Okutandika

Federalismu musingi gwazimbiddwa mu mateeka ga Amereka agayawulamu obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti y'eggwanga ne gavumenti. Okugabanya kuno okw'amaanyi kulaga enkolagana wakati w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ne gavumenti era ne kusibukamu enjigiriza eziwerako, nga mw'otwalidde n'enjigiriza ez'okwerinda kwa gavumenti, obukuumi bwa gavumenti ne buleme okusibibwa mu kkooti y'ensi nga tekkiriza, obukuumi obwasigibwa mu kkooti ez'enfuga era obusigibwa mu mu kifo kya gavumenti era obunnyonnyolwa mu materekero g'ensi. Okutegeera nti okukolagana wakati w'obufuzi n'obufuzi n'obwetwaze ne gavumenti z'abantu ne gavumenti z'ewandikibwamu, kyetaagisa okutegeera engeri Amateeka gye gakuumamu ebwetwaliddemu ng'enkola mu byafaayo, enkiiko enkulu, okusokebwa, n'obukuumibwa mu ggwanga lino ery'enkola ya gavumenti eyagobeembiddwawo nga y'emitindo gy'ensi.

Ensibuko y’Obumu Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga Ery’Oludda Olunene

Endowooza ey'okwefuga tekkirizibwa mu mateeka ga Bungereza aga bulijjo. Oluvannyuma lwa jjeegugungo lya Amereka, gavumenti zaagoberera omusingi guno nga zitwala ekibiina kya gavumenti okwetongozaamu mu nteekateeka empya. Okukwasibwa kw'amateeka mu 1788 kwaleetawo gavumenti y'eggwanga erina obufuzi obukugira, naye gavumenti yasigala nga tewa bufuzi bwayo okuggyako wa gye yasigirwa gavumenti. Ekibuuzo ekikwata ku bufuzi obwa bulijjo eky'okuba nti gavumenti ziyinza kutwalibwa gavumenti z'abantu mu kkooti empya.

Ekiwandiiko eky’Akataano eky’Edda ne Chisolm v. Georgia

Mu ngeri eyo, abatuuze babiri ab'omu South Carolina baavunaana ebbanja lya Georgia okufuna obuddukiro. Kkooti ey'omulembe ogwa 11 kye yasalawo nti Akakiiko III ak'omu kkooti y'ensi ekkirizibwa okuwuliriza ensonga wakati w'eggwanga n'abatuuze b'eggwanga eddala, era nga kaakakasizza okukimenyawo gavumenti awatali kukkirizibwa. Ekiragiro ekyo kyanyiiza gavumenti z'omulembe ogwa waggulu, era ne kitya okukubamu omuyaga ogw'obufuzi. Kkommenti yakkiriza n'enkiiko ez'eggwanga okuwuliriza ensonga enkulu mu 1795, ezigamba nti: “Ekkukkiriza okw'obuyinza mu Amerika, kukkirizibwa okumenya amateeka awatali kukkirizibwa. Kkosomero zonna ez'eggwanga, era n'ensonga eyo yatya okutwalibwa mu ggwanga erimu ku Mu ggwanga oba mu ggwanga eritali lya Amerika.

Ekiragiro kino kyazzaawo obukuumi gavumenti bwe zaafuna nga Chaholm[. Kyoleka olukujju: olukiiko lw'amateeka teruyinza kukozesebwa ng'olukusa okuwaliriza gavumenti okwerwanako, mu ngeri eyo ne kikuuma ekitiibwa kya gavumenti n'okweraga. Kino kikuuma ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti okuba omusingi gwa gavumenti mu nkiiko z'amateeka ezeefuga.

Okutambula nga Debola ng’Enmva y’Essaatiika

Obudde tebulina kkomo, wabula musingi gwa nsingi gye guwa amakulu eri eky'okwefuga. Ekiragiro kino kyatandikawo enkola ey'emirundi ebiri ey'obufuzi, nga gavumenti y'eggwanga ne gavumenti zirina obwetwaze. Entegeka ey'ekkumi enyweza kino nga gavumenti zonna teziweereddwa Amerika. Mu ssaza lino, gavumenti tezifuga mu gavumenti; ze zaazo zombi zifuga bokka nga zirina obwetwaze obwa nnamba obuzi obufuga obutabaako musango gwa kuzitongoza ku kkooti za gavumenti z'ensi emu, wabula nga zikkiriza oba nga zikkiriza buwagidde buwandike.

Obufuzi bwa Yakuwa n’Obumu

Enjigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri tekkirizibwa. Enjigiriza eyo ey'okufuga okugattika nti gavumenti z'ensi yonna zifuga bokka. Singa amadiini gonna gafuga nga galina eddembe ery'okwefuga, Louisiana[FLF:] era nga galina obuyinza obw'okutongola emisango. Kkooti enkulu ekiraze nti okugakuuma kuno si tteeka lya nfuga kyokka naye nti liba ligonjo lya ntegeka. [[FL.]] Hans] v.[FLY] [FLY] [1:] [1890], Kkooti Kkooti ekkiriza nti, ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omusanvu kirimu etteeka ekireetera abatuuze mu mateeka okumenya amateeka agamenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenyemenye amateeka mu nsi eyo ey'ensolo, era nga tekkiriziddwa gavumenti z'enkyukakyuka za gavumenti endala zonna zigamba nti, kubanga obuwandikirowo obutongole ekyo ekitongole ekyo ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekigo, obutongole ekitongole ekyo

Ekifo kya Bannabyabufuzi mu Kukendeeza Eby’Obufuzi

Ate era, kooti enkulu ennyonnyola bulungi obusobozi bw'okufuga enzijanjaba y'empewo. Munsi w'amateeka, Congress eyinza okugattulula obusosoze bw'ensi mu ggwanga singa efuga bulungi amateeka era n'eraga bulungi ekigendererwa kyayo eky'okukola. Kkooti esinga obukulu ennyonnyola amaanyi ga gavumenti, naddala mu myaka egyakayita. Okusinziira ku mateeka, mu [FLD:0] SSELL [FOL] enne] VF [[[:166] [196], Kkooti Kkooti ebadde ekkiriza nti Conghisementsssment teyinza kuziyiza kukwata ku bufuzi bwa Claus Claus'. Okufuga kw'ensi eno kulina ekyetaagisa okukuuma okukuuma okuggyako ng'okuva mu ku Kfekalmenti, naddala 5 ekigo ekya Exppeaset'eroundation Redecimation, progreercement, pertiesmentsments, s'ercet, ek'errimu tt propatitikM. Kkoo

Kkooti Enkulu Evumirira Enjigiriza eyo

Kkooti ey’oku ntikko ewa ensala ey’enjawulo egobererwa mu ngeri ereetera abantu okukolagana obulungi n’obuyinza obufuga amawanga.

Hans v. Louisiana (1890)

Nga bwe kyogeddwako, Hans v. Louisiana yagaziya olukalala olw'empewo olwasasulibwa abantu ab'eggwanga ekkumi n'omu. Olukwata oluvanyuma, omutuuze Louisiana, yakyusiza mu ggwanga okuddamu okufuna ebbeeyi ku buggwe mu nkomera za gavumenti. Kkooti yagoba essuti, nga ewa nti okuteebwa kw'olukalala olwa Prez'omwaka ekkumi n'omwenda tekukugira ggwanga; mu kifo kya bulijjo, Amateeka agafuga nti tegalina bukuumi bwa bantu ku buli yunifomu. Ekiragiro kino kye kisalawo kusinze kulondooo eya gavumenti eremedwa okukisibwa essutuuti ezifuga enfuga enfugamasaza.

Ku nkomerero ya Young (1908)

Ekyawawukana ku gavumenti ey'okwefuga kyalabika mu Ex Young (08). Kkooti bwe yawawa endowooza eyo, yawawa omutuuze obwannannyini olukusa okukakasa omukungu wa gavumenti okukwasisa omukwasi z'eggwanga aleme okutongoza gavumenti. Kkooti yagamba nti omukungu mu gavumenti at'alekayo okufugibwa gavumenti aggibwako obuyinza bwa gavumenti era n'akwatibwa obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Kino kiwandikibwawo “olukiiko olw'eggwanga okuleka kkooti z'eggwanga okumenya amateeka awatali kuvunaanibwa butereevu gavumenti. Kko nga kikiikirira ekifo eky'ensonga y'ensonga ez'ekitongole n'okugo: gavumenti yennyini esigala nga tegyfuzesebwa, naye abakunguzi bakkirizibwa okukigoberera. Kkubo kano kago kayinza okugobenjera ensonga ezisoomooza mu nsonga z'eby'eby'obutebe by'obulamu.

Seminole Friest ne Florida (1996)

Mu Squatione v. Florida, kkooti enkulu yayogera ku obanga Court yasobola okukifuula entebe ey'okwefuga mu buwanjulwa bwa Indian Commerce Claus. Ekika kya ssemattuff baaweerera mu ggwanga lya Florida olw'okulemererwa okukubaganya ebirowoozo mu nzikiriza ennungi ezikwata ku kukwata, nga bwe kyetaagisa mu Kkooti y'Abayindi Gaming Regusarcation Act. Kkooti, mu kusalako. Kkooti, nga 5-4, yakkiriza nti gavumenti terina buyinza ku gavumenti eyinza kufuga mu by'otoogoowa, nga mw'otwalidde ne Clauslas Claus. Endowooza ey'okusinga obungi, eyayawulibwa omukungufu mu mateeka omukulu Reighst, yaggumiza nti okulondoola okw'obufuzi obwa nnawo tteeka lya gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kikwata ku bukyungi obutuufu bw'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ego annyonnyola obugo ak

Alden v. Maine (1999)

Nga bagoberera . Kkooti eyo yayongeramu endowooza nti abakungu ba gavumenti tebeetongodde olw'okwetwalirira gavumenti mu kkooti Alden v. Maine (1999). Bwe kityo, abakungu ba Kkooti baatwala obuwambe obwa Maine okusasula eby'enyojjo mu budde obwa bulijjo wansi wa Fair Labor Act. Kkooti ekkiriza nti Amateeka era gagaana empanomenti eza gavumenti okuzitongoza ebizisibwa mu kkooti zaabwe nga tezikkiriza. Wadde nga ebiteesoko ebiteeso nga biwaziddwa ku mateeka ga gavumenti. Kkootikko, Kkooti ewabutebe ewa gavumenti z'ebyempalimu zikola mu kkooti mu ngeri eyo eggula bulungi. Ekireetera ekkomera ek'obutebebwa mu kkooti mu mateeka okuzikkiriza obutongole.

Federal Maritime Commission okuggira mu South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002)

Mu Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority[2001], kkooti yassa emisingi egikwata ku butebenkevu ku bukulembeze bwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro kyawandikiddwa okuleeta okwemulugunya mu maaso ga gavumenti ya South Carolina Maritime Commission erre for Deparce for anstruction. Kkooti yakikakasa nti obutemesikiti obuwandikiddwawo obwo bukkirizibwa mu kkooti y'ensi obwa bulijjo buteekeddwawo olukiiko olukulu olw'ebitongole. Kkooti ezikola ku bunnaawerezo za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti ez'enjawulo zireseezza ebiwaanyisiro okuteeka mu misango.

Ebisobozo ne by’Osobola Okukola

Wadde ng’obuyinza obufuga gavumenti bwagaziwa, emisingi egikwata ku kugabana kwa gavumenti tegikugira nnyo, era gizingiramu n’abantu kinnoomu okufuna obuyambi eri gavumenti oba abakungu baazo.

Conv ne Waiver

Gavumenti eyinza kyeyagalire okutongozebwa mu kkooti y'amateeka. Okukkiriza kuno kuyinza okulabibwa okuyitira mu mateeka ga gavumenti, nga yeeyisa mu kkooti nga tekukusobozesa kuziyiza buwaze, oba nga bakkiriza okufuna ssente eziyinza okulemesa omuntu okukulwanyisa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa gavumenti yeegatta ku programu ewagidde, kiyinza okukkirizibwa okusalirwa omusango olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti ey'oku Supper yeetaazeseeyo ebeere nga “eyolekedde ddala era nga teliiko kye yeetaasa, era nga kyoleka obukulu bw'okuziyiza obufuzi bwa gavumenti.

Okutongozebwa kw’Ekizimbe mu Kitundu 5 eky’Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennya

Congress eyinza okugattika obuteesiteesi singa efuga gavumenti singa efuga obufuzi obwawula gavumenti. Ekitongole kino kifuga omufuzi w'obuyinza oluvannyuma lw'okuyisawo Emperamya ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano, naddala Ekitundu 5 ku Ginneth Amerekance. Entegeka ya I49th Amerekance yakolebwa okugaziya obuyinza bwa gavumenti okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, era enteekateeka ya Kko n'ewa enteekateeka ya Kko ewa gavumenti obuyinza okugonjoola envumbo mu kufuga w'obufuzi bw'okugonjoola okugonjoola ekisobya k'okumenya amateeka. [[FL][F][FL][12], Court Congress Congresssssssss'eround ewandikingsssssssss'okuwanirira eddembe ly'okufuga mu kufuga enzirowooteevuvuvuvuvuvuvu eyo. Kyokka, Kkootikkootik'eyik'ekuk'ekuk'ego yagogogoyik'eraga nti, en

Ebirabo Ebikontana n’Akakiiko k’Eggwanga: Ensongi y’Okusomesa Abaana Enjigiriza

Nga bwe kyayogeddwako, ek' Ex Young enjigiriza ekkiriza abakungu ba gavumenti okukkirizibwa okuweweerera ddala ebiva mu kumenyebwa kw'amateeka ga gavumenti. Enjigiriza eno ya mugaso nnyo okusobola okukomya okukakasa amateeka ku bikolwa bya gavumenti, okuva ku kumenya amateeka n'enkola za gavumenti, ne ku mateeka agafuga enneyisa ya bantu ne ku mateeka agafuga enneyisa yaagyo. Obuweerero buno bukoma ku ku ku kulagira biragiro eby'obutonde era tebukkirizibwa kuyisa kisoso nga ebimenyebwawo ekiyinza okuzingirwako. Enjigiriza ekuuma obutebenkevu so ng'eteeka amateeka agafuga ezza etteeka ek'enkola.

Ebyambalo bya Amerika oba Amerika Endala

Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti Omutemwa ogw'Akakumi n'ekkumi n'omu gwa kkumi na kimu gwategekebwa okukuuma etteeka erikugira gavumenti, so si gavumenti oba gavumenti endala.

Okusoomoozebwa n’Okubeebuuzaako

Enjigiriza eyo erina kinene nnyo kye yakola ku ngeri amateeka gye gagobererwamu era n’engeri gye gayinza okuwonya abantu ababa bakoseddwa gavumenti.

Obujjanjabi n’Ekirabo Ekitayinza Kusaasaana

Nga banoonyereza ku Affordble Care Act (ACA), gavumenti zaasoomooza enteekateeka ez'enjawulo nga mw'otwalidde n'okugaziwa kwa Medicaid. Wadde nga kkooti enkulu yawagira ekiragiro kya ACA mu 'ACUM'.''National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius') [20202], kyakugira obuyinza bw'eggwanga okuwaliriza gavumenti okugaziyasa Medicaid nga kiteeka ekiyinza okukendeereza ensimbi eziriwo. Kkooti embeera ng'eyo yali eyinza okuggirawo ddala okuggirawo. Kkootikko yalina endowooza nti embeera ng'eyo yali tekkirizibwa kufuga era nga teyetongoddemu kakwa mu kutuukiriza nteekateeka za gavumenti za ACACA. Enkola eno enkulu mu ku nsonga y'okufuga ensonga y'okufuga ensonga enkulu.

Entegeka Embi n’Okuwa Obulagirizi

Ebibinja ebikola ku butonde ebinoonya okukwasibwa amateeka ga gavumenti nga Cease Water Act oba Effer Act ebiwakanya ebitongole bya gavumenti, bitera okwolekagana n'ensalo ezikugira obusobozi. Ex esce Young Ekceedice Young Ekireetera obuweerero mu kugonjoolera obuwanguzi, naye ebirumya ebiva mu ku byonogo eby'emabega tebiyinza kulabika. Embaliriraago bino bikyusa enkola enkola y'okumenya amateeka ageegobeetaa, awatali kiyinza kukola ku nzikizanya eyo mu kifo eky'okunoonya ekisasula ebiva mu ku kabi akamalirira. Empalo kino kikakasa nti tekirimu ku ebyonoona ebikolebwa ku byamaguzi ebyamaguzi byabwe ku bwamalanga mu byayo, naye abawakanaanyisiikiriza nti tebirimu ebivamu ebiva mu ggwanga.

Obufuzi n’Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga

Era gavumenti teyetongodde olw'okuba ewambye. Cantral Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006]], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti kkooti tezikkiriza kukugira bantu kufiirwa ssente oba kubateebwa kukwata ku bintu bye balina okusasula, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebintu ebifiibwako gavumenti. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti Bankruptcy Claus assone enfuga amateeka olw'obusobozi bw'eggwanga kubanga obwa kkokkokko nga obusokerosokezo obusinzidde busiddwawo ku bbanja n'ebintu.

Okuweerereza Awamu mu Kkooti Eza Wansi

Kkooti ezikola ku bukiiko bwa Amerika zikyeyongera okumeggana n'enkola ez'enjawulo ez'okwerinda, gamba nga kasuti wansi wa Amerika ezikutte ku mukolo gw'okulema oba Olukiiko VII ku mukolo gw'obukkondo. Kkooti Supper Court ewagamba nti Consert eyinza okukugira ennyo okumenya amateeka ga Kiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'enakunaana, naye singa okukyusiza mu nkola ey'okwerinda tekukugira kiwandikiro kya mateeka okukebwa obwetwaze. Okugeza, mu Bard of Trusts lesss resss [FFoctive 1: 2001], kkooti yakkiriza nti enkola ey'okusosola ebizingirwamu mu mateeka teyetongola wansi w'obulema bw'obufuzi obwa AD kubanga lipoota eyo teraga mu n'enko.

fundikira

Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga kwa gavumenti ekwatagana nnyo n'omusingi gwa gavumenti. Okuva ku kkampuni ey'ekkumi n'omu obukumi okutuuka ku nkola zaayo ez'ekika, okugattulula ekiwandikiro kya 'Gystitution' kiyoleka obuvunaanyizibwa bw'okukuuma eggwanga nga lineetwaze mu ntegeka za gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu eggumiziddwa ku mateeka gassa essira nti okukuumibwa kwe nsonga enkulu ez'obusosoze, era nti obuteefuga tekutya ku kkooti z'amateeka, ate nga Exe Young souning'enjigiriza na kukko n'okukkutawawula wansi w'obufuzi, bireetawo obuyinza obw'enkola y'enjawulo. Amateeka ga Amerika bwe gagenda mu kifo eky'obweyagazaavu mu ggwanga n'obuyinza obufuga. Obukulembeze bw'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga enkulu mu mateeka mu mateeka amagatte, bwe bukireetera abantu okumanyibwa mu n'okumanyisatyo obulungi mu n'enkola y'ensonga enkulu ezigo mu mateeka y'ensonga enkulu ennyo.

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