Etteeka Eriri mu Mateeka Erikwata ku Ngeri Ennyo Ezitawalirizibwa

Ekitongole ekifuga etteeka erikirimu ekiwandiikiddwa mu Amerika, kyalangirira nti “Konsole teriikugira tteeka liragira bantu kwogera.” Ekirango kino kimu kifuuse omusingi gwa demokulase mu Amereka, era kikuuma enjogera okuva ku kwekalakaanya okw'eby'obufuzi okutuuka ku kutonda okw'obulungi. Kyokka, ekiwandiiko si nga bwe kibalabikira ddala. Ebika bya mirundi ebiri eby'okunnyonnyola amakulu g'ebigambo ebiba biguddewo ku nsonga, ebisengekedwa bulungi mu ngeri empandika z'olulimi [[[FLT:]] obukuumi obwa tteeka obwa bulijjo. Okutegeera ekkomo lino lyago kkulu nnyo okusobola okutegeera ekifo eky'enkumbo obutuufu eky'okweraga era n'embeera ey'enkomeredde mu bantu kinnoomu.

Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola bulungi amateeka agafuga olulimi mu Amerika, era kinnyonnyola engeri gye gayinza okukolebwamu, engeri ebigambo ebitali bya kutegeera, n’enkizo ez’amaanyi ezijjawo mu kiseera kino.

Enjigiriza Entuufu Ekwata ku Kukozesa Obugambo

Entegeera y'ennamba z'obuntu teyateekebwawo mu kiseera kye kimu. Amateeka ga Amereka ag'edda, nga gagoberera etteeka lya Bangereza abangi, gaakkiriza okutongoza gavumenti olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Ekikolwa eky'okukwata emiwendo gy'ennimi nga ekyakolebwa mu 1798, ng'ekyokulabirako, kyakolebwa nga “byobulimba, ebiswaza, era eby'obukyayi n'ebyolekavu,". Ebiragiro ebiba bikontana ne gavumenti y'ensi eno, obukyayinjabi obuba obulaga nti ebiwandiiko byayo ebyasooka okugattira ku kukka wansi w'olulimi lwe biwandiikibwa.

Ebyafaayo Okuva mu Kyasa Ekyamakumi Abiri Ekyasooka

Kkooti enkulu yatandika okukoma ku ddembe ery'okwogera mu kiseera kya Ssematalo I. [FLT]Scheck v. United States [1919]] lutandika okusala oluwayi lw'obwannakyewa. Charles Schenck agaba biwandiiko ebikubiriza okugaana abawandisewaandiisi; Kkooti yanyweza okukkiriza kwe, ne Kkookolo Kko nga Kkooti Kko n'o Kkookko n'ok'oka Kkok'ok'ok'ok'ok'ok'okako.[FLT:][FLT][FLD] [19]] era n'akaw'okukukkiriza. Holmess yawandiika nti ebigambo ebiyinza okuzigibwa singa bikolebwa “kusobozesa okuleetako ekikyamu ekiyinza okukiikibwa ekibanyirira mu t" ekigamba ekigamba ekigamba ekigamba nti ekituufu.

Emyezi mitono oluvannyuma lwa scheck, kkooti yasalawo [FLT]][[FLT]] Amls v. United States [19]] , ekyali kizingiramu obupapula obuyita U.S'. bye byasalawo okuziyiza U.S. ebiba bikkiriziddwa. Abasinga obungi baawagira enzikiriza, Justi Holmes n'eggulo yakireetera okwewo oludda olumu olw'amaanyi, nga bagezaako nti “okugezesa amazima ge maanyi agakkirizibwa mu mpaka z'amaduuka.”[FLT] Endowooza zino:[FLT][FLY][F][FLY][5] Empalatego]

Emitindo Egikwata ku Kubuulira

The “clear and present danger” test proved difficult to apply consistently. For decades, courts sometimes allowed restrictions on speech that merely advocated for unlawful acts, without requiring an imminent threat. The turning point came with Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). Clarence Brandenburg, a Ku Klux Klan leader, had made a speech at a rally that included racist remarks and vague threats. The Court overturned his conviction, establishing the modern incitement test: speech can be punished only if it is “directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action” and is “likely to incite or produce such action.” This high bar protects virtually all abstract advocacy of violence or illegal conduct, no matter how repugnant, unless it crosses the line into active, immediate provocation.

Ebika by’Okwogera mu Ngeri Etasaana: Ebintu Bigenda Biggwaawo

Kkooti enkulu ekiraze nti “enjogera entonotono etwalibwa ng’ennyangu okutegeera amazima” era teweebwa bukuumi bwonna ku by'okufuga mu ngeri eyoleka enneekusifu. ebibinja bino bimanyiddwa bulungi, era kooti ezze era nga tekuumibwa kumalawo bizibu ebirala.

Obubi

California , ekiragiro eky'omulembe kisalawo nti amateeka ag'okwogera tegalina kye gakola. Ekigezo eky'omu kiseera kino kiva mu [[[NT:0][[KIT:1]]Miller v. California[[KIGEE]], ekikozesezza obuwayiro obusingasatu obufuga empandika:

  1. Omuntu yenna bw’akolera ku mitindo gy’omu kitundu kino, omulimu ogwo ka gube nga gutwalibwa ng’ogw’enjawulo, gusikiriza abantu abagwenyufu oba abatayagala kwetaba.
  2. Ka kibe nti omulimu ogwo gulaga oba gukyogerako, mu ngeri ey’obukambwe, empisa ez’okwetaba zinnyonnyolwa butereevu mu mateeka g’ensi agakola.
  3. Ka kibe nti ebigambo byonna byagobererwa, nga tebiriimu mugaso gwonna mu mirimu egya bulijjo, oba nga tebirimu bifaananyi bya nukuta, bya bufuzi, oba bya sayansi (ekipimo []SLAPS[]).

Omuntu ow'okusatu bw'aba ow'okumanyibwa, aba agoberera awandibadde emitindo gy'abantu egy'omu kitundu, nga akakasizza nti omulimu gukola guba gwa nkomeredde ne bwe guba nga gunyiiza enneewulira z'abantu ab'omu kitundu. Ebintu ebisobedde ebiwerako ebisatu eby'ebivaamu biyinza okuwerebwa. Naye kentu kako kako kakonge kano kabadde nga kekasezza obubwegabo ebintu eby'obuswavu mu maka ([]Sley v. Georgia, 1969) nga kiresezza omulimu okubugattirwa ku bbubonero oba okubugulwa mu lujjudde.

Obumenyi bw’Ebikolwa eby’Obulimba: Okuwaayiriza n’Okutaasa

Nfugeerako.[[FLT] .[FLT] Kino kitegeeza nti ebigambo eby'obulimba byalumya erinnya ly'omuntu, era nga tebibadde bikuumibwa.[FLT][NKULU].[[[FLT:]][1944]] [1944]] [194], olukiiko olusooka lwakkiriza nti abakungu ba gavumenti tebayinza kuzzaawo kabonero akalaga nti ekivume kikoleddwa okufeebeezebwa okuggyako nga baakakasizza nti ebigambo bino biwandikiddwa [[[FLT:]][FLT][5]].[5]]]] Okumanya nti kyali kya bulimba oba nti tekifaayo ku mazima. Kyokka, amateeka ago gaakulaagibwa ku nsonga eyo tegasaamu. Ebiba eby'omutiibwa bya bulijjo bisobola okumanyibwa mu ngeri entuufu ey'okumanyisaamu. [FF:]

Okukubiriza n’Okulwanyisa Ebigambo

Nga bwe kyalagibwa, okukubiriza kw'ensonga kuteekwa okukola ekikolwa ekitali kya mateeka ekiyinza okukolebwa. Naye era ekyo tekikkirizibwa. Kkooti eno tebaddeko na bigambo bitali bimu ebirabika ng'ebyo, nga mwe muli n'ebyobufuzi, gamba ng'ebyo eby'okulambika. [FLT:][FLTs v. United States [[69] [FLT], , 18-yalugulimu n'obukulembedde ku kikulembedde mu kitongole ekiwakanya entalo. “Bwe kiba nti , omuntu asoose ayagala okufuna emmu gye nfuna mu ebyo bye nlaba.[B]

Ebigambo ebitandika kwebyo ebiwandiikibwa bye bino: “olw'ebigambo bye bakozesa bireeta ekiwundu oba ebitera okuleetera omuntu okufiirwa emirembe.” Enjigiriza eno yatandikibwawo mu [ Capplinsky v. New Hampshire[[FLT]] [4] [42] [2], ng'ebigambo bino ebirwanyinyiidde mu kigambo ky'emirembe. , ng'omujulirwa wa Yakuwa bw'ayitibwa ekibuga ekibunyimirizibwa, n'akyungibwamu, n'omuzitootootooya 'oya '. Kkookolobooze] Kino kiyinza okubaamu endowooza ez'enjawulo nti tezirina mugaso mu bantu. Kyokka, okulwana okwawukana kunyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyirizibwamu.

Eby’Okutiisibwako Obulabe Ebya Nnamaddala

[[NKULA][[NKULA]] 'ekikolwa kino kitegeeza nti omuntu omutegeevu ayinza okutegeeza nti agenderedde okukola ekikolwa eky'obukambwe ekimenya amateeka ku muntu omu oba ku kibiina ekimu. Kkooti enkulu yawula obulumbaganyi obwa nnamaddala ku bukwafu oba obutakkirizibwa. [FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT]] v. Black[[ [2003]], kkooti ekwase ekwakuliriza etteeka erigaana okusangirira omusaanyiyamo n'okutiisatiisaamu. Ate era ne kussa steeka kyakulabirako ekigamba nti omusaalaba nga waliwo ekintu kyonna ekyokyamya ekikola mu ngeri eyoleka omuliro.

Omugaso Gwo: Okukendeeza ku Misingi n’Obukugu mu Kusinziira ku Kiwandiiko

Gavumenti bw'egezaako okukugira olulimi olutakkirizibwa mu kiti, kkooti zigoberera mu bufunze obwa bulijjo.[1] Mutindo gwa gavumenti gulina okulaga nti etteeka gulina okuteekako etteeka erikugira okwogera ebigambo ebiteesigamizidwa ku ntegeka ya gavumenti, era nti lisobola okuleetera omuntu okwagala okumanya ebinaawerebwa. Ebigalimu n'ebigalimu okuteekebwako b'ebiragiddwa mu kiti kino ne biba bifugibwa amateeka agatali gamu (ng'ekiseera, ebifo, n'etteeka) nga binoonyezebwamu. Kkootikko era kikulaakulaze [ era ne obukkuufu] amateeka agasangi ennyo okusat'okujjulamu oba okumenya amateeka agamenyesaamu.

Emisango Emikulu Egikwata ku Kkooti Ennyo Egikyusa Enjigiriza ez’Okuyogera

Nga wayiseewo [[Act:0] Sullivan[[Act:1] era ne [[AK'AWULA]] Brandenburg[[[:3]], amateeka amalala geetaagisa okutegeera embalirira ez'okwogera leero.

  • [[NKULA:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ebigambo ebitegeeza enkovvu. Des Moines Independent School School Community [1969] – Abayizi baayambalanga okusiba emmundu ezidduga okukajjanya Ssematalo w'omu Vietnam. Kkooti yalaga nti olulimi olw'akabonero lukuumibwa kasita teruta kitatataataataataaganya mirimu gya ku ssomero. Kino kyalaga nti abayizi “eddembe lyabwe ery'okwogera oba ery'oku mboozi libasumulula ku mulyango gwa Vietnam."
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1]] Miller v. California[[KATANDIKWA][[KITABO:2]][[=KY'AMUTANDIKA] – kino kiragibwako kale, ekiragiro kitegeka omutindo ogw'okukwata ebifaananyi eby'obugwenyufu ogugenda okukolebwako.
  • [[NKULA:0][FLT]R.A.V. v. Ekibuga kya St. Paul (1992) – Kkooti yasaanyawo ekiragiro eky'obukyayi nti obubonero obuwerako buwera okuwera (nga emiwaawaatwa) obwa “obusungu, okulabira, oba ekiruyi” eby'okusiikiriza okwesigamiziddwa ku langi, ekikoowu, ekikongo ky'eddiini, oba ekikula eky'ekikula. Amateeka gaali tegassa kitiibwa olw'ebyo bye gaawula ku ndowooza ne ku ndowooza yaaw'ebigaawulimu, wadde nga gaakwata ku kikolo ekiteekusigibwa.
  • [[NKULA:0][Federal Envomment commission[[FULT:2]] (2010) – kyalagira nti okuyingiza ebitongole bya gavumenti tekuyinza kukendeezebwa ku buwampuzi obwasooka. Ekiragiro kino kyagookebwa ku bukuumi obwa kampuni ne ku magye, nga kiggumiza nti emboozi z'eby'obufuzi zisobola okukozesebwa ne demokulase.
  • [[NKULA:0][FLT][FLT]United States v. Alvarez [[FLT]] – Kkooti yasaanyawo Stolen Valor Act, ekiwayirizizza obukyamu okugamba nti yafuna emidaali gy'amagye. Kkooti ku bw'ewansi terina bukuumi okuggyako nga ekozesebwa bubi obutali bumu (ng'okusiibya oba obukumpanya).

Ebyo kkooti bye yasala biraga nti tekkiriza bantu kwogera bigambo bipya, era egaana abantu okussaawo enkola ezikontana n’amateeka.

Ensonga Ezaawolebwa mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso n’Obuzibu Obutagonjooleddwa

Wadde nga gavumenti efugibwa enzivvuunuzi ey'oku sipiidi, ebifo ebiwereddwa nga Facebook, Twitter, ne YoTube tebiriimu, tesobola kuba na bumativu ku bikwata ku mateeka gaabwe, nga kino kibaleetera okulowooza ku ngeri gye bayinza okukeberaamu ebizimbe ebyo bye babadde batwala ng'ebitali bya maanyi.

Okukyawa Okwogera n’Okwogera n’Ebigambo

Okwawukana ku demokulase endala, Amerika terina mateeka ga nukuta mu bujjuvu ku kwogera okw'obukyayi. Kkooti esinga obukulu ewagidde enfunda n'enfunda nti ekikolwa ekivuma, ekikyayi, oba eky'okukakala, tekikuumibwa okuggyako nga kigudde mu nkalala etakuumibwa, gamba ng'okuleeta obujjangu, oba okutuluguza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkooti ya Sseti ya Ssette yattira ekiragiro mu [[FL:].V.V. ekibuga ky'omuti Paul[FL:1] era oluvannyuma ewagira eddembe erya ddyo lya Westboro Baptist ery'okulonda ebifumbe by'okusekerera ebifumbe by'abakunguzibya abagirimu oba ebigo mu kkooti z'ebyuma, nga tezirimuvumiddemu.[[FLT][FFF][FF][3][3][9][9][ekkkk]

Okuyigganyizibwa n’Okuyogera ku Mikutu Egitali Mimu

K''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' . .C. . 76 2266A) Kino kiremesa enkola ez'ebyuma eby'omu lulimi okulumya abo ababa babaka obulabe. Naye kkooti ziteekwa okwawulawo wakati w'obulabe obwa nnamaddala n'obulango. Ebitongole bya bannabyamaguzi nabyo birina amateeka agaabyo agasobola okugobera ddala amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ennamba ezimu ziwereddwawo nga Donald Trump okuzikkira obwegugungo oluvannyuma lwa Jjanwali 6 Capitol, ate abalala bavumirira okuvumirira ennyo emboozi. Kkomwo si kye kisalawo ku yekka naye ekyo kye kiyinza okuleetawo obuzibu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.

Amawulire ag’Obulimba n’Ennyonnyolwa Ennyo

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ebiwandike eby'obulimba ku puligaano. Naye, Amereka agasooka gakuuma ebigambo eby'obulimba nga Alvarez gasobola okumanyibwa. Gavumenti tesobola kugaana bigambo eby'obulimba okuggyako nga bireeseewo olubu, okutayinza kumanyibwa. Gavumenti ezimu zireese amateeka agafuga okugoba obululu, naye kkooti ziremesezza etteeka eririmu enkola ey'okulondamu okugoba obujulizi oba ey'okukwata ku brogitoosi. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, enkola eyaganjaga eyinza okukontana n'okubuuza abannamawulire, oba okukebejja obutereezebwa tekuuziganya mazima, ne kiyinza okutereeza ensonga nga tegawadde gavumenti obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza okumanyisaamu amazima.

Okumanyisa Ago Ago n’Obutuufu bw’Ekyawandiikibwa

Ekitundu 230 ku kitongole ky'empuliziganya ekirina okutegeka ebiwandikiro obutateekako bawagizi ku siteegi ez'oku siteegi. Abasekerezi bagamba nti enzivvuunuzi tezisobola kwanika ekimala ku ngeri gye zikozesebwamu ebigambo eby'akabi, era abamu bawa kakwate n'enkyukakyuka okwongera ku buzibu obw'okuvunaanyizibwa. Kyokka, amateeka gonna galina okutegeka eddembe erisooka erikolebwa ku bawagizi b'amakulu n'abannyini pulatifoomu. Kkooti enkulu eriri mu [FLT][12]Packingham v. Mummambuka . Carolina[FLT:] (20:3])

Eddembe n’Obukuumi Ebigenda Biddawo

Eddembe ly'okwogera teriri mu bujjuvu. N'abo abalwanirira ennyo Enzijigiriza ey'Okusooka bakkiriza nti gavumenti eyinza okukugira okwogera mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi, mu bwangu era ey'akabi ak'amaanyi. Ekizibu kiri mu kumanyisa akabi ako nga tegabuulidde ku njawulo ezikirimu. Emyaka bwe gizze giyitawo, kkooti enkulu ebadde egenda eyoleka obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'okwogera, era ng'egaana etteeka erikugira ennyimirira ennukuta entono. Gavumenti eno eyinza okuteeka essira ku ngeri demokulase, nti mu demokulase, okukireetera okwogera obubi okubaamu ebigambo ebikyamu, tekuba kusirikima.

Wadde kiri kityo, tekinologiya empya n'emitindo egikwatagana n'enkyukakyuka z'enkola z'abantu bijja kweyongera okusenseesa ekkomo. Okuva ku nsalo ezigobererwa okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka mu kaweefube ow'okukyusaamu ebigambo, eby'okukozesa mu kwogera bikyuka mu bwangu okusinga amateeka. Okutegeera enkola y'ekika ekya --(enkola ezitakuumibwa), emitindo egy'okwejjukanya, n'ennyiriri eziriragana ne "" biyamba okumanyisa enzivvuunuzi gye tuliko.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ku mitendera egikwatagana n'amateeka egy'okwogera nga wa ddembe, genda ku Conformation of the First Information ekitongole ky'eby'amateeka ekimanyibwa ku mboozi ey'okuwandika mu mateeka , ekitegeeza Eproject[ mu kkooti enkulu etegeeza obufunze, era n'ongera onoonyereze okuva ku [[FLT:]]ALY’ALCU’S Free Speciox []. Ebiyinza okuva ku lupapula olusooka olwogerwa wano.