Okutandika

Amateeka ga Buyindi agafuga obutujju bukiikirira ekimu ku bifo ebikyasinze okubaamu obukuubagano mu mateeka. Amateeka gano gawa amateeka ag'enjawulo okusobola okukwata abantu, okubakwata, okubakuuma. Gaateera buli kiseera galwanirira eddembe erina okusobozesa eggwanga okulukuuma, abawaka gagamba nti gakomya eddembe ly'enkulu nga enkola esaanira, eddembe ery'okwogera n'okweyamattuliranwa. Emyaka bwe gigenda giyitawo, okukaayana n'okugoongera amaanyi mu ku mateeka nga tegakkirinnyisiddwawo kyokka naye nga bannagyo bannannyini gavumenti, bannabyabufuzi, era nga bawakanya enkola ya Buyindi, n'okumenya enziko, era n'okulwanirira eddembe lya bantu.

Ebyafaayo Ebikwata ku Bunnabbi mu Buyindi

Buyindi yatandikira ku nkola za bannalukalala mu Punjab, Kashmir, ne mu bukiikakkono bw'obukiika kkono mu 1980 ne 1990. Gavumenti yakolawo ku mateeka ag'enjawulo ag'ekiseera obuseera oluvannyuma agaafuuka amateeka agafuga emirembe gyonna.

Abatiini n’Ebikolwa Ebimalamu Amaanyi (Okweggyamu Obuzibu) Act (TADA), 1987

TADA yayisibwa mu 1987 ng'ekipimo eky'ekiseera obuseera mu kukwata ku ngeri y'okukwata ku by'obufuzi mu Punjab ne mu bitundu ebirala. Yakkiriza okusibibwa okumala ekiseera kiwanvu nga tewali kusasulwa, obujulizi obutamanyiddwa, n'obujulizi obwakendeezebwako. Ekiseera we bwaddira mu 1995, TADA yali ekozeseddwa nnyo, ng'emirala egisinga okukozesebwa eri abamenyi b'amateeka aba bulijjo n'abalabe. Alipoota eya 1994 National Human Rights Comment Commission yagamba nti 90% b'obwebwebwebwebwe buvuddemu okuggibwawo, okulaga okukozesebwa obubi. enjuba bw'eggwabalukawo kw'obuyinza bw'eby'eby'obufuzi obwa bulijjo bwalaga nti enjuba yagwa.

Okwewala Obuteefuga, 2002

TEDA yagwa butaka oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi bw'omulembe ogwa 2001 mu Paalimenti. Gavumenti eyatandikawo POTA mu 2002, yateekawo ekifo ekiyitibwa TADA naye nga yeeyambisibwa obuwagizi obutonotono. POTA yawa ab'obuyinza obuyinza okuyita ebibiina bya bannalukalala, okuteebereza nti tewaaliwo bukakafu okumala ennaku 90, era n'okuteeka obujulizi ku mumenyi w'amateeka. Okuvunaanibwa okw'okuyisa obubi obubi ku bannabyabufuzi ne bannabyabufuzi kwaviirako okubunkola mu 2004. Kyokka, enteekateeka za Pota zaaweera mangu ddala mu kaweefube w'okumenya amateeka (Prnctiontion) Act (APA) Actsss.

Ebikolwa Ebitakkirizibwa (Prventions) Act (UAPA), 1967 – The Current Backbone

Mu kusooka etteeka eryali ligaana ebibiina okukomya enkyuuka, UAPA lyagaziwa nnyo okutuukira ddala mu 2004, 2008, 2012, ne 2019. Ekiragiro ekya 2019 kyawa gavumenti obuyinza okuyita abantu nga bannalukalala, so si nga ebibiina. Kati kitwaliramu enteekateeka ez'okwekebwa, n'okusiba ennaku 180 nga tezinnaggwawo, era ne kisobozesa abapoliisi okwewandiisa nga bakozesebwa ng'obujulizi. Enteekateeka ya UAPAC'ebitundu ebiwerako ekulaakulaakulanyeko ebisukka mu bikumi bina.

Ebikolwa Ebitakkirizibwa Bikolebwe

UAPA yawukanira ku mateeka amatono kubanga gakyusa emitindo gy’obufuzi okulaba engeri gye gikolamu ku ddembe ly’abantu.

Ebiragiro eby'omuggwamu

Ekitundu 43D (5) ekya UAPA kigamba nti ebbaasaleesaayi tekkirizibwa singa kkooti ewa kasawo, ku lukalala lw'amateeka oba alipoota ey'ekitongole ekinoonyereza ku nsonga z'abantu, kimatiza nti waliwo ensonga eziyinza okukkirizibwa okukkiriza nti omuntu avunaanibwa nga primafacieti. Kino kikyusa endowooza eya bulijjo ey'obutaba na musango. Omuwawawaayirwa alina okukakasa nti talina musango gwonna. Mu nkola, kino kitegeeza nti ebiwaayirizo ebikonge ebitonotono bisobola okuleetera omuntu okusibibwa okumala ekiseera kiwanvu. Kkootikko nga . K.A. NAEB [[FLFFF:1]] [201]

Bbaakyetegerezza Awatali Kuwola

Mu katundu 43D(2) omuntu akwatibwa wansi w'ekitongole UAPA ayinza okusibibwa okumala ennaku nga 30 nga tannaba kuteekebwa mu maaso ga nnazenkala, era ekiseera kyonna wamu eky'okusibibwa nga tannaweebwa mu kkomera kiyinza okuwerera ddala 90 okutuuka ku 180 ennaku nga tekinnaba kutuuka ku nnaku 24. Kino kisingako ne ssaawa 24 mu lukalala lw'akakampuli wansi w'amateeka agawandiikibwa. Ekitongole ekinoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka kiyinza okutegeeza nti kyetaagisa ekiseera kiwanvu okufuna obujulizi. Amaka ga bannaawe b'eddembe ly'abantu bangi basigala nga bakyali mu kkomera okumala emyezi miramba nga baakakwasibwa omusango, emirundi mingi nga bateekeddwa okusibibwa mu n'okukugirwa obuwagizigibwa.

Abantu Baateekawo Emitindo egy’Okubeera Abannalukalala

Ekitongole kino kiwa kaweefube ono ageeterezebwa ku nkola eya 2019 ey'okukkirizisa abantu nga kiyitira mu kampuni mu Lukiiko Olukulu olw'ebitundu. Ekiwandiiko kino kyesigamye ku magezi agava ku nkola z'amateeka era nga kitwalibwa nga kya wansi nnyo mu kunoonyereza. Omuntu bw'aba yalondebwa, ebintu bye bisobola okukkalwa mu firiiji, era n'abavuzi b'entambula ennyimirira enkumu. Abawakanya enkola eno bawakanya enkola eno ne bageeyisa ku magezi agakwekebwa naye nga tebawadde muntu omukisa okuwulirwa.

Enkozesa ey’Okwatula E ebibi n’Ebigambo Ebikoba

UAPA akkiriza ebigambo ebyawandiikibwa omukungu wa poliisi ow'ekifo ky'abapoliisi oba waggulu okukakasa obujulizi, wadde nga tekikoleddwa kyeyagalire. kaweefube ono anoonyereddwa nnyo olw'okuba okusibibwa kwa poliisi mu Buyindi kuzingiramu okukaka obuwambe okuva mu lipoota z'ekibiina kya Amnesty International ne Commonwealth Human Intive. Omugugu oguva mu kifo ekyo gukyusaamu mu kifo ky'oyo avunaanibwa okulaga nti okwetongoza obwannannyini, omulimu oguyinza okukolebwa nga gu kumpi n'okukakibwa mu kkomera.

Ekiyinza Okubaako Kye Bikola ku Kuteebwa kw’Abatuuze

Okutuukirizibwa kw’amateeka ga UAPA n’ago agakwatagana nago kweyongedde okuleetawo okweraliikirira okw’amaanyi kungi ennyo ku bikwata ku ddembe eribaawo mu nsi.

Eddembe ly’Okwawula Obusosoze n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Osobola Okufuna

Okuddizibwa kw'ebbaalo kukendeeza ku kunoonyereza okw'ekika ekya 2025 kyoleka kino. Bhima Koregaon – Elgar Pariswad omusango, abalwanyi n'a bannamakekekwa bakwatibwa mu 2018 wansi wa UAPA okumanyibwa n'amannya g'abamenyi b'amannya. Okusinziira ku [2025], bangi baamaze emyaka mukaaga nga tebannasibibwa. Kkooti nga tezigguddeko omusango. Kkooti nga n'ebiwandiiko bya kkooti ziwambye nti, wadde obujulizi obwamu mu kkooti ey'oku nti obujulizi obwalimu bwanafu. Obujulizi obw'oku waggulu buwandiikibwa mu .A. Naeb [FFFFFOT:] tezibaddeko n'enkola enkyukakyuka enkulu mu ku ku ekyo ekitongole lw'ebbaliro mu kiseera nga kiwamu mu kkooti z'amateeka 18 ze zigamba nti, abantu baakyusizza.

Eddembe ly’Okugaana Okuwuliriza n’Okugaana

Ekiragiro kino kinnyonnyola “omulimu ogumenya amateeka” nga wansi w'ekitundu 15 ekya UAPA nga kiwagirwa enkola yonna ewagira obuwagizi, okubuusabuusa obufuzi bwa Buyindi, oba okutumbula obukyayi mu bibiina. Olulimi luno lukozesebwa okutegeeza bannamawulire, abayizi, n'ensonga z'abantu. Ebyokulabirako ebimanyiddwa bizingiramu okukwatibwa kwa [[FL:0] Rayornast [Aybub (oluvannyuma lukkirizibwa), [[FLT:]] olubajjukirwa oluvanyuma lw'okutegeeza abatusi b'ensonga ez'okugoba, n'ensonga z'abantu. Ensolo mu nsi nnyingi ezikola enjereere ezikola ebizi ebizingirwamu, zigaana okuzikwata ku ddembe okuzirimu n'okuwagira obukujjuzi. Ebitongole by'omu Buyindiro bya Buyindi, ebitongole ebikola ebikola ebitongole ebikola ebikola ebikola ebitongole eby'omukiikibwa obusukka mu bbanga lya ttala enzikkuuno bigaana akaka by'envuunyi okuk'envuunyi oku

Ebyaffe ku Bwaffe n’Ebigambo Ebitagambika

UPABU esobozesa abafuzi okumanya ebifa ku nviromenti nga enkumbula y'enkola nga enfuumuulo (Sayansi 47A) era n'okunoonya mu bufunze. Gavumenti y'eba ' National Intelligence GRID [[FL:1]] ne Central Moniting System (CMS) ebinoonyezebwa mu by'enkola za mpuliziganya. Mu butabako alipoota ez'eby'amampuliziganya ezisinga obungi, obuterekebwa obuterekebwa obuzi bwa data zijjuzibwa mu n'enno za Internet, (2023), olukalala lw'obubonerowo oluva mu mpagiro olusooka. Kkootive.[FFFFFFF] Teaksionive'ont'. .[FFFFFFF] Kino kyaleetera obujulizi obutakola mu ngeri etakkirizibwa mu Butuufu.[Fosettentryc]

Ebyakolebwa ku Butundu bw’Amadiini

Ebibiina ebikola ku ddembe byawandiiseko ku mateeka agakwata ku buzibu mu Buyindi. Okunoonyereza kwa 2020 okwakolebwa Commonwel Rights Human Rights Initive[ kwalaga nti 60% ku buli kikumi eky'obuddukiro bwa UAPASISISISAMU, wadde nga Abasiraamu bali 14 ku buli kikumi eky'abantu mu Buyindi. Ebyokulabirako ebyakolebwa mu kiseera kya Tada ne POTA bilabika nga byaddibwamu. Mu mateeka ga bulijjo, obuteebereberye bwa UAPAA bugoberera ebikolwa eby'ettemu ebikolebwa abantu abangi okuva mu bitundu ebitono, era nga babuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ku ku kuvumbula obulango n'obusobo. Mu nsonga nnyingi, obujulizi obulaga obujulizi obwakolebwa — obukolebwamu ku by'obumenyi bw'amateeka obwa bulijjo, naye nga buvuusibwa wansi w'amateeka bwa UAtary.

Obuteefuga Bukontana n’Endowooza ya Gavumenti

Gavumenti ya Buyindi egamba nti amateeka ag'amaanyi agakwata ku bukyayi bw'amateeka geetaagisa, era nti ensi eyo tezisobola kumalawo bizibu. Buyindi eyolekaganye n'obuyinja bwa maanyi nga 1200 obuva mu mwaka gwa 2010 ne 2023 okusinziira ku ddiini y'obutujju obukola ebintu eby'ekika kya Mumbai. Obulumbaganyi obwo buzingiramu obulumbaganyi bw'omu Mumbai, 2016 Patankot, n'obutundu obutonotono obwakolebwa mu Jammu ne Kashmir ne Maishma, awamu ne UPAS obuttuk'owanjufu mu massekati ga Buyinja. Gavumenti gagamba nti, UPA ewandikiro zisobozesa ebinywa ebinywa ebiwawawaanyi okutabangula nga tebinnaba bya bannayo na bya bannalubino, naddala ebyo ebiva mu bibinja bya Pakistan nga Lashkar-e Tayiba ne Jaish-mad.

Abakungu ba gavumenti era bagamba nti okugoba emisango ku kkooti enkulu kiyinza okuleetera abalamuzi okuwa amasawo agagibwawo era ne bawa alipoota nga basinziira ku mateeka. Bakirabye nti ebyo ebyasalibwawo wansi w'olukiiko lwa UAPA bitono nnyo bw'obigeraageranya n'okukwatibwa, naye nga bagamba nti ekyo kivudde ku buzibu obw'okukwekoba mu nsonga ez'ettemu mu kifo ky'okukozesa obubi obulabe.

Kyokka, abakugu mu by'amateeka bakiwakanya ensonga eno nga bakijjukira nti ensi nnyingi ezitannaba kubaamu bannalukalala (mm'asatu, Canada, Australia) zituukiriza amateeka agakuuma obukuumi obw'amaanyi. Ebyo gavumenti bye yazuula okuva ku National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) biraga nti omuwendo gw'emisango gya UAPA egiwandiikiddwa gwagenda gweyongera okuva ku 900 mu 2016 okutuuka ku 3,000 mu 20222, ng'omuwendo gw'abajulizi gusigalawo nga gubalirirwa 2-5% mu kiseera ekyo.

Okulabirira Omulamuzi n’Enkyukakyuka Ezikoleddwa Gye buvuddeko awo

Buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera, kkooti za Buyindi zikozesezza okulaba nti amateeka agalwanyisa obutero tegakoma ku kuteekako kabi, naye sirimu ndala yonna. Union of India v. K.A.Najeeb, Kkooti enkulu yakkiriza nti okusibibwa okumala ekiseera kiwanvu nga tewali kugezesebwa kuyinza kuba kifo kya UAPA, ekiteekako ekikongozeddwako omwezi ogw'omukaaga olw'okukebeesa. mu lukiiko olukulu olw'empukulembedde mu budde. [F.FOLT:]

Mu 2022, gavumenti yatandikawo Actives (Prvention) Actives Bill, 2022 okwongerako enteekateeka ez'okuginyweza naye okuvumirira okubunyisibwa kwagireeteezza okuggyako. Mu kifo kya ekyo, gavumenti yatandikawo akakiiko ak'okuyimirira okujjuulibwa [ okwejjukanya UA, akaasemba mu 2024 nti etteeka likuumibwa naye nga lirimu ebiragirako obulungi, ng'ebiwandiiko eby'okusalazeeko n'ebiragiro ku bujulizibwa. Ebiteekuuti ebyo tebinnatongolwa.

[[Akawayiro:0] Empandika ennyunzi 1: PRS India – UAPA Bw'ossawo akawulu kanne wa yo [[[KATANDIKWA:1] [KAFUZI]] [KAFUZI]] Kino kitegeeza [[[KATANDIKA:2]]

[[AKM:0] Empandika enfunze 2: Omusango ogwasalibwako kkooti enkulu mu K.A. Najeeb[[KATANDIKIRO:1] (Enkyuukamu akakongeezi: [[Olukusa]]] [Olukiiko olukulu olw'omu Buyindi[]])

Okugeraageranya Ebifa ku Mateeka: Engeri Amateeka g’Omu Buyindi Gye Gaggwebwamu

Mu nsi yonna, amawanga mangi gaddirawo amateeka agafuga obutereevu ne gassawo amateeka ageetaanya eddembe ly'abantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole kya United States 2001 Patriot Act, kyatandikawo okulabirako okulambula okulambula okusembera kw'enjuba era kigateekamu n'obulabirizi obulagira abakwanaganya okukuba amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kiteekawo amateeka agakwata ku nkola y'obukuumi mu mateeka ga demokulase. Ekiragiro kya UK’ Terrorgyism Act eky'okusibawo akakwakkulizo akamala ennaku nga 14 (ekivudde ku nnaku 28 oluvannyuma lw'okuvumirira obuwabuzi obwa bulijjo). . Ekiragiro kya Buapaluunia tewagira enteekateeka z'okulabiriza obulabirizi n'enjuba okugwa kwa enjuba era n'okugwa kwa ddiiro kwa ddina kwa ddina.

Mu Australia, amateeka agakwata ku buzibu bwa bannalukalala gakkiriza okufuga amateeka naye omuwozesi alina obuvunaanyizibwa bwa munnamateeka era n'okwejjukanya ebiseera ebimu. UPAA ya Buyindi tewabula budde bwa kuwabula mu kunoonyereza okusooka, era avunaanibwa omusango atera okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. A 2023 alipoota eya International Commission of JURC: yagiwandikibwa nga yagamba nti, obuwayinja Buyindi bulwanyisa obwetaanyisiro bw'enkola w'enkalukalala, nga mw'otwalidde ne Endagaano nyingi ezikwata ku ddembe lya Civil ne ku by'obufuzi (ICCPR) ku ddembe ebikwatibwa mu ngeri ey'okwesala omusango.

[[Akawayiro:0] Empandika enkalala ezoogerwa olunyiriri 3: international Commission of JUrists etegeeza Buyindi[[[KATANDIKA]] (Enkyuukamu akakongeze: [[OKATANDIKA]]]J [[OKATANDIKA]]]

[[AGUMENTI] Alipoota ekwata ku mboozi 4: Amnesty International India 2023 [[Olukalala] (Ekirala: [[Obwo obukongojjedwa mu 'bubonero']Amnety International[])

Abantu Bakkiriza Okukyuka n’Okuwagira Enkyukakyuka

Ebibiina ebiwerako ebikola ku ntegeka z'abantu mu Buyindi, nga , ebitongole by'abantu ebikola ku ddembe lya bantu, nga 'Union’s Union for Civil Least (PUCLL) era n'eb'ensonga [[FLLT] Hum Rights Rights Leamment's Comment Programme [[[FLLN]]]], byekankanyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyizza bulijjo okukomya okukomya UPAAPA. Bakyusiza olukalala olw'okuzzaawo ekkomo ly'obuteempaka, ne basemba okukaka okukakasibwa obujulizi, nga baagala okubutuukiriza obuwandikiro obw'okula, n'okuteekawo obutongole obwa bulijjo obutongole obwa k'enkola mu kkooti mu Bulango. Kyokka, envumbowombe z'ebyo ebiva mu kkooti ezisinga okuzifulumya ebiva mu maggyibwa by'envuubirira aka nyingi, ebiva mu kkooti ebiva mu Bulabinja

fundikira

Amateeka ga Buyindi agalwanyisa bannalukalala, naddala UAPA, gakiikirira obutakkaanya wakati w'obutebenkevu n'okukuuma eddembe lya bantu. Wadde nga ddala, enteekateeka z'amateeka ez'enkalakkalira zigenda zigyonoona: okusibibwa mu kkomera okutasalibwawo, okugaana okusalirwawo, era okutakkirizibwa kw'amateeka ku nsonga entonotono. Awo nga wazzeewo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ku bantu abatono n'abo abeegugungoozi, amateeka gategeeza nti amateeka gakozesebwa ng'ekitongole eky'eby'obufuzi mu kifo ky'okutandikawo obuddukiro. Amadiimo gatandikawo obulammadunda okusala emisango egy'okulangira tegasaawo, okumenya etteeka erya nnamaddala, era n'okukwata emitindo gy'abantu egy'ensi yonna giba nga gigobeego ageddwawo n'okukuuma emitindo gy'enkola ya demoreka obwa demokulase.

[[AK'AMUTANDIKI] 'CRB' nyunzi eya 5: NCRB Ekiragiro ky'ompadde koppi za UAPA[[:1]] (Ekirala bwe kiba kibulako akafundikwa: [] obutuuti obuva mu mpandiika eya Buyindiiwo obulagira obuwulu obuli mu mpandiika y'ekiwandikiro]