Ekitandika: Etteeka Likwata ku Buyinza

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abaami okufuna eby'okukozesa eby'okukuuma obutebenkevu mu kifo kimu naye nga bassaawo enyinza mu kiseera kye kimu ne bateeka ekkomo ku tteeka erina okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Empango zino tezikoma ku buli kimu; zikyuka okuyitira mu mateeka, okusala amateeka, n'okusuubira okugobererwa. Okutegeera amaanyi agagasiddwawo n'ebigereke bya gavumenti, ne kkomo lyago, bikulu nnyo eri abakugu mu kukwata amateeka, era ne ku bantu bonna. Ekitundu kino kiwandiika ebiwandiiko ku kikuutila ky'obuyinza, okunoonyereza, n'okukuba ebiwago, n'okulagirira ab'obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza, n'okutuukiriza emitindo gy'okusasula ebiteemitindo egyo.

Entebe y’Etteeka ey’Obuyinza bwa Poliisi

Ekiragiro ekifuga etteeka lya Amerika kiri mu mateeka ga gavumenti ga Amerika, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe. Wadde nga Amateeka ga Bunyisibwa tegatandikawo bitongole bya poliisi, gateeka kkomo ku nsalo eziba ziteekeddwawo abazannyi bonna ba gavumenti nga(*) nga mw'otwalidde n'okugobereza obukwasiddwa bw'amateeka okuddukanya. Enzijiji z'amateeka ez'Ekkumi n'omukaaga zigaana omuntu okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa. Zigamba nti omuntu yenna okubeesamba oba okukajjala olw'ensonga ze, mu mbeera enjereere, ekiteekekwateso. Ekiragiro kya 147 kikuuma obuteesobozi n'obutebenkevu, nga kikakasa nti abantu tebayinza kwewalibwa kwewaliriza bokka bokka. Ekiteeso eky'omukaaga eky'omukaaga mu mukaaga mukaaga kikakasa nti ensonga n'okulumizibwa mu nsonga ezikolebwa abakungufuzesebwa abawandigga zza ebiba bisaanyizoyitibwa mu ggwanga eri ekitundu eky'omu kitundu.

Ekiragiro kino tekikola nga magezi ga bukwasiddwa; era kikolera ku mateeka agafuga ebweru w'empandika, obujulizi obufunibwa mu kumenyebwa kw'obusobozi buno obuva mu kukozesa eddembe eryo mu kugezesa ([[FL:0]]] Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643]). Okugatta ku ekyo, obubonero obuwagizi bwa gavumenti wansi wa 42 U.S.C. mu 1983 buwandikiro obuwandikiro obuwa obujja abantu abalina eddembe erya mu mateeka nga limenyebwa amateeka. Kino kiva ku nkola enkola ya polimu mu mateeka era nga buli muntu alina okunoonyereza ku nsonga n'ebiyinza okuva mu mwaka gwa 1983.

Okukwatibwa: Ebintu Ebisobola Okuggibwawo n’Okusibibwa

Amaanyi ag'okukwata ge kimu ku bintu ebisingayo okulabika era ebikola ku nkola z'amateeka. Kyokka, si buli kigambo ekisibibwa kye kiba nga kiwandikiddwa. Kkooti okwawulawo wakati w'okukwatibwa, ekiyinza okuleetera omuntu okukwatibwa, n'okulekera awo okulabibwa. Enjawulo ereetebwawo mu Terry v. Ohio U.S. 1, 1968], zikkiriza abakungu okusitula abawabuzi okusiiga omuntu okumala akabanga katono, era ne babaako bye basalawo, ebiba nga birina kulaga nti omumenyi w'amateeka alina obutuufu.

Ensonga Entuufu: Emitindo gya Zaabu

Ensonga eyinza okugeraageranyizibwa y'eyo abasirikale abamanyi ebituufu n'embeera eziyinza okuleetera omuntu okulowooza nti obumenyi bw'amateeka bwabaddewo, bwali, oba nti bujja kukolebwa. Mukitundu kino, omusirikale bw'asinziira ku mbeera z'aba aliwo, asalawo nti atunda ebiragalalagala, oba nti waliwo obujulizi obusobola okuleetera omuntu okukwatibwa. Obuwanguzi obuva eri akafundikwa busingako buleetera omupakasi okweyongera okunyweza okunywerera ku mateeka mu mateeka ag'okukwatibwa, wadde ng'okukwatibwa kuyinza okukolebwa awatali bukakafu singa wabaawo ensonga n'embeera teziriimu.

Okubba: Ekintu Ekitono Ekiyinza Okukolebwa

Endowooza eyo si ntuufu, naye tekyetaagisa kubaako ky'ekolawo kyokka. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza abakungu okuyimirira n'okuteebereza omuntu obanga alina ensonga kwe kisinziira okukkiriza nti omuntu alina emmutte era nga wa kabi. Enjigiriza eno yombi etendekeddwa olw'okusobozesa omufuzi okukubaako obupoliisi era n'okuvumirira obusobozi bwe busobola okuleetera abantu okulonda enkula ey'enkula y'ennimi. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu U.S. yeeyongedde okutereeza ensalo, ne k'ekiragiro ekyo nga kikutte ekifo, oba enneeyisa yaabwe ey'emisana gisobola okukireetera okunoonyereza ([[[FLT:]]]],[FLT1], 5,28],[2]]]

Okunoonya n’Okukyusa Obulamu Bwo: Etteeka Erikwata ku Kulwanyisa Obulyi bw’Enzikiriza n’Enjawulo Embi

Ekitongole ekyo kyagamba nti: “Obwetaavu bw'abantu okuba n'obukuumi mu bantu baabwe, mu mayumba, mu mpapula ne mu biwandiike, nga banoonya abantu mu ngeri etali ya magezi.

Ekimu ku Bisinga Okukolebwa ku Kseera Ekitannaba Kusalibwawo

Kkooti enkulu ekola ebintu bingi ebikkiriza abantu okunoonya awatali bukakafu.

  • [[NKUMBO]] Kkonsole:[[[KATANDIKWA:1] Singa omuntu akkiriza kyeyagalire okunoonyereza, tewali kiragiro kyonna kyetaagisa. Okusemba okwo kuteekwa kuweebwa ku bwereere, so si kukakasibwa, era kuyinza kusaanyizibwawo mu kiseera kyonna.
  • Embeera eziba tezisobola kumanyibwa: Singa wabaawo akabenje, oba singa omuntu yenna anoonya munne mu bwangu nga tasoose kukitegeera, abakungu bayinza okuyingira n'okunoonyabuddabumbula awatali bukwasiddwa ([][FLT]] v. Kabaka]], .63]
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Bw'omala okukwatibwa, abakungu bayinza okusemba omuntu n'ebitundu bye bayinza okuteekamu mu bwangu okukakasa nti abakungu bakuumi bakuuma obujulizi obuba bulaga nti tewali kabi konna kajja kubatuukako. Kisimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 1969).
  • [[AKYONGERA:0] Endowooza ento entuufu:[[AK'AWULA] Singa omukungu akkirizibwa era n'alaba obujulizi obulaga omusango nga tonnaba kuzuusibwa, obujulizi obwo busobola okuwaanibwa nga tewali bukakafu bulaga nti omusango guzze.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Ekirala kiyinza okusaasaanyizibwawo mu kifo eky'okwerinda: ne kiremedwa okulaba obanga waliwo ekiwandikiro bwe kiba nga kiriko obukakafu obulaga nti obumenyi bw'amateeka buliwo, olw'entambula yabwo ekikola ku kompyuta n'olw'okwesunga obubasookebwa obwa kompyuta (]Croll v. United States, 267 U.S 132, 1925).

Abo ababa bakoze ebintu ng’ebyo, batera okusalirwa omusango, era abakungu bateekwa okutendekebwa okutegeera ddi lwe kyetaagisa okuwa ekiragiro era singa wabaawo ensonga eba ekoleddwa ne bagikwatako.

Okukozesa Amafuta: Emitindo gy’Empisa y’Eby’Amateeka n’Eby’Obufuzi mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Ekiragiro kino kikebera engeri abaami gye bakuumamu amateeka mu ngeri gye bakozesaamu amaanyi. Ebitundu ebigereke eby'amateeka gye bisobola okulaba nti abakungu bakuuma eddembe lyabwe ery'okwerinda n'ery'abantu bonna eritabakolako. Omutindo ogukwata ku kunoonyereza ku maanyi agasingawo mu nteekateeka ey'okubiri ogwateekebwawo mu Graham v. Connor[[FL:1] [490 U.S. 386, 1989]: kooti erina okukebera obanga ebikolwa bya bakungu abo baali “ba batuufu” mu ngeri eyolekamu ensonga n'embeera nga bagoberedde agoberedde ddala abasirikale abo.

Ensonga Ezituyamba Okusigala nga Tuli Bakakanyavu

[[NKULA]] Okusalawo okw'amaanyi kwayoleka ensonga eziwerako: obunene bw'obumenyi bw'amateeka, ka kibe nti omulabi ateeka obulamu bw'abambowa oba abantu abalala mu kabi ak'okuteeberezebwa, era oba nga ateebereza nti afuba nnyo okuziyiza okukwatibwa oba okugeekutula ku bubuuka. N'olwekyo, ekirowoozo kino kya maanyi kiteekwa okusalirwa omusango nga kisinziira ku musirikale omutegesi atalina ndowooza nnungi, so si ku ngeri y'obusobozi obw'enkuse. “Okaseera obwa bulijjo buwayitibwa obwa nnamba oba obwa bulijjo buwayitiddwa mu ngeri ey'okukwata oba obutakwata abambo. Wabula tebukkiriza bakungu abo ababukozesa mu ngeri ey'obuzibu okubudduka nga badduka ([FLT:]) okutunula mu v[FFFF], nga kuganyula empiko y'entu.

Obumu n’Ebisaanyizo Byabwo

Ebisaanyizo by'okukuuma obulyi bw'amateeka biyamba abakungu ba gavumenti okutaasa abapoliisi okusobola okuwangula ebibi ebibavunaanibwa okuggyako nga baanyiize “masaza oba eddembe erya bulijjo eryateekebwawo”. Abakugu bawaayiriza nti okukwatibwa kw'amateeka kuleetedde abakungu okukaluubirirwa ennyo olw'amaanyi, ne mu buli nsonga. Abawagizi bago bakuuma abaami obutatwalibwa mu kkooti ez'amaanyi era ne babaleka okukola emirimu gyabwe nga tebatya kukwatibwa. Enkaayaalwano ku abo abalina ebisaanyizo teyenkanankana. Enkaalukujjuko z'okuziyiza ebizingirwamu, nazo zeeyongedde nnyo mu myaka egyakayita gye buvuddeko awo, era n'empakalu eyo mu ngeri y'okusoomooza enjigiriza ([FLD:0], eg. [FF1][3]]

Amaanyi g’Amaanyi mu Kiseera eky’Okuti

Enkulaakulana mu by'obukugu eyongerezza obukugu mu kukwata amateeka okumanya engeri abantu gye bayinza okukwatibwako.

Enjigiriza ey’Okusatu n’Endowooza Yayo

Mu buwangwa, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abantu kinnoomu tebasuubira kufuna bumanyisi mu bubaka nga bali bokka, gamba nga kampuni z'amasimu oba banka (Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S.735, 1979). Enjigiriza eno yakkiriza edda abapoliisi okufuna olukalala lw'obuwandiike obwa buli kika aw'ennukko awatali bukakafu. Kyokka, mu Carbitending v. United States[FLT][5][FLT] [5] [5] U.S.P.6, 2018], Kkooti yakikkiriza nti omuwendo gwa poli w'obuyigirize mu bitundu by'obutoffanyi obusukka mu myaka mingi oba nga 298]

Emitendera gya Kompyuta n’Omutego gw’Okukuba Amasannyalaze

Okukebera emikutu gy'empuliziganya ku kompyuta, gamba ng'okukubira amasimu, enyanta, oba obubaka bwa mmesegi, bikuumibwa nnyo n'ekiragiro kya FINC (18 U.S.U. 2510-2523). Abakwasisa amateeka bateekwa okufuna ebiragiro okusinziira ku nsonga nti obuwumbi bw'entambula busobola okuzuula ebibi, nga businziira ku nkola y'obubonero obuba butategekebwa, obubaliddemu, obuba nga obumenyi bw'amateeka bwe bulaga nti obumenyi bw'amasimu, obubalidde mu ngeri y'emu, ekiragiro kino kituukiriza ebiragiro ebiba bya kireetebwawo.

Enkola ya tekinologiya ey'okulabirako ebireetebwawo by'enkola ereetera abantu abatono okunenyezebwa olw'enkyukakyuka ez'enkan'awo zookereza. Ekitongole kiteekwa okuteekawo enkola ezikakasa nti amateeka n'obulabirizi bituukana bulungi n'empandika ya 'LUCU] ACLU SHUIllance Resources[).

Obunafu n’Obukuumi Obusobola Okubuuzibwa

Obulagirizi bulagira abakwasi b’amateeka okuba n’obuyinza ku buli kimu, kubanga bukozesebwa mu ngeri eremesa abantu okuyisa obubi bannaabwe, era buyamba abantu obuteesiga balala.

Obulabirizi Obwali munda n’Obw’Omunda

Ebitongole bya poliisi ebisinga obungi birina ebitongole ebinoonyereza ku mpisa embi ez'omunda naye nga binoonyerezezza ebikyamu ebireetebwawo ku buwambe obw'okwefuga. Kyokka, okutuuka ku buwanguzi mu ngeri ereetera obukiiko obukola eby'okwejjukanya obusirikale mu bitundu bingi.'obupapula buno, obuyinza okuba nga bukola ku bukwasi oba nga buli muntu ku buyinza, buwa embalirira ku buwaze ku bikwata ku ku kulondoo.

Ekiragiro ky’Obwesigwa n’Okukkiriza Obukkiriza Obukulembeze

Abantu abalina eddembe erimenyebwa bakkirizibwa okusalirwa omusango wansi w'amateeka agafuga ekitongole kya Chicago 1983 oba ssemateeka. Okugatta ku ekyo, ekitongole ekikola ku misango egikwata ku nsonga z'eby'obugwenyufu era bwe kizuulibwa, ebiragiro ebikakasibwa ebikkiriza enkyukakyuka ezimu okukolebwa. Ebyokulabirako ebiyinza okukkirizibwa bizingiramu amateeka agakkiriza enkola y'ekitongole kya Baltimore City Police ne Kitongole kya Poliisi mu Chicago, ebiyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka mu ku ntegeka y'obwewandisizza, okutendeka, n'okugobeewala n'okugoberezebwa mu bantu.

Wano omwagambo ogufuga omubiri n'okutaangaala

Kamera ez'omu mubiri zisobola okukozesebwa okuwozesa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukikulira. Abawagizi bagamba nti, 'BWC' beeyongedde okulabirako, okukendeeza okwemulugunya, era kiyamba n'okulongoosa empisa ku njuyi zombi. Obuzibu mu mateeka buzzewo ku nsonga ezikwata ku kyama oba ez'obujulizi, era ne ku kiseera omuntu lw'aba afiiriddwa omuntu n'omuntu we yeefiirizza, era ne ku ddi lw'awukanya lwe kiyinza obutakkirizibwa kuweebwa bantu. Gavumenti nnyingi zitaddewo amateeka agafuga enkola ya BWC nga mw'otwalidde ne kamera bwe kiba nga kiteekwa okuwereza era n'ekiseera ekiwanvu ekiteekwa okuteekako obuyimba (NS BONS-Wormagest Literation[FF1]]).

Okuyungibwa mu by’Eby’Omu Mateeka: Enkyukakyuka n’Enkaayana Ebyakabaawo

Entegeka z'okukwasisa amateeka tezikola ku kigero ekitannamanyibwa. Mu biwandiike eby'amaanyi ebikwata ku ttemu era nga kyetaagisa okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola za poliisi, amasosiyero ne kkooti ze ddamu okwekenneenya engoye ezimu. Gavumenti ezimu zeeyongedde okussaako enkola ey'okukomya omulimu n'okuteeka mu nkola; ezimu zigaanye oba enkola ezimu nga tezirina kkosebwa zikkirizibwa.

Wadde nga tewannabaawo mateeka ga police, okuteesa nga George Floyd Justice mu Kikolwa kya Policing kubadde kugezaako okuziyiza obusobozi obutuufu bw'okulwanyisa endwadde, okuragira alipoota ezikwata ku kukozesa amaanyi, n'okuteekawo emitindo gy'eggwanga egikwata ku nkola za poliisi. Wadde nga tewannabaawo mateeka ga gavumenti, akakaanyi konna keeyongera ku nkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'ensi. Kkooti enkulu era ekozese emisango egisobola okukyusiza ddala obusobozi bw'okwerinda obutuufu n'obuyinza bwa poliisi okukebera ebiddukanya by'amasimu oba amasimu.

Ebibinja ebikola enkola ey'amaanyi mu nkyukakyuka eno ey'enkyukakyuka, nga bawaliriza bannassaayansi okwongera okulabirirwa. Amateeka gaago ga maanyi ng'okugagoberera. Okutendekebwa okusobola okukuuma amateeka ku mateeka, obusosoze obw'enkomeredde, n'obuzibu obw'amaanyi bye bisaanidde okukolebwako mu ngeri ey'obuvunaanyizibwa.

fundikira

Entegeka y'amateeka okusobola okukuuma obuwanguzi n'okukugira eddembe lya bantu. Okuva ku bukuumi obw'okuna obw'okukyusa mu kifo eky'okudda ku mateeka n'okussa mu nkola enzivuunvu, buli maanyi galina kye gateganira. Okutegeera emisingi gino si kikulu eri abakugu abakwasisa amateeka abateekwa okugikozesa mu kukuuma eddembe lya bantu kinnoomu era n'okukuuma eddembe lyabwe mu maaso. Tekinologiya gye yeeyongera okumanyisa era n'okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku nkola y'obutuuze, era n'ensonga z'ebyamateeka bye bikola mu ngeri esingayo okusobozesa abakungu okugobeesa obulungi obutakozesa obubi obuyinza n'abo ababeera mu nsi.