Omutemu ogw’Omunaana: Ssabbiiti Eyamba mu Kusalawo mu Ngeri ey’Obwenkanya

Enteekateeka eno ey'obumpisi era ey'amaanyi egoberedde enkola ya Amereka okumala ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri. Obukuumi obw'okusatu obw'okugikuuma businziira ku ssente ezisukka mu kkumi ne ku kikumi. Obubonero obw'amaanyi n'empalana eby'amaanyi ebikolebwa ku gavumenti, bweyoleka ku nkola y'amateeka agafuga mu ngeri ey'obwaka 15, 1791, nga kiwagirwa mu Lufulube lwa Bill of Rights, enteekateeka eno ey'enjawulo ey'okukwata ku ddembe, egobereddewo ddala mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Enkola ya Amerika ey'okukwata ku mateeka agabanyi, obukulembedde, obukulembeza obunene n'ekibonerezo ekisukkiridde, obukyakola nga bwe kibadde, era nga kikakasa ddala amaanyi g'okubonereza mu nkola y'amateeka ne mu mpisa mu nkola y'obusaze.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Enjigiriza za Philosofi

Olukiiko olw'embaga ey'okukyusaamu olw'ensi mu nsi munaana terwatandikawo butaka. Emirandira gyalwo tegyasaasaana mu byafaayo bya Bungereza, naddala mu byafaayo by'amateeka eby'omu Bungereza, Bill of Rights owa 1689, eyagamba nti: "Baile Ekkomo terisaanidde kwetaagibwa kukozesa oba kuteekamu Special Speach ebinene; oba okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi; oba okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi ennyo n'omulembe guno. Enteekateeka eno yali eresebwa olw'okuyisa obubi obwalibwa mu bwakabaka bwa Stua, nga Cesar Becria, John Locce, ne Montesquie, baategeera nti Kkootikko ya Kabaka w'ekirango mu kiseera ekya Blango mu 1685.

Enyinnyonnyola y'ebiwandiiko bya Beccaria eya 1764 ku nsonga z'amateeka n'okubonerezebwa byatumbulwa byaleetera nnyo endowooza y'abantu. Yayogera nti ekibonerezo kirina kutuukana n'ensonga eyo era nti "ekibonerezo tekirina kubonereza muntu oba okulumya omuntu." Endowooza zino zaawulibwa nnyo bannabyabufuzi Abamerika, abaabonerezebwako nga bafugibwa mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza. Ekibonerezo eky'okubonereza abantu mu ngeri y'okuswanyanyanya, okuswajja n'amadumu gaanyi okutegeeza abakuumi b'emiteeko gyolulyo ku nsonga z'enkola y'enkyukakyuka ezo.

Empagi Esatu ez’Obukuumi

Okunoga kw’Ebibiina: Kusobola okutereka eky’okubivaako

Olufulumya olusooka olw'Ekiwandiiko eky'okusibawo kkooti ey'ekkumi n'esatu lugaana okusalirwa saayiri ezisingako. Enteekateeka eno yeesigamizibwa ku musingi omukulu nti omuntu avunaanibwa omusango atwalibwa nga talina musango okutuusa ng'avunaanibwa. Bail atuukiriza ekigendererwa kino nga: okukakasa nti omuwawawawaayibwa alabika mu kkooti nga tasoose kusibibwa. Kyokka, singa aweebwa ssente nga tayinza kugisasula kisobozesebwa, afuuka kabonero akasobola okubonerezebwa nga tannaweebwa musango. Kkooti enkulu ewali y'eba ya waggulu nnyo singa ewayitiddwa nga "eteekeddwa ku muwendo mungi obusingakongoberezebwa okusobola okukakasa nti omuwawayitibwa alabika ku kkooti (Sback. Boy. Boy, 342.).

Wadde nga kikuumibwa mu mateeka, enkola ya kayisaali egezeseddwa nnyo. Gavumenti nnyingi zikoppye enkola esobozesa abawandiisi obutatwala ssente mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, ekiviiriddeko enzijanjaba ey'eby'obugagga mu nsi yonna. Okukyusaamu okusibibwa mu nsi yonna kati kuweebwa kampuni ez'okukebera ebizingirwamu era ne ku mirimu gy'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'abalamuzi ng'esobola okukomyawo ssente. Act eya gavumenti ya Bail Reformation er Act eya 1984, ekkiriza abalamuzi okugaana abawandiisi ab'akabi okuteekako aw'akabi, era ereesebuvuuzvuuzizza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ku ku ddembe ery'okutuuzibwako. Empalo eteeka essira ku ku ku kukyusa kw'okugoba ebisale mu n'eby'ensonga mu makomera n'eby'eby'amateeka.

Emiganyulo Egisinga Obungi: Ebiruubirirwa by’Eby’Eby’Obugagga

Ekiragiro kino kyaddamu okukigambira ddala nga kikakasa nti ekibonerezo eky'embalirira kikkirizibwa ku nsonga y'embalirira. Wadde nga mu kusooka enkola eno tetwalibwa bulungi okusinga eyo eyasalirwawo, ku kusalawo kwa Kkooti ey'Enkulu ey'omu 2019 mu Timbs v. Indiana era kikakasa nti okubonerezebwa kwa Kkootik'empali ku mateeka kukwata ku mateeka. Kkooti eyo yawawawawa endowooza nti enziina z'amateeka agateeyitirivu gagogobererwa okuyitira mu Kkommenti Kkommenti K'esiteesi, nga era ngamu ne k'ewattuluuti endala ekola essambirira ddala mu mateeka ageye.

[[NKULA] Ekiragiro ekikongojjedwamu kiwa obukakafu obw'amaanyi ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukozesebwamu, kubanga ekyo kimaze ebbanga ddene nga kiwayirizibwa ng'etteeka okuyisa obulungi ssente ku nfuna z'ebintu. Amawanga gasazesezza nga mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'enkyukakyuka, naye oluseetuka olwateekebwawo Timbs luwandikiro ku gavumenti ey'amaanyi. Enzijamu enzijamu ekola ku by'obwannannyini mu by'enfuna. Ebitego ebiyitiridde era biyamba okuteeka mu nteesoko z'abantu ebbanja eriko ebbeeyiye ku budde nga bamaze ebbanga ddene nga bamaliriza emisango gyabwe giba nga gye gigenda gikola mu maaso. Kkootikko ennene y'eby'eby'eby'ebyenfuna ebinene byeyongera okusobola okuwanirira enkongoongo.

Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo n’Okutategeerekeka: Emitindo Emirala egy’Okulimba

Ekiragiro eky'okusatu era ekitera okusatu mu lukalala lw'ebiragiro olutegekebwa mu kifo eky'okuyisa ettuluba ery'omulembe mu ngeri ey'enjawulo kigaana ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi era ekitali kya bulijjo. Ebigambo bino bye biwandiikiddwa okunnyonnyola okw'ensonga mu bujjuvu, nga kooti enkulu ewawula omutindo ogusinziirwako "Emitindo gy'empisa ez'empisa ez'ekika ekya waggulu" ([[FLL:0]]TROP v. Dulles[[FLL:1]]], 356 U.S. 86, 1958). Kkooti yawawamu emitindo egitali gimu egyamu egya nnamba: etteeka eryali terina kuba gya kisobosobosebwa oba kyesisiwa ku muntu ow'omunda, era giteekwa okuba n'okutuukiriza ebiruubirirwa eby'okusasula ebibaliraago, ebiko.

Mu byafaayo, ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi eky'omu ngalo kyali kiteeberezebwa okuwera engeri ezimu ez'okubonereza, gamba ng'okwokebwa ku muti, okusiiga n'okutulugunyizibwa okw'engeri endala ez'okutulugunyizibwa mu Bungereza ey'ekkumi n'etaano. Kyokka, okutaputa okw'ekika kino kugaziye tekuzingiramu engeri zokka naye era n'obuwanvu bw'ekibonerezo ekireeteezebwa okusinziira ku musango. Kkooti esinga obukulu egamba nti, amateeka ago gakwata ku buwanvu bw'ekkomera n'embeera ezikolebwako. Kino kiviiriddeko okusalawo okw'ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku bannagye abaasibibwa mu makomera okulabi.

Emisango Egikwata ku Kkooti Enkulu n’Ekyagikwatako

Ogumu ku kufa: [[AGAMULA] [[AK'AMUTANDIKA][[AK'AMUTANDIKI] era ne [[AK'AWULA:2] [[AWULA]] [[[K'AWULA]]

Oboolyawo tewabaddewowowowo kkooti enkulu ey'empandika mu Amerika ey'omulembe ogwa Ssekukkulu eyassaawo essirakiti eryali litwalibwa ng'ekibonerezo eky'okufa. Mu Furman v. mu Georgia (1972], kkooti enkulu ennyo ey'enjawulo yasaze etteeka erikwata ku kufa mu Amerika, era yassaawo etteeka erikugira okubonerezebwa okw'olutalo mu ggwanga lyonna. Etteeka eryo lyayisibwa mu ngeri ey'obukambwe n'olubonero olw'obusosoze. Etteeka lyonna eryasala omusango gwayoleka endowooza ez'enjawulo ezikontana n'empaka olw'okubonerezebwa mu mateeka ag'olukongozzi. Ekirala ekyo teryayoleka endowooza ez'enjawulo, era teryalimu nkola eyagobeetaagisa okubonerezebwa okw'olubonero. Emireza endala teyalimu mu ngeri eyisaamu mu lukalala olw'okubonero.

Nga wayiseewo emyaka ena, mu Greg v. Georgia[197], kkooti yawandiisa amateeka agaddamu okussaawo ekibonerezo ky'okufa agaayamba omuntu okwabangawo obutuufu n'okwekenneenya. Kkooti yagamba nti ekibonerezo eky'okufa kiyinza okuba nga kiragiddwa mu mateeka singa kikozesebwa mu ngeri ennuŋŋamu era nga tekyuka. Ekiragiro kino kyasobozesa abantu abamanyibwa ekibonero eky'okuttibwa okuteekebwawo oba okubonerezebwa okw'olufuluma mu United States ne kitandikawo enkola ey'okukwata ku mateeka agamu ku kufa. Ekkomkomolebubonero kirongoosezza ensonga ezo awamu n'okusalawo nti ekibonerezo ky'omuntu omugezi tasobola kuteekebwa ku muntu omulwadde oba okukosebwa obulema.[FF], Virginia[3][3], 2002, ku misango (Foctoctive][5]], obukya bulijjo, obuba , obutuufu bw'obuvuzi obutuufu bw'obufu) obutuufu obutuufu obutuufu obutuufu obutuufu obutuufu obutuufu

Ekibonerezo n’Obwenkanya

Ekitongole kino era kirina kinene nnyo kye kikoze ku kusalira abaana abasobezza omusango. Graham v. Florida (2010), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti ebibi by'abavubuka tebibakwatako, era nti abaana bayisibwa bubi nnyo okusinga abantu abakulu olw'enkola yaabwe empolampola. Emyaka ebiri oluvannyuma, mu Miller. Alaba ebimenyebwa abaana biba tebibakwatako. , Kkooti eyo yatongoza ensonga zino ku nsonga, era n'eteeka obulamu bwabwe mu kifo kyagobe nga tewali biragiro bya bannaabwo. Ekkootibwa. Enzirowooze yagigaana okuzitongoola awatali kubaako musango.

Ebyo ebisalibwawo biraga nti etteeka lino kkulu nnyo: enkumi n'enkumi z'abavubuka bakyayibwa, era bangi basumululwa oluvannyuma lw'okusibibwa mu kkomera.

Embeera mu Kkomera n’Emitemebwako Omunaana

Ekitongole eky'omu makomera era kisingirwa abakungu baakyo obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuteeka abantu mu kkomera. Estelle v. Gamble (776), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, "teefiirayo ku byetaago by'abasibe eby'amaanyi eby'ekisawo" kireeta ekibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa. Kino kitegeeza nti abakungu b'ekkomera bamanyi akabi ak'amaanyi ku bulamu oba obukuumi. Kkooti eyo ekozesezza omutindo guno ku mbeera ng'okukaluza, emmere emala, okutaasa abasibe mu mbeera z'obudde obw'amaanyi, n'okulemererwa okukuuma abasibe okuva mu mikono gy'abasibe abalala gye baba babadde naggidde.

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti ereeseewo ekibuuzo obanga embeera z'amakomera ezitakkirizibwa ziyinza okumenya amateeka ga Kkooti ey'ekkumi n'etaano. Mu Brown v. Plata (2011], kkooti yawagira ekiragiro ekitono ekyalagira California okukendeeza ku mbeera z'amakomera okukendeeza obutundubwako bw'amakomera okusobola okulongoosaamu n'okulongoosa ku by'obujjanjabi bw'amagezi. Kkooti yakizuula nti gavumenti okulemererwa okujjanjaba obulungi abantu n'okugonjoola ebizibu ebibaviirako okuyigganyizibwa n'okufa, era nti okutereezebwa okw'ensonga eyo kwalina okukyungibwawo. Kino kiraga obunene bw'okulongoosa kw'obwongo n'obujjanjabi obw'obwongo n'okusobozesa embeera y'obujja mu nkola y'amateeka.

Okuteesa n’Ebibuuzo Ebitamalibwawo

Okusibibwa Obwannamunigina n’Okutulugunyizibwa mu Bulumi bw’Abaana

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ennyo ebikwata ku kukyusa ensi mu kiseera kino kwe kusibibwa obwetwaze okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu. Ebitongole by'eby'eddembe ly'abantu n'abajjanjabi b'ekisawo bawa obukakafu ku kabi ak'amaanyi akava mu kweyawula ku balala okw'amaanyi, nga mw'otwalidde okwennyamira, okweraliikirira, obulaguzi, n'okwetta. Ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte ky'Amerika enjawulo ekiwandiikiddwa mu kkomera okumala ennaku ezisukka ku 15 ng'engeri ey'okutuluguzaamu.

Kkooti za wansi ziwa amagezi agakontana, era ezimu zizudde nti okweyawula ku balala kuyinza okumenya amateeka g'omulembe guno nga gukosa nnyo ebirowoozo by'abakulu b'amakomera n'abalala abassa essira ku bakuumi b'amakomera. Ekibuuzo eky'okusibibwa obwetwaze kiba kya bukambwe oba nga kiva ku nsonga ezitali za bulijjo, kisinziira ku nsonga eziwerako, embeera y'okweyawula ku muntu omu, n'embeera y'omulembe.

Ente, Ente, n’Abawola Ebbanja mu Kibiina

Okusala mu mukutu ogw'ekkumi n'omutaano ogw'okuyisa mu nkola n'okukyusaamu mu mateeka, kye kisinze okuteeka essira ku kukyusa obulyi bw'amateeka n'okukyusaamu. Eggwanga n'obutongole bwa magyenja bingi biwa abawaabi ssente, era ne ssente ze bisasula abamenyi b'amateeka nga tebasinziira ku busobozi bwabwe okusasula ebizingirwamu. Abantu bwe batasobola kusasula ssente ezo, bayinza okusibibwa, oba okuweebwa enkiwandiiko by'abavuzi ebibawerebwa mu mateeka oba okusalirwako. Abakugusaanyi bagamba nti kino kisinziira ku nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu makomera g'abamenyi b'ebyakyeko, era nga kkooti esinga obukulu bw'egamba nti ekkomera eryo liba terimu.

Kkooti enkulu ewadde obulagirizi ku nsonga eno. Bearden v. Georgia (193), kkooti yagamba nti kkooti tesobola kumalawo kugisasula era n'omuwayitiriza afuba okugisasula obulungi naye nga tasobola kugisasula. Kyokka, kkooti tezigezesa bulungi ku nsonga ezikwata ku kusasula ssente bwe ziba nga zimenyesezza ente oba ebbanja. Timbs[FLLT]], wadde nga n'ensonga enkulu, teziyinza kusalawo bulungi okumanyibwa nga "scancelcerreace'." ziresezza ensonga eziba nga zikyali za waggulu, eziyinza okuziganya ekipimo ekyo. Enkiiko z'akazi zireezeezeezeezeeyisa mu ngeri enkaluufu, nga zikola empala okumenya empitiri mu kifo eky'okukkula obulungi. [[FLT:] T.'enkola y'ebitongole eby'omutirightmentsssssss proricer

Omukutu ogw’Okukyusa Essatu ogw’Empisa ne GGP, gutwalibwa ng’ogwali gukola kye kimu

Ekiragiro eky'okuwerezaamu essomero ery'ensi 8 kikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu nsi yonna. Akatundu 5 ak'Ekirango Universal Declaration of Human Rights kagaana okutulugunyizibwa oba okuyisibwa obubi, okuyisibwa obubi oba okufeebezebwa oba okubonerezebwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, endagaano ey'ensi yonna ku ntegeka za Kikungu n'ez'ebyobufuzi, era nga Amerika y'ekola eby'obukambwe, emenya enzige ku bantu, ebonereza oba enzige. Amawanga mangi gagoberera empaginzikkiriza enkola eza mateeka ku Amereka ensi essuka mu Kukyusa Empire mu Buddembe era ne kkooti z'amawanga zitera okujuliza American Endexpment (Emperaryth Reference) mu ku ku nsonga zaazaawo.

Ekyewuunyisa, Amerika yayawulirwa ku ngeri gye yeeyongera okusinziirwako mu kusalira abantu omusango ogw'okufa mu matwale ga demokulase. European Union eggye enzijanjaba z'etteeka erikugira ekibonerezo ky'okufa era ekwetaagisa ab'eggwanga okukkiriza obumemba. Omuwendo gw'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte gusabye okukomyawo abantu mu nsi yonna okuzikirizibwa. Wadde nga kkooti enkulu terina musango gwa kuttibwa, enkola y'okusala omusango ogwo ereetebwawo mu Amerika.

Okugeraageranya ensi mu nsi yonna kuyigiriza mu ngeri nnyingi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ensi nnyingi mu Bulaaya zirina kibonerezo kitono okusinga Amerika era n'emisango egy'amaanyi. Kkooti ya Bugirimaani esaba nti etteeka erikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka terimu kyereeyitirira ddala kutuuka ku buli kifo. Emisingi gino gikwatagana n'ensonga ez'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano ezikwata ku ku kugatta era n'okuyisa obulungi abantu, wadde nga ebivuddemu byaawukana.

Ebiraga Obuyambi mu by’Eby’Omu Mateeka

Bannamateeka batwala ekangaadi, abalamuzi, n'abakwasisa amateeka nga basobozesa abawaabi ekibonerezo ekiyitiridde oba ekisukka mu kimu. Bannamateeka ab'eby'amateeka bateekawo ssente eziba zisaliddwawo nga alipoota esembayo mu bitundu 8 ez'ebiwandiiko, nga zitwaliramu okusasula ebbaasa, okusalira ab'enkomeredde, okusalirako emisango, n'embeera z'omu makomera. Ebizibu ebibagenderako bisobola okukendeezebwako, okulongoosebwa, oba okuvunukusibwa amateeka. Ababeserizi n'abateesi b'abakulembeze b'amateeka bateekwa okukakasa nti ekibonerezo kye banoonya oba okuteekawo emitindo gy'amateeka gibawanduulira. Bwe kitaba bwe kityo, kiyinza okusasulwa, ne kiviirako okukyusizaamu, okukyusizaamu, oba okukyusizaamu erinnya.

Era, kkooti enkulu emanyi nti Omutemwa gwa ESESSIA gulina okukugira ekibonerezo eky'okusasula ekibonerezo eky'okugoba emisango n'eky'abaana abaako kye bayisa mu kkooti enzivvuunula amateeka.

Empeera: Okutongozebwa kw’Omuka munaana

Omutemwa gwa Amereka ogw'okukkakkanya si kintu kya mu byafaayo kyokka, wabula kiwandiiko ekikolera ku mateeka ga Amereka ekikola enteekateeka y'obwenkanya mu ngeri ez'amaanyi. Okuva ku kasawo akakwata ku musango mu Amerika okutuuka ku kabonero, emisingi gyayo egikwata ku kugatta, ekitiibwa n'olulyo lw'omuntu, buli kiseera gikola ng'okwekenneezaako amaanyi g'eggwanga. Enzijijirizo y'ensonga eyo eraga nti obwenkanya bw'ekolebwa era n'okukitegeera nti ekigera eky'ekikungo ky'ekikungo kyakyo ye ngeri gye kiyisaamu abo abagoberera amateeka.

Ng'ensi z'ensi ezizingirwamu okusibibwa mu kkomera, okusalirwa ekibonerezo olw'amawanga agatali gamu, era n'okukaayana ku kufa, olukalala lw'Enkomerero lwa Asent lujja kusigalawo. Olulimi lwayo olukyusiddwa naye nga lwasibuka ku byafaayo, bwe lukisobozesa okumanyibwa embeera empya n'okumanya okuppya. Ekibuuzo ekyo ne kiba nti okusibibwa mu kifo eky'okweyawula ku muntu, oba okumenyebwa kw'abawaabisiddwa, oba okuttibwa kw'abantu abalina obulwadde obw'amaanyi mu birowoozo, enteko esembayo mu lukalala olwo kisobozesa ebiruubirirwa eby'enkomerero eby'okuzza omusango eby'enkomerero.

Mu nkomerero, olukalala lw'Emitendo Omusatu erimu ekintu ekyangu naye nga kikulu nnyo: nga ne mu kunoonya obwenkanya, gavumenti eteekwa okuyisa buli muntu mu ngeri emuwa ekitiibwa. Endowooza eno, eyazaalibwa mu byafaayo by'amateeka g'e Bungereza era n'erongoosebwa okuva mu byasa bibiri eby'Amerika, esigala ng'ensibuko y'obweyamo bw'amateeka. Abantu bwe beeyongera okukyuka, amakulu n'okukozesebwa kw'Enteko z'amateeka, bijja kuganyula abaana n'abaana ab'ebika ebigenda ebigenda mu maaso.

Abo abaagala okwekenneenya ebiwandiikiddwawo n'okunnyonnyola mu bujjuvu mu by'empandika ey'okuweza amateeka ey'omuseveni mu buziba, Leavention Institute ku Cornell Law School banoonya bulungi ebyawandiikibwa n'okubinnyonnyola. Eproject essociation mu kkolero ly'amateeka eri Chicago-Kapal'enkuna era ewanjula empandika z'ebiwandiiko bya kkooti enkulu, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebyo ebizingiramu Ente mu Kukyusa Ente mu bitundu Ekkumi n'etaano. Okugatta awamu, [[FLT:] ebitongole] biwandirira omulimu ogw'okusala emizeempandirira n'okulwanyisa ebitali bya bulijjo mu United States.