Enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri y'emu ku misingi egisinga okutwalibwa ng'egyo egitali gimu mu nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika. Enjigiriza eyo ewa obukakafu obw'enjawulo ku ngeri y'okuteekawo olukalala olw'obufuzi obwa nnamba okusobola okuteeka obulamu bw'omuntu mu kabi. Okuleka amatwale ga gavumenti okusomerera gavumenti n'gavumenti, okuvunaana omuntu omu olw'empisa y'emu, enjigiriza eyo esinziira ku nkongo z'obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri. Okutegeera omusingi gwayo, ebiwandiiko byayo eby'enkalakkalira, n'ensonga enkulu birina byetaagisa omuntu yenna eyeekenneenya . Kkommu n'amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka.

Omusingi gw’Obukuumi bw’Ebibiina

Ekitongole eky'Okutaano eky'Omutemu kiwandiikizo kya Claus ekikuutira abantu obutatuukibwako musango gwe gumu ogw'okutulugunyizibwa, ebbeeyi n'okulumizibwa mu nneewulira olw'ensobi y'emu gyennyini. Ekyasooka okuvunaanibwa omusango gwe gumu oluvannyuma lw'okuvunaanibwa oba okuvunaanibwa, era kigaana ekibonerezo eky'enjawulo okubonerezebwa olw'ekibi kye kimu. Obukuumi obwo bwetaagisa nnyo mu mateeka ga Amerika okutuukiriza obweyamo.

Kyokka, olukalala lw'ensonga teruliiko kkomo. Kkooti enkulu etegedde dda nti obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri bukwata ku "gavumenti" yokka. Gavumenti ebbiri bwe ziba na buyinza bwa kyetwala okunnyonnyola oba okubonereza enneeyisa y'abamenyi b'amateeka, buli emu eyinza okukozesa obuyinza bwayo nga temenyezza nsonga za ndala. Omusingi guno, ogumanyiddwa ng'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri, gukkiriza okuvunaanibwa obugobeezebwa ab'obuyinza ab'enjawulo okukola ekikolwa kye kimu.

Ekisinziirwako mu Mateeka eky’Obufuzi bwa Kristo

Gavumenti y'ensi eyo eggya obuyinza bwayo ku Ssemateeka w'Amerika, wadde nga gavumenti y’ensi yonna yeekutula ku ssemateeka waayo ow’obufuzi n’obuyinza bwa poliisi. Olw’okuba obuyinza bwayo bwawuddwawo, gavumenti emu tekugira mumenyi wa mateeka kugimu, wadde nga byombi byesigamye ku mpisa ze zimu.

Kkooti enkulu yakyogerako bulungi ensonga eno mu United States v. Lanza (1922): "Kikolwa ekivunaanibwa omusango ab'amawanga n'ab'obuyinza olw'eggwanga kisobya kyonna, era kiyinza okubonerezebwa buli emu ku buli emu. Kkooti eyo yakiggumiza nti essomero teziyiza aw'okussaawo aw'enjawulo wakati w'abantu ab'enfuga n'eggwanga okuleeta omusango olw'ensonga zaabwe, kubanga "offensis" esoses" eremedwa ku gavumenti y'ensi eno, ate nga erina gavumenti endala.

Ebyafaayo n’Ebyafaayo

Emirandira: Ekyasa 19

Emirandira gy'enjigiriza eyo gituuka ku tteeka lya Amereka eryasooka. Mu Fox v. Ohio (1847), kkooti yasooka yawa amagezi nti ekikolwa kye kimu kiyinza okubonerezebwa wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti n'egw'ensi naye nga tekyonoona buzibu bwa mirundi ebiri. Ekiwandiiko kino kyafuna obujulizi obulala mu Motre v. Illinois[[ (1852], kkooti gye yasinziira nti gavumenti eyinza okubonereza obumenyi bw'amateeka ne bwe buba nga bumenye amateeka agafuga enfuga oba agamenyesebwa.

Obubonero buno obwasooka bwayoleka amateeka ga Amereka, gavumenti gye zigattira ebitundu ebikozesebwa mu kutegeka tewannaba kutongoza gavumenti, era ebika byombi bya gavumenti bitaddewo enteekateeka ez'enjawulo ez'ebintu bye bimu.

Kabonero akalaga olukalala lw'ebiragiro: [[:0] United States v. Lanza[[:1] (1922)

[[NT:0] Lanza akyakola nga kyakulabirako ekigobererwa mu kiseera kino. Omuwawawaabirwa yasalirwa omusango mu kkooti y'eggwanga olw'okumenya amateeka aga National Prohibition Act, era oluvannyuma n'asalirwa mu kkooti y'eggwanga olw'ekikolwa kye kimu nga yateebwa, okusitula, n'okuba n'okulumya omwenge. Kkooti enkulu yawagira okusibawo olukunkumulirwa olw'emirundi ebiri, era n'eraga nti gavumenti zaawukanyawo zombi teziriiko musango ogwokubiri. Omusango William Taft yawandiika nti, "offensis wansi w'amateeka g'omu United States ne wansi w'amateeka g'eggwanga liba limu natemu. Kkootibwa kya njawulo mu mateeka, era kiyinza okubonerezebwa aw'okka wakati w'esa."

Enjigiriza eya Kika kya Budde: [[AGUZI:0]Gguedge v. United States[[:1] (2029)

Mu Gedge v. United States, kkooti enkulu yawa obukakafu nti enjigiriza ey'obufuzi bwa mirundi ebiri gino bwatongozebwa ku kalulu 7. Terance Gamble yasigirwa omusango mu kkooti y'eggwanga lya Alabama olw'okuba yalina emmundu nga munyabinja, era oluvannyuma n'esalirwa omusango olw'okugoberera enkola y'emu. Yagamba nti enjigiriza eyo erina okuvuunibwa, naye kkooti egaana, ng'egamba nti enjigiriza eyo yali "enyweredde ddala" era nti Congress Congress yali yeesigama ku nsonga eyo okumala ebyasatu bibiri. Endowooza ya Samulumus Alito yakiggumiza nti okugwa mu kkooti ey'okugibwawo mu kiseera eky'okutandikawo entebe enkalukusaamu.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Kitabo ky’Enjigiriza

Okunenya n’Ebyavaamu

Kino kiyinza okuviirako abafuzi bombi okusalirwa omusango ogw'ekibonerezo eky'enjawulo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu asaliddwa omusango ogw’enjaga mu kkooti y'amateeka ayinza okusingisibwa omusango gw'enjaga y'omu kkooti y'ensi eyo, oluvannyuma n'atwalibwa mu kkooti y'ensi eyo, ng’ayolekaganye n'oluvannyuma lwa kiseera olupya oluvannyuma lw'okuvaako ekibonerezo ekyo.

Singa omuntu avunaanibwa omusango oba asaliddwa omusango mu kkooti emu, gavumenti oba gavumenti eyinza okusalawo okwesalirawo omusango, oluusi nga wayiseewo emyaka mingi, okusinziira ku ebyo ebiri mu mateeka n’ebyo bye zikulembeza mu kkooti.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu ne "Well" Federalism

Enjigiriza eyo era ewa abawa obulagirizi ne beeyingiza mu ekyo oluusi ekiyitibwa "culticalism""",", ne kisalawo amateeka agawa obuwandiike oba agago agabagasse. Abawaabi ba gavumenti bayinza okuyingira mu nsonga singa bavunaanibwa gavumenti ekibonerezo ekireetebwawo etteeka eribakugira okukola nga bakkirizza, oba singa omusango gwa gavumenti guba tegusobola kutuukiriza bbaali nga bataddewo etteeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, abawaabi b'amateeka bayinza okugoberera akakiiko akakkirizo singa bakkiriza nti gavumenti ewabuliddwa mu mateeka ne kiwandisizza omukisa okukkirizisa.

Obukujjukujju buno buviiriddeko abawagizi okuvumirira ennyo eddembe ly'abantu, era bagamba nti enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri ereetera abantu obutafaayo ku ndowooza ya Mubiri era nti y'esobozesa gavumenti okugezaako okulumiriza abantu ate n'okuwaayiriza abantu ne kibaviirako okulumizibwa n'okufiirwa okw'amaanyi.

Okussa mu Nkola obufuzi bw’Eby’Obusosoze n’Ebya bufuzi Ebityo

Enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri tekoma ku nkolagana wakati wa gavumenti n'eggwanga. Kkooti enkulu era yagikozesa ne ku gavumenti za Amerika ez'ennimi ne gavumenti z'ensi gamba nga Puerto Rico ne disiturikiti ey'e Columbia. Mu United States v. Wheeler[[FLT]] [19788], Kkooti yakkiriza nti Abayindi baayinza okuvunaana oludda olumu olw'obumenyi bw'amateeka ne gavumenti z'eggwanga olw'empaka y'ekika ekyo, kubanga obufuzi bw'ekika kyali "herint" era obwawuka okuva ku buyinza. Mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti z'ensi zitwalibwa ng'obukulembeze obw'emirundi ebiri, ng'obuyinza bwabwe okuva ku gavumenti z'ensi enfuga.

Okunenyezebwa n’Okufeebezebwa

Okukozesa Obutoffaali Okukuuma Obunafu bw’Ebizibu

Okuvumirira okukulu okw'enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri kwe kuba nti kukontana butereevu n'olulimi olutuufu awamu n'ekigendererwa kya kalulu kaamukunufu akayitibwa Friffic Reopardy Claus. Ebigambo biziyiza "kaseera okuteeka omuntu mu kabi" olw'ensonga y'emu. Abakugu bagamba nti omuntu avunaanibwa olw'empisa y'emu, ateeka obulamu bwe mu kabi emirundi ebiri. Era bwe kityo bwe kibeera singa ebibiina by'awukanyanya ku buli kimu. Enjigiriza eyo, bagamba nti, efuula ekifo ekikulu.

Omulamuzi Ruth Bader Ginsburg, awakanya , yalaga bulungi endowooza eno: "Enjigiriza ey'obwannannyini ey'emirundi ebiri yasibuka mu nfumo enfumo enfumo." Olwo nti abafuzi abawukana si bantu abasobya bannaabwe. Yagamba nti enjigiriza eyo erina okufugibwa kubanga ekkiriza gavumenti okwesamba omusingi ogwa buli mulundi okuyitira mu kuba n'abawaabi b'abamenyi b'amateeka ababiri.

Ebyakwata ku Bantu Abali mu Biseera Ebizibu

Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa kulaga nti okusiba emisango gy'emirundi ebiri kikosa nnyo obusosoze mu langi ne mu mawanga amatono, naddala abo abawayirizibwa mu langi enjereere. Gavumenti emirundi mingi esala emisango oluvannyuma lw'okusiba emisango gya poliisi mu ngeri ez'enjawulo nga gizingiramu enneeyisa ez'obugwenyufu eza poliisi, obuwayi n'ebbomu obuvanga obuwayi obuvamu obuva eri amateeka, nga `''awandiisi enjereere mu langi. Kino kiviiriddeko enjigiriza eyo okuleka obusosoze mu mateeka ne mu misango.

Ate era, abo abawaayiriza awatali bya nfuna bayinza okulemererwa okukola ku busobozi obubawaanyi obw'enjawulo, okussaawo enkola ez'okugatta awamu kkooti, n'okulumiriza abaavu, era n'okulumizibwa mu birowoozo olw’okuwozesebwa enfunda n'enfunda, kiyinza okuleetera abaavu okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi.

Obutaba Mukakanyavu ng’Osinziira ku Misingi gy’Obufuzi bw’Empisa

Abeekenneenya abamu boogedde ku kikontana: enjigiriza ey’obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri etwala gavumenti ng'eyetongodde ku nsonga emirundi ebiri, kyokka okugattika okugattika okw'Akasa n'okugattika amateeka ku bantu kinnoomu abali mu kkooti.

Ebyakakolebwa n’Ebyaddirira

Manyako[[KATANDIKWA][[AKITABO]]

Okuva ku kusalawo kwa Kkooti enkulu mu 2019 mu , enjigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri esigala nga nnywevu. kkooti ez'omutono zeeyongera okugigoberera mu nnyiriri ezitali zimu. N'olwekyo, okuva ku kutunda amalagala okusasula enzivvuunula y'enkwaso mu mateeka okutuuka ku ku kugoba obusolo mu nsonga z'obutebenkevu. Kyokka, endowooza eyo ereetebwawo emitwe 7-2 abanoonyereza ku nsonga ez'eby'amateeka gye baliko. Abeekenneenya abamu mu mateeka baago bakubiriza Convension okukomya enjigiriza eyo ku mateeka, nga bagamba nti, okuvunagibwa obukubisibwa nga bannaawerebwa mu mateeka okuzza emisango egimenyebwa obukyamu obutuufu obukwata ku n'ensonga ez'omululu.

Mu kukola ekyo, gavumenti ezimu zitaddewo amateeka agagaana okuwandiisa gavumenti oluvannyuma lwa gavumenti okuwozesebwa mu kikolwa kye kimu, naye amateeka gano tegatera kubaawo era tegakakafu ku mateeka ga Supremacy Claus.

Enjigiriza Egikwata ku Mulimu gw’Okuvunaanibwa

Amateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka ag'omu kiseera kino gagabanyiza ddala wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti n'obw'eggwanga. Congress enzijivu z'amateeka agaggula ebikolwa bingi ebya bulijjo, gamba ng'obunyazi, okukuba, n'okutta n'okuttiŋŋana." Kino kitegeeza nti obumenyi bw'amateeka obw'amaanyi nga bugattiddwa awamu n'enjigiriza ez'obufuzi ez'emirundi ebiri, kaakati kayinza okusalirwa omusango emirundi ebiri. Ekivaamu kye nkola y'okutiisibwa omusango olw'emirundi ebiri.

Okugeraageranya Ensi Zonna

Amawanga mangi tegakkiriza bannaago kuvunaanibwa mu ngeri y'emu. Gavumenti ezisinga obungi nga mwe muli Bugirimaani, Canada, ne Australia, zigoberera etteeka eririna obwannannyini: omuntu bw'akemebwa, tegayinza kuddamu kugezesebwa olw'ekikolwa ekyo ekya gavumenti endala mu ggwanga lye limu. Amerika ebeera mu nsi eza bulijjo ezinywerera ku njigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri. Okunnyuka kuno kuleetedde abakugu mu by'amateeka mu nsi yonna okulowooza nti Amerika eyinza okuddamu okwekenneenya emitindo gyayo n'enkola y'enkwaze n'emitindo gy'abantu ab'omu kiseera kino, era nga kino kiyinza okugaana obutemu obw'obutemu obw'obusosoze obw'emirundi ebiri mu nsi yonna.

Okufaayo ku Bannaddiini

Ekikozesebwa Okuziyiza Enkusu

Bannamateeka bannakyewa bateekwa okutegeeza bakasitoma ku bikwata ku kuvunaanibwa okw'emirundi ebiri nga ku ntandikwa y'olukiiko. Singa omukozi wa gavumenti asazesebwa mu kkooti, okuteesa kusaanidde okulambula oba nga wayinza okubaawo ensonga eziba zikoleddwako, era bwe kiba bwe kiba bwe kityo, ensonga ezikolebwa okukendeeza ku ku ekyo kye baba bakoze. Emirundi egimu, okusaba kuyinza okuzingiramu endagaano etali ya kutulugunya omuntu omulala naye nga tekukkirizibwa.

Attorney era alina okumanya "petty sur "solment" kungulu: enjigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri tekola ng'olukiiko olusooka luteekeddwawo olw'ekibi ekitono ekitasalibwa musango olw'okusibibwa mu kkomera, kubanga enzivuunula ya yo ey'emirundi ebiri yennyini tekola ku ndukusa zaayo. Ate era, singa abamenyi b'amateeka ababiri bazza omusango gwe gumu wansi w'oomutwe comburger Kino kigezesa obanga ensobi zonna zeetaagisa obujulizi obulaga nti tezirina nsonga ndala yonna), kkooti eyinza okubaamu obutegoozesebwa natemu obw'emirundi ebiri, wadde nga obufuzi obubiri bumenyeddwawo obusinga obungi.

Eri Abalamuzi

Abawozesa bateekwa okuba abeegendereza nga basalawo obanga banaagoberera omuwaabi wa gavumenti omulala oba banaagezaako okumuwaabirwa oba nedda. Wadde ng'enjigiriza eyo ekkiriza okuvunaanibwa mu mateeka abiri, tekyetaagisa bo. Ofiisi z'abalamuzi bangi mu Amerika zirina ennyimba ezigaana okuleeta emisango mu ggwanga okuggyako nga ekibonerezo kya gavumenti tekituukiridde oba nga kitwaliramu ebigendererwa bya gavumenti, gamba ng'okumenya eddembe ly'abantu oba okutunda amalagala aganene.

Ekitongole eky'Ekirabo mu Amereka kiwandikiro enkola ey'okukikkiriza okukola nga . Kampuni eyo egoberera Pette v. United States' (1960), ebaamu olukunkuuti olw'ekikolwa kimu okuggyako nga Attorney General oba omuyambi agitongodde akiwadde olukusa. Akakwakkulizo kano kateekawo obukuumi obw'amaanyi naye nga tekakugira ku bamenyi b'amateeka, abamenyi b'amateeka nabo bayinza okukatuukiriza.

Okwogera mu Ngeri ey’Obufuzi n’Obulungi

Enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'obutonde bwonna obw'emirundi ebiri ekiikirira okusalawo mu bugenderevu mu mateeka ga Amereka okuteeka mu bukulembeze obwa gavumenti ez'ebifo ezisukka mu 1,200 ez'ebbeeyi mu biwandike ebiwerako. Kino kyoleka okwolesebwa kwa gavumenti z'eggwanga gye zibeera ne gavumenti nga zirina amaanyi agawera okulondoola enkola y'okulondoola. Wadde kiri bwe kityo, okwolesebwa okwo kuvaamu omuwendo gwa ssente: enjigiriza esobola okuvunaanibwa abantu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, ekibonerezo ekiwerako, n'emigugu egikwataganyizibwa n'okuvunaanibwa enfunda n'emirundi emingi.

Enteekateeka y'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika bwe yeeyongera okukyuka, enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri ejja kusigala nga y'ekyawukanira ddala. Abamu bagamba nti k'ekozesebwa okugonjoola obumenyi bw'amateeka era n'okukakasa nti tewali muwawaabi abwewaba aleme okusala omusango; abalala bagamba nti si kya bulijjo ekiviirako obukuumi obwa nnamaddala obw'Obwa Leapardiyo Claus. Ekyetegeerwa bulungi kiri nti omuntu yenna akola oba anoonyereza ku U.S. enteekateeka y'amateeka erina okutegeera enjigiriza eno n'ensonga zaayo. Enjigiriza eyo mu biseera eby'omu maaso eyinza okusinziira ku ngeri eyo oba ku kkooti enkulu, Congresssion, oba ku ggwanga esalawo nti omuntu yenna asalawo okuba n'ensonga ez'enjawulo eri wakati w'obuyinza.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma, laba ekirowoozo kya Kkooti ey'Enfuga ennyo mu [FLT]][FLT] v. United States[FLT]][[KA]] (2017]), olukalala [[FLT][[FLT]][[[FLT][[FLY]][[[12]] [1922], ne Constantial Service Archive Aucity Comment [FLT] Ekiragiro ekitegeeza [[FFLT]][FLT][9]]. Ek'ongerako kiyinza okuzuula mu nsonga ez'amateeka nga "Nk'okulagirizamenyesa: [Ek'omu'omu'omu'omu'omu'omu'omu'omu 'F]