Efoomu y’Ekizimbe ky’Obufuzi

Federalism, ekiwaanyisa eky'obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti y'eggwanga ne gavumenti z'ensi, kye kikola ekikongojjedwa mu nkola y'ebyobufuzi mu Amereka. Ekiragiro kino ekiwandikiddwa mu mateeka ga Amereka, kisobozesa okukolagana mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu kusalawo okwakolebwa mu Washington, D.C., okuyita mu bitebe by'amateeka ne mu bifo eby'omu kitundu. Abayizi ne basomesa, okutegeera engeri obufuzi bw'ensi n'enfuga gye biri mu ngeri y'enkola ya Amerika mu bujjuvu. Gavumenti ewandikibwawo ewandiika obufuzi obwa Amereka obuyinza obwa Amerika nga ssente, okulangirira entalo, n'okukugunjula obukolerwamu obukolerwamu obukolerwamu. Kino tekikoma ku ku kukyusa kwa bufuzi bwa gavumenti ez'ensi mu nsi mu nsi.

Enteekateeka Enkulu mu Mateeka

Olukalala lw'amateeka ga ssemateeka engeri gye gannyonnyolamu entikko z'obuyinza obwa gavumenti. Supremacy Classia (Article VI, Claus 2) bategeeza nti etteeka erya gavumenti lye lisinga obukulu mu nsi, era amateeka g'ensi tegayinza kukontana ne kussaawo amateeka mu ggwanga. Ekkumi n'etaano Amereka kikiikirira okulagibwa ng'okujjukiza nti amaanyi agataweereddwa United States gaterekeddwa amateeka oba abantu. Claus (Ate fecule I, , ekituli 8, Clausle 3) kiwa obuyinza ku by'obusuubuzi ne mu mawanga agatali gamu, era n'ebika bya Ennasingi ebya Amerika. Mu kiseera bwe kiyitawo, olukalala luno lunnyonnyonnyonnyoleddwa mu by'eby'enfuna bya waggulu, olukalala mu kkooti enkulu mu kkooti y'eggwanga. [FUltrective][42][5][5]

Emiganyulo Egiva mu Kusalawo ku Bufuzi mu Gavumenti

Enteekateeka z'ensi ezikwata ku ngeri gye ziyinza okugobererwamu, gamba ng'obuyigirize, eby'obujjanjabi, n'eby'entambula. Bino tebikoma ku kuteebereza buteebereza; bisalawo engeri ebisenge gye biwagirwamu, abalwadde gye bayinza okufunirayo abasawo emitindo gy'empewo, era n'engeri emitindo gy'empewo gye gilina okuzimbibwamu. Obukodyo obw'okufuga butera kukolera ku mateeka ga gavumenti nga buyitira mu buyinza obwa Ssawo, nga bayitira mu by'empaka, nga bagoberera era ne mu by'essente ebibawandibwawo okusobozesa okugobera abantu empisa zaabwe.

Omutendera ogw'Enjigiriza

Enjigiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwa ggwanga na kitundu, kyokka enkola za gavumenti zikoze kinene nnyo. Buli muteego w'eggwanga etendekeddwa okukkirizibwa. Mu 2015, gwadda mu kifo kya wa kampuni eyitibwa No Child Lend Behind Act, lirina ebiteego eby'okuteekawo emitindo gy'enjigiriza egitali gimu, era liba n'ebiwandiiko ebivunaanyizibwa mu mirimu gy'abayizi. Eggwanga liteekwa okusasula enzigi z'Enjigiriza ez'omulimu. Bwe wabaawo enkyukakyuka mu gavumenti, ewandisizza amadaala g'essomero agalimu abayizi abatono abafuna ssente eza wansi, libaamu ebbeetaagisa ebiteesiteesiwana. Okugattako, abantu kinnoomu, ebitongole ebitegesebwa okusobola okutendeka abaana mu by'ewaawo nga bago. obuvunaanyizibwa obwa waggulu mu gavumenti bwe busobozesa okusasula enziina z'ewanjula ssente oba okusasula emiteego, era n'okugobeeteeka mu nkola y'eteeka mu nkola y'ego za gavumenti, era nga zigoberera enteekateeka z'ebyo ebigo by'ebitongole by'ebitongole by'

Amateeka Agakwata ku by’Endabika

Affordble Care Act (ACA) kyakulabirako ekikulu eky'engeri enkola y'okugobererwa kw'eby'obujjanjabi mu ggwanga. Ekiragiro kino kyeyayuza embala ya Medicaid esobola okusobozesa abantu bonna okufuna ssente okutuuka ku 138% ku bwavu mu ggwanga. Kyokka, enkola ya Ssemateeka esingako ya 2012 mu [FOL:0] National Federation of Independent of Super Social Business v. Seberius[ yawanyisa ekitongole kino nga tekyeyagalidde ku buyinza. Ebyamalidde ku by'oteeka mu kampulizi kiyinza okusobozesa abantu okumanyibwa ennyo. Ebyamaguzi bye by'okusasula byava mu ku ku kugabanaanyisa ssente ezisinga obungi mu by'obuvuzi.[2]

Amateeka g’Enviro

Ekiragiro kino kissaawo amateeka g'obutonde bw'ensi agafuga enkola y'ekitongole ekifuga environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nga gassaawo emitindo egitakoma egiteekwa okutuukirira nga California. Eddena Air Act, kikwetaagisa gavumenti okuteekawo enzivuunula z'amateeka okuteekawo emitindo gy'empewo ennungi. Singa gavumenti elemererwa okukola entegeka emalako. EPA esobola okussaawo enteekateeka y'eggwanga. Amasaza nga California, nga galina obuyinza okuteekawo emitindo gy'ekiddukanyaatoffaali mu EPA, gisobola okuteekawo emitindo gy'obukusingi egy'okuteeka mu n'obudde, emirala gye giyinza okukkiriza. Abava mu mazzi bwegattidde mu buyinza okusobozesa ababa bavudde mu mateeka. Gavumenti ey'ensi eno, okulondoola ebimera, n'okulondoola ebimera mu nsi. Ate era n'okugobeegobeenya amateeka ga gavumenti za carbon: [5]

Emirimu gy’Eddagala Egiddukanyizibwa

Ssente eziweebwa abakungu ba gavumenti zisobola okukyusiza enkola y'eggwanga ne ey'ekika kya ggwanga. Gavumenti ewaayo obuwumbi bwa doola mu buwumbi bwa doola mu buli mwaka okusobozesa ebitongole n'ebifo okugawa programu. Ssente zino zibaamu embeera nga("emirundi mingi") eziba zikwetaagisa gavumenti okuba nga zisobola okubaako enkola oba enkola z'okufuga ezizikwata ku ssente. Wadde nga gavumenti tezisobola kugaana ssente ezikozesebwa mu ggwanga, olw'okuba ssente ziyinza okuba nnene nnyo.

Ebika by’Abaguwa Abakola Ebirabo

  • [[NKULA]] Gino kye kisinga okumanyibwa, ebikolebwako nga ebikolerwako ebitonotono, gamba ng'okuzimba enguudo, programu z'essomero, oba okuziyiza obumenyi bw'amateeka. Abalabirizi balina okunywerera ku bulagirizi obwawula amateeka ga gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Programu efuga enfuga esobola okukola ku byetaago by'eby'entambula naye nga bigoberera emitindo gy'ebiddukanya bya gavumenti ku nkola ya bya byo.
  • Kino kiwa obudde obw'okuggyamu amawooya: Ekiragiro kino kiwa embalirira ku ngeri y'okusaasaanya ssente mu kifo ekimu, gamba ng'okulongoosa ekiwagizi oba ebikolebwa ku ntegeka z'abantu. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa gavumenti ez'omu nsi yonna okuggyamu eby'okukola okuva ku kuddaabiriza oba ku kukulaakulana mu by'enfuna nga biriko enzijivu eyo.
  • [[NKULA] Empandika: Kampuni ewa essookebwa eri gavumenti oba gavumenti z'omu kitundu, ebibiina ebikola ku by'emagoba, oba ebitongole ebinoonyereza ku mirimu egitali gya magoba. Enteekateeka nga National Institutes of Health ne Department of Education ad horder ziwa akawayiro akakubiriza okuzza obuweerero n'okuwaayo ebisale eby'amaanyi.

Omuntu bw'akendeeza oba ne kikyusa enzijanjaba z'ensi n'ewa, ensimbi ze ziyinza okusobozesa ensimbi okukozesebwa. Ekiragiro bwe ziweebwa obuwagizi obwa sistemu ne American Rereplation Act, ebitongole birina okusalako akawereddeko oba okwefunira ssente. Mu kireetezo eky'ekika kya CHOVAID19, gavumenti yawa obuyambi okuyitira mu Coronavirus Ease, Effect, and American Plan Act (CE) Act, ekyawanjula amasaza n'ebitundu ebigattiddwamu, naye era ne kivaamu okugula n'okukugira n'okuvaako.

Okunnyonnyola Okusala Omusango okw’Amaanyi ga Ga Federal

Kkooti enkulu eyinza okugaziya oba okukomya omulimu ogwawula gavumenti z'eggwanga oba okugukolera wamu, ne kisobozesa gavumenti n'okufuga mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Kkooti eyo ebadde egoberera enkola za gavumenti. Mu byasa bibiri ebiyise, enkola ya Kkooti ezze wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti.[1]w'eggwanga, gye litwalibwa okuba nga lyawuddwawo era eririna obuyinza obw'enjawulo era nga bweyawukanya.

Emisango Emikulu mu kkooti

  • [[NT:0] McCulloch v (1819): Omusango guno gwassaawo emisingi ebiri: gavumenti y'ensi yonna erimu amaanyi agatali ga bulijjo agatasengekeddwa mu Mateeka era teyinza kusasula bibiina bya gavumenti. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yateekawo omusingi gwa gavumenti okusobola okuteeka obuyinza mu bitundu bingi.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Kkooti yannyonnyola nti Kkooti y'eby'obusuubuzi yali esobola okutegeka ennyiriri zonna ez'obusuubuzi ez'omu ssaza. Ekyo kyamalawo entegeka y'ekibiina ky'eby'obuwanguzi, ey'entambula, n'enyimirira n'eby'eby'enfuna.
  • Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (202):[FLT:] Mu nsonga eno ey'omu kiseera kino, kkooti yawagira ekiragiro kya ACA eky'okusasula gavumenti ya gavumenti naye ne eremesa gavumenti okugaziya Medicaid nga ekoonya okugoba ssente zonna ezikiriwo.
  • South Dakota v. Dole (87): Kkooti yanywerera ku tteeka eryayimirizaamu ensimbi z'enguudo enkanyi essaawa ezimu tezisobola kuteekamu myaka 21 egy'okunywa, nga etegeeza nti Consert eyinza okukozesa obuyinza bwayo okubaako kye kikola ku nkola ya gavumenti kasita embeera ziba nga zitegeerekeka bulungi, nga zikwatagana ne programu y'eggwanga, so si n'empandika y'emu.

Obubonero buno bulaga nti ennyinnyonnyola z'emisango zisobola okukyusa omutemwa ogw'amaanyi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkooti ekyusa enzivuunvu ez'okuva mu gavumenti mu bifo nga okusengukira mu ggwanga (um'omutondo, ] Arizona v. United States], 2012) eteeka ekkomo ku ku kuteeka abatuuze mu mateeka agafuga okuyingiza abantu mu ggwanga ate nga ewandikiro lissawo obuyinza. Abayizi basaanidde okulonda engeri y'okulonda entebe ku ntebe y'ekitebe ky'ekitongole gye kiyinza okuzzaamu obukulembeze.

Okunoonyereza ku Bikwata ku Buwanguzi bw’Eby’Eby’Okufuga

Okunoonyereza kulaga engeri ebyo ebisalibwawo gye bikwata ku bantu ab’amazima.

Okunoonyereza ku Kulabula 1: Ensimbi ez’Okusomesa n’Omutwe I

Ekitundu I eky'omu Kiragiro eky'e Ekireeri ekyatongozebwa mu 1965 era ekyatongozebwa nga wayiseewo emyaka mingi emabega, kiwa esSA ssente ewandikibwe essomero nga zirimu abayizi abatono ennyo. Oluvannyuma, disiturikiti ziteekwa okukozesa ssente ezo okwongerako, sookebwa, eby'obufuzi n'eby'ennamba ebya bulijjo. Kino kiviiriddeko essomero eriwa obulagirizi obw'enjawulo n'obulango. Ng'ekyokulabirako, disikiti emu mu bya mu byalo, Missississippi eyinza okufuna ssente ezisukka mu mutwe I, ezizirimu obunene bw'abasomesa, obuzirimu obutono ennyo olw'okuva mu ku n'okuzitoosoozi z'abayizi. Singa obulagirizi bwa gavumenti bukyusa obuzimbi obuzimbi obw'obujulizi obuzi obuzingirwamu. . . Ekiragiro ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekikola Ettuutiro kya U.[F.][5]

Okunoonyereza 2: Okukulaakulana okwali mu kakiiko akayitibwa ACA

Ekiragiro ACA bwe kyafuuka amateeka mu 2010, kyagamba nti, Mdicaid buli ggwanga lyandigaziye okusobola okusasulira abantu abakulu okutuuka ku 138% ku kigero ky'obwavu mu ggwanga. Oluvannyuma lwa kooti enkulu bwe yasaasaana, kyayawulibwawo. Mu 2025, 40 mu disiturikiti ne Columbia zayungiza Mdicaid, ng'ate mu masaza 10 gaagibaddeko. Mu magatte nga Texas ne Florida, abakulembeze b'eby'eby'obufuzi gye baagaana okweyongera okufuna, obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu abakulu basigala mu “ekiwonvuwandikiro”.[1] Nga bakyayimirizibwa ssente ezisinga obungi mu by'enteewandikiro ezisukka mu 90, naye nga tezisobola kugaziwamu kitongole kya bya bufuzi. Ekyungidde mu nsi zino zisobola okusobozesa okumanyisaanya omutindo gwa waggulu. Ate ne mu ggwanga okumanyibwa ne mu ggwanga okumanyibwa kwa Ame.

Okusoma Ebikwata ku 3: Okuteekateeka n’Ebyo Ebya Gavumenti Bye Bikola

Mu 2015, ekitongole kino kyawa amagezi aga Ceocle Power Plan (CPP), nga gasaba okukendeeza okugaanya omukka oguva mu bimera ebiriwo okuva ku 32% okuva ku mitendera gya 2005 okutuuka mu 2030. Eggwanga zisobola okwesalirawo ekkubo erinaalyo okusobola okuzza omukka gwa malaakali. Enkola eyo tegyakola kubanga Kkooti esinga okuziteekamu mu 2016. Oluvannyuma, obukulembeze bwa Truffaali obusinga obungi obusinga obungi, obukulemberwa abajaasi abagirimu okuva mu manda ne mu manda, abassokereza CPP mu kkooti, ne bawakanya obuyinza bw'amalaanyi , era ne bagezaako okugikwatakomyawo mu bujjuvu kubanga Kko enzikko enziromenti enzijira . Oluvannyuma lwosebwawo, enteekateeka y'okufuga ennyinziganya enneromenti ya Burfred Enerced, era n'ego, enkyukakyuka eziba za Bba mu nkola empya za Kko.

Ebizibu

Enkolagana wakati w'ensi n'ey'eggwanga ereetebwawo. Obutakkaanya ku kifo ekituufu eky'obuyinza bwa gavumenti, kutera okuviirako okuwoowoolana mu mateeka, okugoowoozanya, n'enkaayana ez'eby'obufuzi. Obukankano buno bweyoleka nnyo mu bifo gavumenti gye zikulembeza mu kifo ekisooka.

Endowooza ez’Obuzibu

  • Omukutu ogw'okukyusa: Eggwanga nga California, New York, ne Illinois gataddewo “amateeka agafuga okukaka obukwasibwa kw'ab'obuyinza obuva mu ggwanga. Wabula, amateeka nga Texas ne Arizona gaayisa amateeka ageetaagisa okukwasisa amateeka okuyamba ICE. Kkooti ezifuga enzijjuvu zikozesezza gavumenti w'eggwanga ku ngeri y'okufugamu obuy'obunyinza n'obuttuuze wa gavumenti, obuttuuze wa gavumenti gye zisobola okufugamu n'okusobozesa abantu okubukyusa mu nsi yonna okugenda mu ggwanga. Kkokkokko esingira ddala nga Aringala v. United States (202]) yakuba ebijulirwa mu kifo eky'obutebe bw'eggwanga mu kifo eky'okuva mu ggwanga eririndiriranya gavumenti z'ebitundu bya Arizona ate ne zivaamu ne zivaamu mu mbeera ez'ensi enfunjabi.
  • Ekiragiro ekifuga abatunzi ba mateeka: Omuteende ogw'okubiri gutandikawo eddembe erya tteeka lya ssemateeka okutambula emmundu, naye guwandikiro guyimirizidwa mu ngeri gye zifugamu emmundu. Amateeka ga 'Federal' gassaawo olukalala olusooka.[1] Okukebera okuva ku ntandikwa okuguzibwa abatunzi b'amateeka nga banna ba nvuzi bannaakyewa , naye abakungu bakkirizibwa okuteekawo amateeka amalala. Amagamu, nga California ne New York, galina olukunkumuli, olukunkumuli, era n'ebyuma ebiziyiza. Abalala, nga Texas ne Monton, bikkiriza okuteekawo amateeka. Abakulembeze ab'obuyinza bakkirizibwa okukaka okukaka obukulembedde ku birala emitindo gya ggwanga erimu, ate abakungu ba gavumenti ne gavumenti ne bagaana okugobeego, nga bakubawo olukalala lw'olukalala lw'olukalala lw'olukalala lw'olukalala olw'ebiragiro.
  • Empandika ez'eby'obulamu: Ebirala ebifuga, gamba nga okusaasaanyiza insuwalensi ku mbeera eziriwo nga tezinnabaawo oba okuleka abaterekebwa ssente z'eby'obulamu, ebikontana n'ebyo ebitataasebwa gavumenti ezimu. Mu 2018, gavumenti ziwagidde okukomya ebiwandiiko bya ACA byonna nga zigamba nti ekiragiro kya buli muntu kyabulina bukulembeze. Wadde nga okusala omusango ogwo gulemereddwa, gwoleka okuka obuwanjufu n'omu mateeka ku b'obuyinza bw'eby'obulamu. Era, gavumenti ziremezza emirawulo gy'ebitongole ebizirwanira ddala mu malwanyi.
  • Olukusanya mu mateeka: Wadde nga lukyakkirizibwa wansi w'amateeka agafuga gavumenti, ebitundu ebisukka mu kimu kya kubiri eby'ebitundu bye bikiwa olukusa okugukkiriza okukozesa mu by'ekisawo oba eby'okwesanyusaamu. Kino kisobozesa babizinesi, n'abavuzi okuziba abakozesa. Gavumenti ereetebwawo okulekawo amasaza okuyitira mu Cole Metrirandum (Kati yakmanya) n'abavuzi b'aweebaagibwa abaziyiza ekitongole ekikola ku by'ekisawo. Kyokka, okusambagana kwa ssaza tekusobola kuyingira mu mateeka agafuga oba okugaana abavuziganya ebitongole ebikola eby'obujjanjabi.

Ebinaabaawo mu Kiwaawo

Okugatta embeera kyongera kulaga nti waliwo okukattululagana n'embeera z'obuyambi.

Emize egy’Okugatta

  • State Autonomy: State yeeyongera okussa obuyinza bwayo, nga bukulemberwa bagavana ne sistemu za gavumenti, ku nsonga gamba ng'enkyukakyuka y'obudde, empalana n'okuva mu nsi endala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi ziteeseteese ekiteesiteebwa okukendeeza ku muteefu gwa gaayi mu nsi yonna, nga zigattidwa olukago olumu ng'obw'omuka wa U. thermonetic Alliance. Kino kyeyongera ku ndowooza egamba nti gavumenti y'ensi yonna egoberera enkola ya gavumenti eyo era nti tesobola kukola ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'okugoonoona.
  • K'awulumuko ku kiwandikiro eky'ekiwandikiro: Wadde nga wabaddewo obukuubagano, gavumenti za gavumenti ne gavumenti emirundi mingi zikolagana, naddala mu kiseera ky'amalambi. Ekikookolo eky'ekika kino kyakolagana bulungi n'eky'amalwala. Ekiragiro mu ggwanga okukolagana okw'enjawulo okusobozesa enkola y'enkalo, okugezesa, n'obulagirizi ku by'obulamu. Mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti zikola ku gavumenti ezikola ku bibamba ebigwa ku transika okuyitira mu FEMA, ku ku kuwaayo ssente ezisaawebwa emmala okuyitira mu kitongole ekikolera ku siteebwa, ne ku ku ku ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa okuyitira mu bitongole nga NSF ne NIH.
  • Obuzibu obw'omu mateeka n'okukyusakyusa ebiba by'awandibwa mu nkola: Kino kyeyoleka bulungi nti gavumenti esazaamu ereetera obutego ku nkola za gavumenti ez'enjawulo. Eggwanga erina ebimenyese ku mateeka ga Republica lireeteddwa ku nsonga z'abama-erala; enkyuuka ku nkola za demokulase eza Trump-era zireegezesa. Kino kireetawo okubuusabuusa era kikendeeza ku nkola zaayo. Enkola ez'omukookko. Ennene ennene z'ewandikiro ku nsonga nga okuggyako enzivvuunuzi, okukuba oba okukubaako ob'obusobozi, n'okukusiizza enkola z'eby'obusobo n'obuddembe byeyongera okuzza emitwe egy'obudde ku nsonga za Truuni.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Federalism and Generational Geth: Ebbanja erya waggulu liyinza okukendeeza ku kuwaayo kw'essente oba embeera ezibadde zeeyongera ku doola. Etttutt'eyinza okuwalirizibwa okuweza emisolo oba okukendeeza ku mirimu egigobererwa singa ebitongole bya gavumenti bye bikendereza. Ku luuyi olulala, gavumenti ziyinza okuteeka embalirira ku nsaasaanya y'entengo mu bungi ku buwaze okuva ku buyinza obwa gavumenti.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kinoonyereza ku nkyukakyuka z'obudde era n'obuzibu bwe ziyinza okuvaamu, kiraga nti enkolagana wakati w'eggwanga ne Amerika teribaamu n'abantu abangi naye nga ebirowoozo byayo bikola bulungi, naye ebitundu ne gye bibeera biba birina amagezi mangi. Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kirinda okusoomooza okuva ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde okutuuka ku butaka, okukolagana wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti, obufuga, obwa gavumenti, ne gavumenti z'omu kitundu, kijja kusigala nga kye kisobozesezza mu buyinza bwa Amereka. Abayizi bano, bategeera engeri ezikozesebwa mu kufuga gavumenti z'ensi mu United States.