Omutemwa gw’Eddembe Erya Nnamaddala: Okulwanirira Abantu ab’Enjawulo mu Kyasa

Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala entenga ku ddembe ly'obuntu mu Amerika kye kimu ku bintu ebikyasinze okubaamu obukuubagano mu byafaayo bya Amereka. ERA yasooka kutandika mu 1923, olugendo lwayo mu by'obufuzi ne mu mateeka, era eraga nti mu Amerika mwalimu okulwanirira ennyo omuwendo gw'abasajja ab'ekikula. Okutegeera amakulu g'embalasa, okusobola okutegeera nti ERA efuuka ekitundu eky'ekikula eky'ekikula eky'ekikula n'omulimu ogukyama.

Ensibuko y’Ekiruubirirwa eky’Eddembe Ekirimu

ERA ensibuko y'enkola y'abakazi ey'enkola eya 20 mu ntandikwa y'enkola y'entegeka z'abakazi eza kawereraano, gye yali yatuuse ku buwanguzi obw'amaanyi ennyo mu kufutukula ekizimbe ekya 19 mu 1920, nga kiwa abakazi eddembe okulonda. Kyokka, ebitabo byamangu nnyo okukitegeera nti eddembe ery'okulonda obwannannyini teryandiggyeewo enteekateeka ey'okusosola abakazi mu mateeka n'ey'omu n'ey'abantu okwali kubakugira obulamu bwabwe. Alice Paul, omuwagizi w'ekibiina kya Bungereza ekya n'omutandikawo ekitongole kya National Woman’s Party, yateekawo enteekateeka ez'okukomyawo ebitongole ebyanditumbula eddembe ery'okulonda obwalimu wansi w'okwetaba.

Ekiragiro kino ekyasookera ddala mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga mu 1923, kyali kyeyolese bulungi nnyo: “ Ennamba z'omu mateeka tezirina kugaanibwa oba okubumbibwa gavumenti ya Amerika oba gavumenti yonna olw'okwetaba.” Ebigambo bino ebyayongerwa mu mateeka, enkola, n'ebikolwa ebyayisanga abasajja n'abakazi mu ngeri ya njawulo.

Okuziyizibwa mu Buvubuka n’Obuzibu Obwali mu Mbiri

Okuva ku ntandikwa, ERA yayolekagana n'okuziyizibwa okw'amaanyi. Si kwa maanyi okuva ku bannakyewa abalwanyisa abakazi kyokka, naye era ne mu kibiina ky'abakazi eky'eddembe. Abatunzi bangi abakola emirimu baatya nti eRA enziji z'amateeka ez'amaanyi ezaali ziwandikiddwawo mu kiseera eky'enkyukakyuka. Amateeka gano gaakugira ebiseera by'abakazi okukola ekiro, era gaakugira empeera ez'ekiro okusobola okuganyula abakazi. Abawagizi baggirawo nti ERA bandirekeddewo abakazi nga bayisibwa mu ngeri eteeyisa bubi mu nteekateeka efugibwa abasajja. Kino kyawula wakati w'obusobozi [ era ne[FL:][FOL:][2][FF]][FOLT][F]][FON][FRA:][3]

Kaweefube ow'Emipiira Emingi: Okuzikiza Okukendeeza

Nga wayiseewo emyaka nga ataano oluvannyuma lw'okutandika, ERA yanafuwa mu bukiiko obukola ku ntegeka. Yakomezebwawo mu buli kitundu, naye embeera y'ebyobufuzi teyeetaagisa nnyo okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'okwetaba. Okwettuuka kw'eby'obufuzi okw'ensi yonna, Ssematalo II, n'okussa essira ku by'obuwangwa bw'eggwanga, byakuuma okutereezebwa kw'ekitongole ekirwanirira amateeka. Wadde kyali kityo, akakiiko k'eggwanga akayitibwa Namady kaaweefube okusemba abakkiririzi, era akako akako kaawumba k'abalwanyi abawagizi baayo ne keeyongera okuluubirira okubeera abawagizigibwa.

Ebiwandiiko bya Betty Friedan's [FULT] mu 1963 era n'okutandikawo kwa National Organization for Basisten (NOW) mu 1966 kyateeka amaanyi amapya mu ntegeka. Ekiragiro kino kyasobozesa ERA okubeera ekimu ku by'etaago, ate ne kitandika okutandikawo ekitongole ekipya. ERA n'ekyava ku ku buvanyumako kyayo. ERD. Omuntu okusumulula ebyamako yatandikawo ebya bufuzi mu mafundikira g'omwaka gwa 1960 ne 1970, kyasobozesa embeera y'okukubagasattululwa.

Eky’amagero ekyabaawo mu 1972: Okuzikirizibwa kwa Constantional

Mu Maaki 1972, amayumba ga Kongleesaawo gaakkiriza ERA era nga galimu ebiwaawaatiro eby'amaanyi nga birina obunene bwa bipartiisa obunene obungi nga(354 okutuuka ku 23 mu Nnyumba ate 84 okutuuka ku 8 mu Seminale. Enkyukakyuka eyo yatwala essaza okuzza essomero nga lyamala emyaka musanvu mu kifo kya kampeyini. Mu mwaka ogwasooka, kyakolebwa mu bwangu. Mu magye 38, 30 gaali geeteeseteese ed. ERA yali waggulu; bangi baali bateebereza nti ekiseera eky'okuva ku mateeka nga 27 we gatuuse mu 1975. Kyokka, okukkirizibwa kw'amaanyi kwali ku k'ebitundu ebisaze.

Ekibiina Ekiziyiza Obulwadde: Okuziyizibwa n’Okuziyiza

Kaweefube ow’okulwanyisa ERA yaleetebwa Phyllis Schlafly, omulwanyi omukugu eyateeka enteekateeka y’okugoba abakazi mu buwangwa ng’ekiyinza okulemesa emitindo gy’amaka egy’enkalakkalira, enkizo z’abakazi (nga mu kukakanya obusimu n’obutayingira magye), n’obutukuvu bw’amaka gaabwe. Ekibiina kye, Stop ERA, kyagamba nti, okutereezebwa okwo kwandiyisizza abakazi nga babakaka okukola emirimu, ne balekera awo okubakuuma mu kugattululwa ne mu kukwata, era ne balagira n’abakazi okukola emirimu egy’okulwana.

Emboozi Enkulu ez’Okuziyizibwa

  • [[AGUMENTI]] Amateeka ag'obukuumi:[ Abaziyiza baagamba nti ERA yandikomye amateeka ag'enjawulo agakuuma abakazi ku mulimu, gamba ng'okuwummula kuwummula n'essaawa ez'omukitundu.
  • Obudde [[Act:0] Obuvunaanyizibwa obw'ekiseera kyonna:[[[Act:1]] Essuubi ery'abakazi okuyingizibwa mu magye n'okubuwanya bwali bukodyo bwa maanyi nnyo obw'okukwataganya abakyala mu biseera by'olutalo olw'ekimugunyu.
  • Ekiragiro [[NKULU] :[[KA] Bangi baatya ERA okutaataaganya ebifo eby'ekika ky'ekika kya bulijjo, ne kiviirako omuntu okufuna obutuuti, obufumbo obw'ekikula kye kimu (ekisooka okuwakana wakati w'enkaalo ez'omu biseera eby'omu maaso) n'obuyambi bw'okuggyamu embuto.
  • Etteeka erya [[NKUMBO:0] Kkompati y'eggwanga:[ Abalabe abamu baawakanya ERA nga bakiikirira enkola ey'obukugu mu ggwanga, ne batyoboola eddembe ly'eggwanga ery'okutegeka engeri y'okukolaganamu mu maka.

Ekiragiro Stop ERA kyakola bulungi. Oluvannyuma lwa 1973, enkola ey'okugonjoolera abantu eb'enyongeza yakendeera nnyo. Era gavumenti zaatandika okuzibya oba okuwangula. ERA we yatandikira okuzibya obudde obwasooka nga Maaki 22, 1979, amasaza 35 gokka ge gaakakasa nga(kumpisasasasasasasasasatu ku bukulu busatu obusatu. Lingress yaweza ekiseera nga 1982, naye tewaaliwo gavumenti ndala ndala zaayo ezakkiriza, era ERA mu mateeka ne zigwa.

Ebifa ku Bantu Abaayingira Ekibiina kya ERA

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi ekyewa kyava eri Katonda, kyetaagisa okukkiriza abantu abaakiwagira oba abaagezaako okukiwakanya.

Alice Paul (1885-1977)

Ng’ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw’okuva mu Kitegereze eky’omulundi ogw’ekkumi n’omwenda, Alice Paul yatandikirawo okuwandiika olulimi OluERA olwasooka era n’akakaatika abantu balumanyiiko okutuusa lwe yafa mu 1977.

Phyllis Schlafly (1924 - 2016)

Schafly, eyali amanyi obulungi okulwana kwa ERA, yateekateeka ekitongole ekiziyiza enzijanjaba eyagonjoolera eggwanga ente mu mateeka.

Gloria Steinem (b. 1934)

Eddoboozi ekkulu ery'abakazi eryawulirwa mu mitendera gya 1970, Steinem yawa obujulizi mu maaso ga kakiiko akawagira ERA, yawandiika nnyo ku bwetaavu bwayo era n'ayamba okugatta awamu abawagizi. Omulimu gwe mu kutandikawo Ms. Magazini[ yawa obutuuti ku nsonga z'abakazi.

Betty Friedan (1921-2006)

Muwandiisi wa [[NKUMBO:0] Mystique[[FOLT:1] era eyatandikawo Noovemba, Friedan yayamba nnyo mu kufuula ERA ekiruubirirwa ekikulu eky'ekibiina kya bakazi abaagalwa. Yayamba mu kukyusa enkyusa ya Consell mu 1972.

Ebyakolebwa mu Mateeka: ERA Yalina Makulu nga Teyayiiyizibwa?

Wadde nga ERA yalemererwa okutuuka ku mutendera ogw'okukkirizisaamu, enyigidde nnyo mu mateeka n'abantu ba Amerika. Olutalo olwa ERA lwaleetera entengo z'eggwanga enkalu ez'enjawulo okulongoosebwa; ebiwangwa 20 mu bibiri kati birina ERA bye bye zeegatta mu maduuka gaabwe aga bulijjo. Okugatta ku ekyo, kaweefube oyo yayigirizza abantu okusosola abakazi mu ngeri ey'ekikula era n'ateekawo omusingi ogusobozesa okukulaakulana mu mateeka mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Ebyakolebwa mu Kkooti Enkulu

Olutalo olwa ERA lwaleetawo embeera y'eby'obufuzi eyaleetera kkooti enkulu okutaputa oba okunnyonnyola kwa Kkooti ey'ekkumi n'okubiri okugattika okulingana ne Claus. Mu byokulabirako ebya bulijjo nga [FLT]][FLT]][3]] (1971] ne [[FLT][FLT]]][5]] Craig v. Boren[[[FLT]][6], Kkooti yatandika okukuba amateeka ageyese bye byesigamye, nga bigoberera ebyamanyibwa nga binoonyezebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Waddewo olusengo olwo olusinga obungi ku ku ekyo ekiwandiikibwa mu lukujjuzi lw'olupapula lw'olupapula lw'amateeka olukulu olw'ebiragiro ebikkero ebiva mu n'ebiragiro bya kkooti.

[[NKULA] era ne ' kye kyasooka kusalawo nti okulonda ebitundu eby'ekyama okuva ku 'FLT' kwe kuba nga obwasooka Kkooti ey'oku nti Kkooti Enkulu kukozesa enkola eno ey'okutaawulamu Claus okuggyawo etteeka eryawula abakazi. Era Craig v. Boren kye kyasooka okukola nga etteeka erigamba nti, enkalala ez'obwenzi ziteekwa okuba nga zirina akakwate ne "”.

Okuzzaawo Enkolagana: Ekyasa Ekippya, Ekikulu Ekippya

Kyokka okuva mu 2010, ekibiina kya # Me Too, okumanyibwa kw’abakazi mu by’obufuzi, n’okusosolwa, byeyongera okumanyibwa nti waaliwo ensalo z’abasawo n’obusosoze mu nsi yonna, byaleetera Abayisirayiri okwongera okwagala okwenyigira mu kaweefube oyo.

Enkonkoko z’Abalenzi b’Abasibe n’Abasibe ab’Enjawulo Eziyitibwa Nevada

Mu 2017, Nevada yafuuka ssaza eryasooka mu kulonda ERA oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera we lyawereza emyaka gya 1982. Illinois yaddirira mu 2018. Mu Jjanwali 2020, Virginia yafuuka ekitundu ekya 38 okutuuka ku mukutu gwa raifay, nga gutuuka ku bisenge bisatu ebyategeerwanga akakiiko akaasooka. Naye, okuzikuza kwabaawo nga wayiseewo emyaka mingi oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera ekigere, ne kireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ku ku kulongoosebwa kw'amateeka.

Entalo mu by’Eby’Omu Mateeka ne mu Buwandiike

Oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo alipoota y'ebiwandiiko bya Virginia, akakiiko ka Trump akawa amagezi ku mateeka kaayisa ekiro nti ekiseera ERA kye yandimaze nga kiweddeko era nti enkyukakyuka teyinza kuzzibwawo nga tewannabaawo nteekateeka mpya. House of Declarations yayisa ekiteeso mu 2021 okuggyawo omulimu ogwo, naye Olukiiko lwa kkooti terunaagukolako. Mu kiseera ekyo, kkooti ziwandiikiddwa zisobole okuwaliriza Archivist of United States okutongoza ERA.

Mu 2023, kkooti ya disitulikiti yasazaamu olukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka nga esalirawo nti abakungu ba gavumenti tebaalina kifo kirungi era nti ekiseera ekigereke kikkirizibwa. Okusalawo okwo kutuukirawo. ERA kye kimu ku bibuuzo ebikubaganyizibwako ennyo ku mateeka mu Amereka leero. Okusobola okukola enkyukakyuka mu nsonga zino, laba omukutu gwa 'FLT' oguyitibwa Rights Amerekation [[FLT:]

Ensonga Lwaki ERA Kya Lukwata ku Bantu ab’Omu Kiseera Kyonna

Lwaki ERA eno nsonga enkulu leero, wadde nga tennayongerwa ku Mateeka ga Musa?

Okussa mu Nkola Obusosoze

Wadde nga etteeka ekkulu ennyo eriri mu kitongole kya Civil Rights Act mu 1964 ne Thit IX ku by'empeereza ey'enjigiriza mu 1972 lireseeyo engeri nnyingi ez'okusosola mu by'okwetaba, amateeka gano gayinza okukyusibwa oba okukyusibwa kalulu abasinga obungi mu kakiiko akafuzi. Amateeka agajjululwamu gawa obukakafu obw'enkalakkalirako. Ate era, kkooti enkulu tekkiriza nti okwetaba kyenkanankanankanankana olukunkumuli olwandiikibwa okusobola okukebera obusosoze mu by'okwetaba, ng'eggwanga n'eddiini bwe bikola. ERA yandikyusizza nti etteeka lyonna erikwata ku bantu n'abakazi lirina okuba nga kkulu nnyo eririna okukirirwa.

Ebirala Ebipya: Akabonero Akali mu Nsi Embi n’ERA

Olulimi ERA lwe yayogera olugaana obusosoze “olw'ensonga ey'okwetaba” lunnyonnyoddwa nnyo abeekenneenya b'amateeka bangi abalaga obusosoze olw'okusinziira ku kikula n'engeri ey'okwetaba. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu 2020 ewagidde obusosoze mu [FLT][1] Bostock v. Clayton County[FL:3]], ekigamba nti okuwerebwa kwa VII okusosokebwa kw'okwetaba ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'okwetaba kukwegattiddeko kinyweze ekiwandiro kino. ERA bw'efuuka ekitundu ky'amateeka, kisobola okuwa abantu obukuumi obw'eby'omu mateeka obutuufu, era n'ebikujjuso.

Ettemu Eryasibuka ku Maaso n’EERA

Kkooti ezizzeewo oluusi zikosezza ebimu ku by'omulembe gw'ekibiina kya Violence Against Women Act nga y'esinga obuyinza bw'ekibiina kya Congress Claus.

Akafundikwa: Lekaluuni

Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala emitindo gy'eddembe ly'obuntu (Aumeter Rights Amereka kye kiba kiwandiikiddwawo olukalala olw'entalo ezaakolebwa edda.) olugendo lwaakyo olwo lulaga nti mu 1923, waaliwo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezaakolebwa mu 1970, era nti emyaka gya 1970 gyatuuka ku buwanguzi mu 1982, era nti okutereera kw'amateeka gasaanidde okuyisa buli muntu mu ngeri y'emu era n’okumuwa ekitiibwa.

ERA ereetedde abantu bukadde na bukadde okuyiga okusosola abantu mu by’okwetaba, abawagizi bangi okugira nga baagala enkyukakyuka eziba zizzeewo, era n’okukubiriza enteekateeka y’amateeka okutwala okwawukana okuba okw’omuwendo. Abo bonna abakkiriza nti Amateeka ga Kinnansi galina okukakasa nti eddembe terigaana kukkebererwa olw’okwetaba, ERA esigala ng’ekiruubirirwa ekigwanira okulwanirira.

Nga Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg bwe kyalagibwako, ERA teyogera ku bakazi kyokka.[1] ERA esobola okutandikawo ssemateeka wa buli omu. Ebyafaayo byayo bukakafu obulaga nti obuwagizi bwa buli muntu bunywevu, obukulu bw'okuziyiza, n'omulimu ogw'enkomeredde ogw'okuleetawo abantu abalungi. Okulwanirira eddembe lya mu ngeri eyo tekukoma. Omuntu okulwanirira eddembe lya ssi kyenkanankanankanankanankanankana ne ku kussaawo entegerekero erigenda mu maaso.