z'omu bya Badmi Parques, Mahagathbanhan mu Bihar, oba INDIYA sh obutundutundu bw'eggwanga bwagulumiza SC/SC/CSC.

Ate era, eky'okuba nti abakyala basC/ST beeyongedde okututumuka mu by'obufuzi (g. Meenakshi Lekhi, Kumari Selja, ne Aruna Sahu) kigatta ku kipimo ky'abakazi eky'ekikula eky'ekikula ekifuula ekya waggulu ennyo. Abakyala ba Reservation Bill (2023), ekirimu ebifo ebiwera 33 ku buli kikumi mu Palamenti n'enkuŋŋaana z'eggwanga, nga bizingiramu SC/ST, nga kino kiyinza okuddibwamu ebitundu ebibakisiddwamu mu kifo ekibajjuzibwamu.

Enkyukakyuka mu Nkola y’Obuyinjabi

Obuwanguzi bw'ekitongole kya National Commissions for SCs and STs buteekwa okuzzibwako nnyo. Kaakano, balina amaanyi amatono agafuga enkola y'okugobererwa nga tegasanzisizza. Bawa obuyinza obusingawo. Bakakasa nti ab'oluganda balondebwa mu kibiina, era nti lipoota zaabwe zituukana bulungi ne palamenti zisobola okunyweza obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe. Okugatta ku ekyo, enteekateeka ya sisitemu eno ekwetaagisa okwekebeesaamu okulaba obanga enzijamu ennukuta ez'ekika kya SCs (okuganyula abo abanyosebwa ennyo mu kitundu) n'okukwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku mpagibwa obutundu obutono mu magye).

fundikira

Ekiragiro ekitegekeddwa ekiwandikiro ekiwandiikiddwa ekiwandiikizo eky'okuyita abantu mu bya bufuzi bwa Buyindi. Amateeka gaabwe, amasojala, n'ebibiina by'abantu eby'enkola bibaanukula ne bafuuka bannabyabufuzi abalungi ennyo. Ebyafaayo okuva ku ndagaano y'obukaddiriŋŋana bw'Abadalit n'abakulembeze b'Abadivasi ez'omu kiseera kino biraga engeri abantu abo gye bayinza okuvvuunuka ebizibu by'omulembe guno.

Wadde kiri kityo, obusosoze tebukoma ku mulembe. Okusobola okumanyisa obusosoze mu bantu, enjawukana mu by'enfuna eremesezza obunene mu by'enfuna, era n'okussaawo abafuzi mu bya bufuzi, obuyindi buteekwa okuteeka mu nkola demokulase, okugootaanya eby'amateeka, okutumbula eby'enjigiriza n'eby'obufuzi eby'omukabyabufuzi. Okutuuka ku nkola ekya Bayindi mu nkola eya demokulase mu ntegeka y'enkola y'ekikaanyi. Okusobola okuleetawo enfumo y'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi bw'ensi eno, kisinziira ku ngeri y'enkola y'emu, y'enkola y'emu, nga Dr.Ankerkardar akkoddys akkukkulembedde mu n'ensonga ez'amaanyi, era n'ensonga y'okukyusa obwa bulijjo esobozesa abantu okukyuka mu by'obufuzi obwa SCs ne mu by'obufuzi.