Ensibuko y’Eby’Okulonda Prezidenti

Constitution eya United States, eyawagibwa mu 1788, yatandikawo enkola empya ey'okulonda omukulembeze w'eggwanga. Nga tennafuulibwa, tewaaliwo ttabi lya kooti lya Konsole, era ne lireka eggwanga nga teririna mukulembeze omu. Abakola ssemateeka beekaanya nnyo ku lukuŋŋaana lw'e Philadelphia mu 1787 ku ngeri y'okulonda pulezidenti. Ababeseri abamu baasiima okulonda omukulembeze w'eggwanga. Ate abalala bwe baayagala Congressssssss ne balonda pulezidenti. Oluvannyuma lw'ekyo kyatandikawo Electoralal College, ekibiina ekigabaanya empandika n'obuyinza mu nsi ya Philadelphia era nga bateeka essiraza omulimu ogw'okulonda omukulembeze.

Akatundu II ak'olukalala lwa puligamenti kassaawo enkola y'okulonda akasookedde mu bukulembeze. Kayogera ku ani ayinza okulonda, engeri abalonda gye balondebwamu, era ne ekibaawo nga omunyabindi tawangudde. Abakola olukalala baaleka kampalimu kalonda ne gavumenti ne balyoka bakyusa enkola ya sisitemu okujjawo okumala ekiseera okuyitira mu mateeka n'okulongoosebwa kw'amateeka. Ekyo kyeyoleka bulungi nti eggwanga lyalina okubeera nga ligaziyiziddwa okuva ku mawanga nga taano mu ttaano n'okugaziwa okuva ku bannannyini bintu ebyebweru okutuuka kumpi ku batuuze bonna abali mu myaka 18 egyekkumi n'omuka.

Okutegeera obulungi Amateeka kye googera ku kulonda, kyetaagisa okusalawo ennyiriri ezaasooka okuva ku kukyusa ebiba bifubiddwa mu nkola eyo. Ekiragiro kino kissaawo amateeka ag'enjawulo. Era mu ngeri nnyingi. Era, gavumenti zirina obuyinza obw'amaanyi wansi w'Akatundu II, akagamba nti buli ggwanga lirina okulonda abalonda "mu Ndagaano nga Mansitera esooka okugobererwa. Olulimi luno luwadde obutundutundu obwagazi ku ku kukwata ku ku kiwandiiko, ebitongoze, n'obukulembeze.

Ekibuuzo eky'oku ntimbe System

Ekitundu II, ekitundu 1

Ekiragiro kino kyawa ekiragiro buli ggwanga okulonda omuwendo gwa balonda abenkanankana abaalyo bonna awamu abakiikirira Congress. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti, gavumenti esobozesa abantu abalondesa omuwendo gwa ssimu nga bannannyini bannaalyo (buli kiseera bibiri) okugatta abakikiikirira (yagattibwa abantu). Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti ensi ntono nnyo zirina obuyinza obusukka mu bunene wakati w'abantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Wyoming alina abalonde basatu abalonde abali wansi wa 600,000, so nga California balina ataano mu obukadde nga ana ku buli muntu.

Abalaguzisa bakuŋŋaana mu matwale gaabwe era ne bakuba obululu bwa pulezidenti era n'omumyuka wa prezidenti. Ekiragiro kino kibalagira waakiri omu ku abo abalondebwa obutabeera mu ggwanga eryo. Ekiragiro kino kiziyiza okuteekawo abagenda okulonda abantu be baagala ennyo era n'okukubiriza abawagizi ab'amawanga amalala. Ekiragiro ekyasooka kyawa buli muteesi w'abalonde wa prezidenti emirundi ebiri nga waabadde omuddusi afuuka omukulembeze. Enteekateeka eno yaleetawo okulonda 1796 era n'okulonda okwa 1800 okwagattiddwawo okwa nnannyini lukalala. Ekiragiro kino kyaleetera abakungu bannakyetesi.

Etteeka Ery’Okutaano Eryayisibwa

Ratified in 1804, the Twelfth Amendment fundamentally changed how electors vote. Instead of casting two undifferentiated ballots for president, electors now cast one ballot specifically for president and a separate ballot for vice president. If no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the House of Representatives chooses from the top three candidates, with each state delegation casting one vote. If no candidate receives a majority for vice president, the Senate chooses from the top two candidates. The Constitution Annotated provides detailed analysis of these contingency procedures.

Era, ekitongole ekikuba Twelfth Amereka (Enzivvuunuzi y'Okukuba Ssaawo) kyakendeeza omuwendo gw'abantu abaatwalanga enzivvuunuzi z'amayumba nga bataano okutuuka ku bisatu. Enkyukakyuka eno yasobozesa okukuba akalulu era n'ekendeeza ku kabi ak'okukomyawo omuntu afudde. Ennyumba ekozesezza enkola eno emirundi ebiri gyokka okuva mu 1804: mu kulonda okwa 1824 ne 1876. Mu mirundi gyombi, Ennyumba yalonda pulezidenti eyabanga takkirizza ku ku akalulu oba okulonda abavwooti, okulaga engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okukuba akalulu.

Abakabakaba n’Abafuzi Abatalina Okukkiriza

Ekiragiro kino tekirina kye kyogera ku obanga abalonda balina okugoberera obululu obwagattibwa gavumenti. Okusirika kuno kwaleetawo okukaayana ku byasa bingi ku "Balonda abatakkiririza mu Katonda" — abalonde abawakanya obweyamo bwabwe. Amagavumenti mangi gaayisa amateeka agakkiriza abalonde okulonda ebivudde mu kulonda okw'enjawulo, naye ebigambo by'omu Mateeka biwa abalonde ku lukiiko olukulu okusalawo bokka. Kkooti enkulu yatongoza ekibuuzo kino mu [FLT]. Washington, nga ebitegeeza nti ebigambo bisobola okukakasiza abalonde oba okugoba oba okugoba abalonde abataali kukkiriza. [FG.FLT:2] Kkootikko yakko kikakasa nti ensonga ewabulimu eri wansi w'obuyinza ku nkola ey'e II. [FFF]

Ebisaanyizo by’Abo Abafuga Obukulembeze

Ebyetaagisa mu Lukiiko

Akatundu II, Ekitundu 1 k'eraga ebisaanyizo bisatu ebya nnamba. Munnabyabufuzi ateekwa okuba omutuuze ow'okuzaalibwa, atali wa myaka asatu mu ttaano, era n'omutuuze w'omu Amerika okumala emyaka nga kkumi na nkumi. Ebisaanyizo bino birabika nga byangu naye bireetawo ebibuuzo mu mateeka. Ebiwandiiko by'abantu abazaalibwa mu nsi eyo binoonyezebwa nnyo okusinga mu ngeri y'emu, naddala mu ngeri nti abaana abagenda okuzaalibwa bazaala bazadde ba Amereka. Akakiiko tekaateekawo mateeka annyonnyola oba nti omwana eyazaalibwa mu nsi endala mu butali nnukuta mu ngeri entegekebwa, oba nti kkooti ziresembe ng'okunnyonnyola amakulu g'ebigambo bwe biba nga bizzewo.

Zeyo emyaka aw'okutandika okukaayana. Abo ababa bagenda okutongoza baba basinga ku ekyo kye babadde balina. Kennedy eyali asingayo okuba omukulu yali John F. Kennedy ku makumi ana mu esatu, era nga ye muto ku abo abaafuuka ofiisi ye Theodore Roosevelt ku makumi ana mubiri oluvannyuma lw'okutemulwa kwa William McKinley. Ekyetaagisa ku bantu okubeera mu kifo ekyo kyetaagisa emyaka kkumi na gina okutuulamu mu Amerika, naye tekyogera oba nga oteekwa kuba ng'ojjuuzizza emyaka egyo.

Etteeka Erya Amakumi abiri

Mu 1951, ekitongole kino kyawandiikiddwako amakumi abiri n'ekitundu Amereka agaawebwawo, era ne kiwa aba pulezidenti enzivuunula ebbiri. Era kyongera okulaga nti omumyuka wa prezidenti adda mu kifo kya prezidenti era awerera ddala emyaka egisukka mu ebiri egy'okutongozebwako, ayinza okulondebwa omulundi gumu gwokka. Enkyukakyuka eno eyagoberezebwako Franklin D. Roosevelt's's mu nnaku ez'okuna ez'obukulembeze era n'eyo ey'obuyinza bw'enna. Enkyukakyuka eyo ekwata ku buyinza bw'abantu okulondebwa obukola ku mateeka. Mumyuka w'omumyuka wa prezida akolera mu myaka egisukka mu ebiri, bw'etawera, akkirizibwa okulonda ebigere eby'emyoyo gye giba nga gimu ku buggyibwa.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennamu n’Obutasiimibwa

Ekitundu 3 ku kifo 14 eky'ebbaluwa eweredde ddala mu kifo ekiba kitegekeddwa ekiwandiikiddwawo olukalala olw'okusiikiriza ekitongole kya gavumenti ekikola ku buwangwa bw'ekitongole ekya 14 ekiwandiikiddwawo, era ekiwagizi ne kyenyigidde ddala okuwagira tteeka lya ssemateeka ate oluvannyuma ne kyenyigira mu kujeemera Amerika. Kaweefube ono, nga yagendererwako omuntu eyasooka okumanyibwa mu abo abaaliko mu kunoonyereza okw'ekitongole kino, gye buvuddeko okujjuzibwa mu kiseera kya Jjanwali 6, 2021. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okuggyawo okulondebwa nga bavvugisizza ekisenge ekimu eky'emirundi ebiri. Obuweereza obw'okunoonyereza ku kiwandiikiro 3 bukkiriziddwa ku ku ku ku nkola y'okulonda akalulu ya Prezidaalibwa [[FL:1].

Etteeka Ery’Ekiseera n’Eby’Okusalawo

Olunaku lw'Okulonda

Ekiragiro kino tekissaawo lunaku lwe kilonda pulezidenti. Kkompyuta ewa olukusa okulonda abalonda n'olunaku lwe balonda. Akakiiko kataddewo Olunaku olw'okulonda nga lwakutaano nga lwakutaano nga lwakatandika mu mwezi gwa Noovemba 1845. Olunaku luno lutandika nga mu Noovemba 2 ne Noovemba 8, okulonda kukolebwa nga amakungula gamaze okugwa naye ng'obudde obw'obudde tebunnaba na mwaka gwa 193 bukyabalemesa kutandika kutambulira ku lukalala lwa Lawulo.

Gavumenti zisobola okussaawo essaawa ez'okulonda mu nkola eno. Kati eggwanga nnyingi ziwa abanoonyi b'okulonda n'okulonda, enkola ezikuutikirwa kkooti z'amateeka okulonda nga bwe zigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti. Amateeka obutassa kitiibwa ku nkola y'okulonda ziwa gavumenti eddembe lingi singa tegamenya bukuumi bwe bumu oba obukakafu obulala bwonna obuzikwata ku mateeka.

Olukuŋŋaana lw’Electoral College

Ekiragiro kilagira abalonde okusisinkana ku lunaku lwe lumu mu nsi yonna, Congress lwe yateekawo nga Balaza olusooka oluvannyuma lwa Lwokusatu mu Ddesemba. Olukuŋŋaana luno "Olweggulo" lubaawo mu buli kibuga ekikulu, so si mu kabaga k'eggwanga. Abakola olukalala lw'amapapula bakuba obululu bwa pulezidenti era omumyuka wa pulezidenti, olwo olulyo ne lutuusibwa ku Mukulembeze wa Ssemakati ga Amerika, ne ku bakungu ba gavumenti. Enkuŋŋaana ezaawule eza njawulo, so si ku lukuŋŋaana lw'eggwanga.

Kubalirira Engalo Eziba mu Bulamu

Olukiiko lw'Eduuka lwetaagisa Pulezidenti w'Olukiiko olukulu okuggulawo era n'okubala obululu bwa lukiiko lw'eggwanga nga wabaawo akalulu. Olukiiko luno lugatta wamu na bonna babaawo nga Jjanwali 6 nga bagoberera okulonda okwakolebwa mu 1887 nga Electoral Count Act, nga bwe kyakyusibwa ekiteetwa n'Electoral Count Reformation Act mu 2022. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga afuga omulimu gw'okulonda era alina emirimu gy'obuweereza gyokka. Enkyukakyuka eno eya 20222 yamanyisa nti omulimu gwa Pulezidenti wa Pulezidenti mu kifo kya Pulezidenti kya Bukulembeze w'eggwanga gulina okumalirizibwa mukibwa nga 2020.

Ku Lunaku lw’Okukuza Engoye

Ekitongole ekirongoosaamu Twentieth Amendment (Empeereze) ekyakkirizibwa mu 1933, kyasalawo nti olunaku olw'okukyusaamu ku lunaku olwo, okuva nga Maaki 4 okutuuka Jjanwali 20. Enkyukakyuka eno yakendeeza ekiseera ekiwanvu eky'obunnya wakati w'okulonda okwa Noovemba n'okutandika kw'ekigambo ekippya. Enkyukakyuka era ewa kawere n'ekikola nti singa omukulembeze afa nga tannafuuka mukulembeze, omumyuka w'omukulembeze w'ekitongole yalondebwa okuva ku Inugrali, era nga yennyini y'alondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'obukulembeze okutuusa nga pulezidenti amaze okumalibwa. Enteekateeka zino zikakasa nti obukulembeze bw'abalabirizizza obukulu.

Ebifo Ebiba Bikoleddwa mu Lukiiko n’Enkaayana Ze Bisalibwawo

Kubalirira era ne Buwabuzi

Mu mateeka ga gavumenti, ekitongole Electoral Count Reform Act ekya 2022 kyakomya nnyo enkola ey'okukuba obululu n'okugonjoola obutakkaanya. Mu mpandiika y'akawumbi aka bulijjo, ekirabya obululu bwa gavumenti kirina okukkirizibwa nga waakiri ekitundu kimu ku kimu ku kimu eky'abantu abali ku Nnyumba ne Lukiiko Olukulu — olusinga n'ekisaanyizo ekyasooka eky'omu ku buli kitundu okulonda n'okugonjola enkaaya. Okugaana okwo kuleetawo okukubagambira okumala essaawa bbiri, nga zigobererwa obululu obuli mu buli kisenge. Amayumba gombi galina okukkirizibwa okusobola okukiziyiza okuwangula. Kino kyabalwa nti enkola ey'okwekenne yekka mu ku mizannyo gibali.

Ebirowoozo Ebiyinza Okukolebwa mu Nnyumba

Omuntu bw'atafuna kalulu asinga okulondebwa, Amerekale galagira House of Svices okulonda pulezidenti. Ennyumba elondebwa abatuuze ba gavumenti, ng'etongoza gavumenti emu okulonda abantu bonna ka kibe nti abantu bonna balina kaakati. Okusalawo kuno kukyoboola buzibu bwa gavumenti ennene era kukyongera amaanyi g'eby'amasaza amatono. Omuteesitenzi oyo alina okulonda ababaka abasinga obungi — nga 20 mu mukaaga ku bannannyini abalabiri abalambe abafuga — okuwangula. Ennyumba ekoze enkola eno emirundi ebiri: mu 1801 ne 1825.

Omulimu gwa Kkooti Enkulu

Ekiragiro kino tekikola nga kookolo mu butongole bwa prezidenti, naye kkooti ewa kalonda waakiri nti wabaddewo obutakkaanya bungi obukwata ku kulonda. Kkooti yasalawo okulonda okwa 2000 kwa pulezidenti muBush v. Gore, okukoma ku Ssemateeka olukalala lwa Florida era n'okuwanyiriza obukulembeze George W. Bush. Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti etegeeza abalonde abateefiira ku kukkiriza mu .Chiafalo v. Washington era ne Ressolutionssssssssss tracted Reucriver mu [FFoct:] v. Kkooticenseromenti enzik'. Kkootikkootikko. Enkola y'ensonga enkulusaze ya Kko

Okukyusa Amateeka ku Kintu ky’Okulonda Prezida

Enkyukakyuka eziwerako ezikoleddwa mu mateeka zigaziyizza era ne zirongoosa okulonda kwa prezidenti okusukka ku nkola eyasooka. Enkyukakyuka zino zireetera eggwanga okukitegeera nti demokulase, okwenkanankana, n'eggwanga.

  • [[NKULULA]] [-Emitemere ey'ekkumi n'ebiri (1804) — okulonda okwawuluddwawo kwa pulezidenti era n'omumyuka wa pulezidenti, okulongoosebwa kw'ebiwandikiro kukyusa enkola y'okulondamu.
  • [[AKMENTI] [[Act:0] [-INKULA] [[NKULA]] — okusosola mu langi kwaviirako obusosoze mu langi okukolebwa okumala ebbanga lya myaka nga kikumi.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Emperamyamyanti (1913)] — Yakolerwa okulonda Abatuuze abaawerera ddala nga bakuba akalulu, ne kiba nti ne kakola akawayiro akalagira akakiiko ka prezidenti tekalina kifo kya maanyi kye kakolawo ku kulonda.
  • [[NKULULA] [-INKULA] [1920] [[[AGUMENTI]] — kikusiikiriza abakazi, kikubisaamu kaweefube ow'okulonda n'okuzza obuyisi mu nkola ya pulezidenti.
  • [[Act:0] .Activement of the translatement (1933)[[O]] — 'Olunaku olw'okutongozaamu (Olunyiriri 1) lwe kyategekebwa okuva mu Jjanwali 20 era ne kitandika okukola nga wakyayo enkola ez'okukyusa ebiva mu nkola.
  • [[Act:0] 'Akasaze'' - 'Second Amendment Amerekation' (1851)[ — Ba prezidenti be baawunzi ez'empandika n'ebiri, nga byeyongerako mu nkola eza bulijjo.
  • 'Ty-Third Amend Amendment' (1961)] — obululu obwatongozebwa ku disitulikiti ey'e Columbia, obuwagizi obwa kampuni y'eggwanga, obukisiddwa abatuuze mu kitebe ekikulu eky'eggwanga nga buliko akalago ka prezidenti.
  • 'Fourth Amendment' (1964)] — okulonda mu ngeri ey'okulondamu ku nsonga, okuggyako obululu obusobola okulemesa abatuuze okufuna bye baagala, naddala mu masaza g'ebukiikaddyo.
  • [[Act:0] Entegeka eyasembayo mu bumpisa bw'amala ku kiragiro eky'okulonda (71)] — Yagatta emyaka gy'okulonda ne giweza emyaka 18 egy'obuto n'egyo egyandimu abavubuka abasobola okulondebwa nga batuuse mu magye.

Enkyukakyuka zino zonna zaakyusa okulonda kwa prezidenti okuva ku nkola ya demokulase eya bulijjo n'efuuka enkola ya demokulase. Buli lwe zitereezebwa zatereeza ensobi mu sistemu eyasooka, wadde nga wabaawo enkaayana ezikwata ku nkyukakyuka endala zeeyongera.

Ensonga Ezikwata ku Mateeka n’Etteeka

Electoral College Ekyusa Endowooza

Electoral College ekyakyasingidde okukuba obukuubagano ku nkola y'okulonda pulezidenti. Abawakanyi bagiwayanya nti kisobozesa amawanga amatono okuwangula obukulembeze nga tebawangudde kulonda mu kulonda, era n'okuteeka essira ku butundu obutono obugikubisaamu. Abawagizi bagiwagidde okukuuma gavumenti, okuziyiza okufugibwa kw'ensi emu, era n'okukubiriza okukolagana n'obumu okuyita mu bintu ebitali bimu. Akatundu k'amateeka ka V kasobozesa okuggyawo kokka akalulu ka Electoral College, ne kekka ke kasobozesa okusalawo akalulu ak'emirundi ebiri emirundi esatu mu bikumi n'ebiro byombi.

National Popular Vote Interstate Company likiikirira enkola endala. Ebitundu byonna ebigattidwa biwa obululu bwonna obutegekebwa omuntu awangula obululu obw'eggwanga, naye bumbe awamu kwokka gye kibeera nga gavumenti ezikiikirira obululu nga 270 obukola nga 270. Mu 2025, ebiwagirwa mu kalulu 209 biwagidde okugatta awamu, ne kiviirako okugattibwa kwa bannannyini okukolebwa. Abayivugibwa mu mateeka bawakanya etteeka erikwataganya endagaano oba etteeka eririfuga amateeka.

Okubeera Omugolokofu era n’Okusalawo

Ekiragiro kino kisigira ekitongole okulonda ebisaanyizo ebisinziirwako ennyo mu ggwanga eryo, nga kifugibwa enkola ya gavumenti okuwera okusosoosa. Eggwanga lissaawo ebisaanyizo ebifuga okulonda abantu abaagalwa, enkola ey'okwewandiisa, n'amateeka agafuga enkola ez'okulonda. Amateeka gano gataddewo okuzifuula okuba nga gagugu ennyo oba nga gawagidde oba nga tegaagala kulonda. Kkooti enkulu ewagidde amateeka agabawandikidde abantu obupindu bwa maanyi. Kkooti eyo esalawo mu Shelby County. Lady[ (2013) yakuba wansi w'obuyinza obukkirizisa eddembe okulonda eddembe ly'okulonda olukalala, era n'okukkiririzaamu amateeka agakkirizibwa mu ku ku ku nkyukakyuka mu mateeka agava mu ku ku ku ku ku kulonda, ebigobeetwadde ne ku kko, ebikkobera mu kko. Kino kiwayusizza ektongole ekigobe ky'okuvvumba obutongole eky'okuvvuulira aka aka aka

Engeri y’Okutuukamu n’Emizannyo Egyathyathyasa

Ekiragiro kino tekiwa ba pulezidenti ka 'LW' ekirango'. Ate era kissaawo ebisaanyizo nga mw'otwalidde n'okusasulira ekiwandiiko oba okusasulira ekiwandiiko. Kkooti enkulu ya gavumenti ewandikiddwa nti eyinza okuteekawo ebiwandiiko ebikkirizibwa okutuukiriza ebigendererwa bya gavumenti, gamba ng'okuziyiza obufunvu obukkirizibwa mu bantu n'okukakasa abo ababa bagenda okulondebwa okuba bawagirwa, naye byetaagibwa ebizitowaanyi ebimala mu kiseera kino biyinza okumenya amateeka ga K'ebitundu ebisooka n'ak'aw'okukyusa ebitongole ebirala. Ebitongole by'eddwawo ku mateeka bireeteebuzi ebikola obunene, nga bwe bityongerimu ku sinnabiina ebibawandikiddwa mu lukalala. Ebitongole ebikola etteeka kireeteetakkirizibwa okutandikawo okukkirizibwa mu ku kuyingira mu kuyingira mu n'okukkirira kisenge.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kissaawo enkola ekwatagana bulungi n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu kulonda pulezidenti. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa enzivuunula za demokulase kkumi na bbiri, okukyusiza ddala amateeka ga gavumenti, n'okusala emisango. Enkola eyava mu mpandiika zino ez'amateeka eraga nti abalonde bassawo eby'obufuzi, obuyinza bwa gavumenti, n'okuvunaanyizibwa mu bannakyewa, ate era ne ziteekebwamu emitindo gya demokulase egyajjawo mu byasa bibiri. Okutegeera nti tteeka lino kye ligamba ku kulonda kwa prezidenteeba kukwetaagisa okusoosa okusukka mu mateeka amatuufu, kikwetaagisa okutunuulira ebigere eby'enkola y'eggwanga mu 1787.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku ntegeka ya graudient eya Ppulintanti, weekebere National Archives' and Electoral College ebikongojjedwa mu nkola ya departemation ne Control Contatement's Catagement of Article II[.