Table of Contents
Endowooza nti Ebintu Byajjawo Byokka
Mu 1971, kkooti enkulu eyitibwa Lemon Supremence kye kimu ku bintu ebikyasinze okubuusibwabuusibwa ebikwata ku mateeka ga Amerika. Kkooti eno esooka okutegeerwa okuteekawo enkola essatu ey'okusalawo ddi gavumenti lwe yandituukirizza enkola ya Claus of the First Amendment. Ekitongole kya gavumenti bwe kyatandika okuwera olukalala lw'amateeka ga Classionation, ekiragiro kya Claus tekijja kussaawo tteeka limu ku kutongoza ddiini," era okuyitira mu kussaawo kkommenti eya 145, etteeka lino likwata ku gavumenti z'ensi era ne ku gavumenti z'omu kitundu. Mu kiseera ekyo ekisukka emyaka etaano emabega, Lemon'ekireeteeteeka amateeka wakati w'ekkanisa ne ssomero ezigoberera enfunze mu kkooti.
Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa by’Omuntu n’Ennyiriri Ezimanyiddwa mu Bulamu
Nga Lemon Ekiragiro kino tekinnaba kutuuka ku nsonga z'ekkomera ez'omu madiini. Kkooti enkulu yatandika dda okumenti y'enkakaanya ezi'eggulu ate nga essomero ku nsonga z'enjigiriza (1947) ne Engel v. Vitale[FLT] [1962]). Ensala z'amateeka zino zassaawo nti gavumenti teziyinza kuyisa mateeka agayamba eddiini emu, okuyamba amadiini gonna, oba okuganjanja mu madiini agatali ga ddiini. Kyokka, kkooti terina ky'ekyuma ekisinziirwamu ekikwatagana. Omusango ogwava mu Lemon Demon Island ne Pennsylvania, gavumenti gye zaateekawo ebisanyuso ebizibwa mu masomero g'eby'ennya, ebigitaayamba mu madiini agatali ga madiini, amatendekero ge ga Kristendomu.
Mu Lemon v. Kurtzman, Court ey'oku ntikkooti ey'oku ntikko n'egatta wamu ebyasaze bino byombi, era yasattulula amateeka. Omulamuzi Omukulu Warren Burger, ng'awandiikira abasinga obungi, yakola ekigezo eky'essaawa kimu ekyandibadde ekibeera ekipimo okumala emyaka mingi: (1) ekikolwa kya gavumenti kirina okuba n'ekigendererwa eky'eggwanga; (2) ebikikwatako nga tekirina kutandika oba okusiikiriza eddiini; era (3) tekiteekwa kukulaakulanya gavumenti empandika enfunze mu byayo ebyasooka, naddala ebyava mu bubonero [[FLT].[FLT][FOL:3] [1970] ne [FLT] Districokity]
Buli Lugero Lusasika
Ekiruubirirwa: Ekigendererwa ky’ensi
Ekiragiro ekisooka kibuuza oba gavumenti esobola okulaga ekigendererwa kyayo eky'okufuga. Kkooti zeekenneenya ekigendererwa kya sistemu egoberera amateeka oba enkola, era n'ennyiriri eziriraanyewo. Singa ekigendererwa ekyo kikolebwa mu by'eddiini, ekyo tekiyinza kukolebwa mu bwangu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti esobola okuteekawo akadde singa ekigendererwa kya sistemu y'okuteekawo olukalala olw'okutumbula endowooza eyo, naye singa obukakafu bulaga ekigendererwa kyayo kiyinza okukubiriza okusaba. Kkooti Esinga obukulu ebadde egoberera okusaba. Kkooti enkulu ekozesezza ku nsonga eno mu bwangu, nga ekwetaagisa ekigendererwa ky'ensi eno [[FL:0] IS] era terimu na kigendererwa kya n'okulekawo okuziyimirizaamu. [FLD:]
Okwogera Ebiri: Ebiruubirirwa
Ekitundu eky'okubiri kissa essira ku ngeri omulimu gwa gavumenti gye guyinza okukolebwamu. Ne bwe kiba nti ekigendererwa kya gavumenti si kya ddiini, ekikolwa ekyo tekirina kuba nga kikulu nnyo oba nga kiziyiza eddiini. Ng'ekyokulabirako, disiturikiti ekkiriza eddiini okukozesa ebizimbe bya gavumenti okumala essaawa eziwerako teyinza kukontana na nkola eno singa abantu bonna basobola okukkirizibwa. Ku luuyi olulala, essomero eritendeka abaminsani mu kkanisa liyinza okulabika ng'erina kye likola ekikulu mu ku bikwata ku madiini ag'okukkiririmu. Ssawo kkooti zikebera byonna ebizikwata ku mbeera z'obubonero, nga mw'osse obubonero, ebikolebwa, ebigambo, ebigambo, n'abalabimbi abatunuulizi.
Okunyigiriza okw’Emirundi Esatu: Okunyigiriza okw’Ebikolwa Ebiyitiridde
Ekintu eky'okusatu ekigaana okugwa mu kizimbe eddiini. Ekiragiro kino kya mugaso nnyo gavumenti bw'etambuza ssente mu bibiina by'eddiini. Ne bwe kiba nti ssente ezikozesebwa ku by'eddiini zisobola okukozesebwa, gavumenti tesobola kukebera oba kuwa buyambi mu ngeri eyeegatta n'enkola z'eddiini. Lemon [, Kkooti yakizuula nti Pennsylvania ne Rhode Island birina okubaamu obulambe bw'abayigiriza obutateekamu bingi ebibakwatako, naye nga bikakasa nti bye bayigiriza bya ddiini tebirimu, era nti bye baayigirimu tebiyinza kugaana kukolebwako nga gavumenti z'ewaawo. Kyokka, nga
Puloguramu ekozesebwa mu mbeera z'ekanisa enkulu
Okugezesebwa kwa Lemon kukozeseddwa mu ngeri nnyingi ezituufu, gamba ng’okusaba n’okulabira ddala ebifaananyi by’eddiini mu nsi.
Essaala z’Essomero n’Eby’Eddiini
Mu ne '[FLT''. Weisman (1992], kkooti yafeebya enkola ya gavumenti ey'okuyita abakulembeze b'eddiini okuyita abantu okuyita mu mikolo gy'okunaawereza. Wadde nga ensonga teyasinziira ku lukalala olukwata olukwata ku Lemon Exfix, ensonga ez'okugamba nti: okusaba kwa gavumenti kwalina ekigendererwa eky'eddiini n'engeri gye kukwata ku nkola, era ne kuwaliriza abayizi okwenyigira mu nsonga. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu [FOLT:2] Santa Fipendent School v. Dooc. [2]], kkooti yaleetera abayizi okusaba nga tekulembedde mu miza. Ebyo ebisalibwa mu gavumenti ziragiramu okutereeza eswo. Ebisalibwawo ebikebereberwo mu nsonga ezigooteetera obutuufu, naye byo biragira mu nsonga eziba eby'ebyakulagirira ku by'enjigiriza.
Gavumenti Ewagira Amasomero g’Amadiini
Kkooti ekoze kankano ku kuwabula obuyambi bwa gavumenti ku by'eddiini. Agostini v. Felton (1997), kkooti yakyusa ekiragiro ekiyinza okukolebwa, nga etegeeza nti abayigiriza ba buli kika kya ddiini basobola okuzzaawo ennyinyonnyola ennyimirira zaayo ez'okutendekebwa mu masomero g'eddiini, kasinga tewali bigiyigirizibwa mu n'obwala byajjawo. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyagoolwawo olukalala okuva ku [[FLT:].Aguil v. Felton[[FLT:] [85] [ekiteempeeyambibwa], kiraga okugezesa okw'ebigezo mu biseera eby'emabega. [5], mu ngeri eyo, kkooti enzikiribwa akasembayo, ewandisizza ekigobe mu ku musingi gwa kye kiyinza okuggya okuva mu nkola y'enkola mu n'enkola ya Kristendomu.[5][19][10]
Ebiragiro by’Eddiini ku Bintu bya Bannaggwanga
Obubonero obukwata ku kulaga obubonero bw'eddiini, gamba nga Amateeka Ekkumi oba ekikoowo, bubaddenga butegeeza nti okugezesebwa kwa Lemon. Lynch v. Donnelly [19984], kkooti yawagira akabonero ka Ssekukkulu akaalimu ekibumbe kya crèche, nga bagezaako okukiteeka ku kizimbe ky'ensi (ekiteesiteesi ya bulijjo) era nga tewandikiddwawo kkooti enkulu enoonyezaamu. mu [FLT:], olukalala olwo olukubisi lwa Ssekukko.[FLT][FLT] [1998], olukyayiribwa , olukubisibiddwa ku kkooti ekizimbe ekinene eky'ewandiro, era nga teruna kyeyalinamutirira ku k'omutindootikko. Ate, olumu olumu olugamba olwo olw'omutirth lw'omutirreego, olwo olumu olwo olugamba olwo lw'olwose.
Okuvumirira n’Okusoomooza ng’Okwa Lukayini
Wadde nga bawangadde emyaka mingi, abalamuzi babaddeko n'abakessi nga bavumirira nnyo eky'okulambula olukalala olw'ebikolobero. Eky'ennaku buli kiseera baba beetamiddwa nti abalamuzi abasatu tebategeera bulungi era nti baleka abalamuzi okukakaatika ebyo bye baagala. Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia yannyonnyola ebigezo ebyo nga "gawuludde mu firimu ey'ekiro ekisembye ekisembye ekiro, eribeera mu ntaka era esangibwa mu nsi endala, ate nga ne w' Judget Clarence Thomas yagivaako ddala. Abawakanyi bawakanya nti okugezesa okw'eddiini kuba tekusobozesa kussa kitiibwa mu ssaala z'eddiini, gamba ng'okugayatula oba okuteeka obujulizi mu bifo by'eddiini.
Kkooti emu yakizuula nti kyali kiyinza okugwawo singa gavumenti tebaako ludda lwoewagira mu nsonga z’obufuzi, ate mu nsi endala ne kisobozesa abantu okukolaganira awamu, era ekyo tekyaviirako njawulo wakati w’okuwagira gavumenti mu by’obufuzi n’okwogera ennimi ez’enjawulo, ekintu ekikulu ennyo mu ngeri kkooti gye yasalawo ku nsonga eyo.
Tubutundu Obulala: Okugezesa Coercion n’Obutabaako Ludda Lwe Tuwagira
Mu kuddamu ebyakolebwa mu ngeri ezirabika ng'enyonosoosa, abalamuzi abamu bawagira enkola endala. 'coence'' okugezesa kwa ', okukwataganyizibwa ne Justice Anthony Kennedy, kitegeeza nti gavumenti terina kukuutira muntu yenna okwenyigira mu by'eddiini oba okusemba okukkiriza. Ekigezo kino kikozesebwa mu nsonga z'essomero nga Least] v.[FLT][FLT][FLY][3] era nga si kikulu nnyo mu [[FLT:]]. [b] Kreton].[FOLT][FLD] [202], olukulembedde olwo oluva mu ku kusabira abatendesi b'empulizi b'emizannyo gy'omu nnimiro nga kikukuumidde mu ku ku ku bwongo, era nga teruuliddemu ku ku kusalawo kwa Celmalk, mu kukkkkk, mu kukireetera okunoonyereza okutaa okutaa tegeera okw'ebingi
Ekirala kye kifuga Omusingi ogw'obutabaako ludda lwe buwagira mu by'obufuzi, oguggumiza nti gavumenti eteekwa obutabaako ludda lwe iwagira mu madiini era ne wakati w'eddiini n'ebutali bwa ddiini. Enkola eno y'eyoleka enkola ya Kkooti mu Mcreary County v. ACLU[FLT][F:3] [200]] [200], gye yateekako ekiteeso eky'ensonga enoonya ekigendererwa eky'okukubajja okukuba esomerera amateeka ekkumi mu kkooti, naye era n'okutegeeza ekiva mu pulogulamu mu n'ensonga endala teyenkanankanankanankana. Ekiragiro ekiwandikiro kye kimu ku mateebitundu bya Amerekawo ag'ebyanyi ne ku nsonga z'ensi teyetongoddewo kiragibwa. Ate era ne Lemone kye kireseteennyiriri ezisinga okumanyibwa obutuufu.
Okuddamu Okubatizibwa n’Ebyandibaddewo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso
Okugezesa okw'empaka kwa Lemon kusigalawo mu mateeka, naye obuyinza bwakwo bukendedde nnyo. American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2020) Kkooti enkulu yatwala olutalo olukubisiddwa ng'erukujjukizo olunene olwakolebwa ku bantu bonna okumala emyaka mingi. Kkooti yagaana okukozesa olutemu olukalu, mu kifo ky'okussa essira ku makulu g'ekibumbe kya Lemon, era n'okussa ku kifo eky'okuba nti ekibumbe kya bulijjo kiwandikiddwa mu bungi bw'ebibumbe, era nti kkooti eziyimiridde ebiziikiikiikiikiikiddwako, zaaweresezza ebigambo ebijuliziddwa okumala emyaka mingi. Mu kukolagana ne ku nsonga essa prong. Krasetikko, nga Breseaukko akkodvu nti promon yakkyusizza ek'obulombolombo.
Oluvannyuma lw'okuyita Kennedy v. Brementon mu 2022], kkooti yalaga bulungi nti okutandikawo kwa Claus kusaanidde kugoberera ebyafaayo n'emisingi, so si kukebera kwa Lemon. Kkooti ntono nnyingi ziresezza okukebera mu nnukuta ez'ekika kyazo, wadde nga abamu beeyongera okukyogerako oba okunoonyereza kwenkanankana. Nkusobozesa, okugezesaamu okuba nga kusimbyewo mu byafaayo so si ku njigiriza enkulu ekwata ku kigendererwa, era nga n'ensonga enkulu ezikikkiriza zigenda mu nsonga nnyingi.
Okunoonyereza Abakulembeze b’Eby’Amateeka
Okutegeera ensonga ezikwata ku kugezesa Lemon, kikulu nnyo eri buli muntu yenna akwatibwako ensonga z'ekkanisa, era nga bwe zifuuka enkyukakyuka. Amasomero, gavumenti, n'ebibiina by'eddiini biteekwa okuddukanya ebbeeyi zaayo ez'okusooka, era emisingi egikubiriza okukebererwa kwa Lemon gikyateekebwa mu ndowooza, ebiragiro, obukiiko bw'essomero, n'okussaawo amateeka. Abakulembeze abawa amasomero bateekako obukiiko bw'essomero, bakkirizza ebigambo eby'eddiini, oba okukubaganya ebirowoozo n'emboozi ezikwata ku kukkiriza, bateekwa okumanya nti emboozi za gavumenti n'emboozi za Claus eree asosolamu.
Era kibayamba okumanya engeri kkooti gye ziyinza okufugamu ebintu ebipya nga zibuuza obanga enkola eyo erina ekigendererwa eky'ensi, oba nga eviirako eddiini okusikirizibwa ekisukkiridde. Wadde nga okunoonyereza okwo tekukyanywera, era nga n'ebikukwatako bikyalina ekifo eky'omuganyulo mu kunoonyereza okusobola okulaba obanga enkola ya kkooti egoberera amateeka ga gavumenti.
Olupapula: Ekintu eky’Enjawulo
Lemon Supremences etendekeddwa olw'okuteekawo enteekateeka era n'okuvumirira olw'okulemererwa okukola enkola. Okuddirira kwakwo mu bigambo kwa Ssekukkulu tekutegeeza nti okuteekebwawo kwa Claus ebibuuzo. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, kkooti ereeseewo obuzibu ku kuteekawo eddembe ly'eddiini mu byafaayo era ne ku kukakaatibwa, naye emitindo emikulu egy'eddiini obutabaako ludda lwe kiwagira mu by'obufuzi, omuntu ow'omunda, era n'okwewala eddiini ereetebwa gavumenti. Ebyafaayo ku Kunoonyereza kwa Lemon kulaga okusoomooza okuteeka eddembe ly'eddiini n'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, birina okuba nti buli mu mu mulembe gulina okuzzibwa obuggya.
Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ebikwata ku kutongozebwa kwa Claus, laba Connell Legal Information of the Active Institute eby'okulaga mu kutongoolwa kwa Claus. Ebikwata ku bujulizi ku nsonga ezimu kisobola okuzuulibwa mu [[[FLT:]] olukalala lwa kkooti enkulu mu [[FLT:][FLT]] era n'onoonyereze ebya bulijjo mu [[FLT] Controlmentive [F] [FLT] [F].[FLT][5], era n'ensonga ey'eby'ebyafaayo ebinoonyezebwa mu Kitebe kya kkanisa [FLD] ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyidwamu n'ensonga ez'eby'omu mateeka]. eby'obugagga bino biwanjula abayizi b'eby'omu mateeka, n'ebyo ebiwamu ebitongole by'ebyo ebiwamu mu gavumenti.