Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ekoze ng'ekola ku kukyusa amakulu g'amateeka era n'enkola yaayo ku ddembe ly'abantu enzivuunula enjawulo mu Amereka. Okuva ku kumalirizibwa okutuuka ku kwenkanankana kw'obufumbo, ebisalibwawo bya kkooti biremesezza era ne bitumbula ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'abantu. Ekitundu kino kikebera emisango gya Kkooti esingayo okuba egya waggulu, era nga ebyafaayo ebigirimu, okunnyonnyola kw'amateeka, n'obukongobereberye. Okutegeera enzisaze mu mateeka gaayo kyetaagisa okutegeera engeri enzikkiriza obutuufu bw'amateeka gye gatangiriramu eddembe, eddembe, era n'engeri egobeetaago mu bufumbo bw'amateeka.

Emirandira n’Ebizibu Ebyaliwo mu Maaso

Ng’ekiseera eky'eddembe ly'abantu tekinnatuuka, kkooti enkulu yayisa ensawo eziwerako ezinnyonnyola − era emirundi mingi zaakendeeza ku bunene bw'eddembe ly'abantu ($naye omuwendo gw'eddembe ly'abantu).

Sandford (1857)

Dred Scott v. Sandford kye kisalawo ekikyasingidde ddala mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Omulamuzi omukulu Roger Taney yawandiika nti Abamerika, ka babe nga baddu oba ba ddembe, tebayinza kutwalibwa ng'abatuuze ab'omu U.S. era bwe kityo kkooti teyayimirira mu kkooti. Kkooti era yasaanyawo Missouris Tyner, era n'esala omusango nti Consement tewaalina buyinza kuziyiza buddu mu bitundu bya Amerika. Okukattululwa okwo kwa maanyi era ne kuviirako olutalo lwa Cirneral. Kwalina okujjukiza ennyo nti bannalu era nti, okusosola abantu ab'eggwanga mu mawanga gonna bwe balemererwa okutegeera abantu. Omusango ogwo gwayisibwa bulungi mu mateeka ga Amereka obuddu.Promenti (15,15,5,5,5) era ne Amerekawo obuddu obuddu obusosoze obwa nnalaawulamu.

Ferguson (1896)

Plessy v. Ferguson yawagira olukalala lw'enjawukana mu n'enjawukana ey'enjawukana mu "Enjigiriza ey'enjawulo ate nga yenkana". Homer Plessy, eyali omuwansi w'empaka omuvanzi omunaana n'omutuuyi 8, yamenya etteeka erya Louisiana eryali ligaana eggaali y'omukka empanvu ez'abasaabaza abazungu n'abazungu. Kkooti enkulu, mu ku lukiiko olukulu olw'enjereere, yagaana etteeka lya Perry'okumenya ekiragiro kya Pelley'okumenya ekiteeyisa ekiteeso kya Clausce. Omulamuzi Henry Billings Brown yagamba nti, mu kunkanizo ez'amaanyi, John Marshall Harlan yagamba nti, "Etteeka lyaffe lyaffe liba lizibye mu langi eya muzibe oba tewali muntu yenna attidde mu ttulumu lya Polimu ku mateeka geero wakati wa Asseemu mu myaka nga mukaaga mukaaga mukaaga okutuuka wakati mu myaka mukaaga mukaaga mukaaga mukaaga mukaaga.".[rirrow]

Ekiruubirirwa ky’Eddembe ly’Abakungu ba Gavumenti Kimenyebwa

Ekyasa ekyamakumi abiri mu makkati kyaleeta emisango emingi egyava mu kkooti enkulu egyaggyawo enjawukana mu mateeka era n'okutumbula eddembe ly'obuntu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Kkooti eyo yalangirira nti okwekutulamu obusosoze mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti kwamenya etteeka lya Ecult Claus Claus ey'e 144th Amendment. Egyetongodde ekitongole ekifuga ettwale lya KGBRrentar kyagaana enjigiriza ey'enjawulo naye ey'enjawulo, nga bagamba nti ebizimbe by'enjigiriza bya njawulo tebisobola kukendeezebwa ddala. Mulamuzi oyo yagobererwa Pelevy v. Ferguson era yateekawo omusingi gwa mu mateeka kufuba okw'okumalawo obusokereza mu ggwanga lyonna.

Omusango gwatandika Oliver Brown bwe yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuyisa emisango ku Topeka, Kansas, akakiiko k'essomero oluvannyuma lwa muwala we Linda okugaana okukkirizibwa mu ssomero erisookerwako. NaACP Legin Defense Fund, eyali akulemberwa Thirfaill Marshall (oluvannyuma eyafuuka kkooti ya Amerika ey'oku nti, yakosa abaana ba Baasiya aba n'obwongo). Kkooti eyo yawawawa ekiragiro eky'okunoonyereza ku ndowooza ya bannasayansi okusobola okuwanirira okukomya okukomya okusoosa. [FLC:0] Brown v. Kkoodi y'Enjigiriza ey'Enjigiriza II (1955], Kkootikko ya ekiragiro kya desenti eyako antintintidde mu ku "mu sipiidi eyo mu ku sipiidi eyo." wadde nga mu mawanga agamu, Brown'anyusezza eddembe ly'enkola yategekebwa mu mateeka ga Gavume.

Ekintu ekyali mu Atlanta Motel n’omunaana gw’Amerika (1964)

Ekiragiro kino kyagaana obusosoze mu bifo ebya lukale ebibeera ku bannakyewa abaddusi era ne kiwakanya etteeka lya gavumenti eryali liragira ddala olukunkumuli lwokka mu ttwale lya Claus. Kkooti esinga obukulu yasalawo nti obusosoze mu b'amawanga ag'enjawulo mu nsi eyo bwali buvuddeko nnyo, era nti gavumenti yakigaana okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'okulonda abantu abadduganzi, okukakasa nti obwenyisige obwo, obwetwale obwo, amaduuka, n'ebifo ebirala ebya lukale tebyalina kugaana bantu kukolera wamu mu by'obusuubuzi obw'ensi yonna.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu Virginia ow'ebweru yamenya amateeka g'eggwanga agaawera obufumbo. Richard Lowell, omuzungu, ne Mildred Jeter, baafumbirwa mu Washington, D.C., naye bwe baddayo e Virginia baavunaanibwa okumenya amateeka g'eggwanga. Baasalirwa omusango era ne basalirwa omusango mu kkomera omwaka gumu, nga balekedde awo Virginia. Oluvannyuma lw'okusabirako olukalala olw'eggwanga, Kkooti enkulu yasattululwamu n'amateeka agawakanya et'enkola zonna. Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yakitwala nti eddembe okufumbirwa likuumibwa mu nkola y'ekitongole era ne libagirwamu. Ekiragiro kyavaako okukugira okulingana mu mawanga. "Muteekiso," Munnakyewaffe, oba okufumbirwa, oba okufumbirwa n'omuntu omu kuyingira mu ggwanga."

Okwekolera Wekka, Eddembe, n’Okwekolera Obwannakyemalira

Kkooti esinga obukulu egenda egaziyizza mpolampola amateeka agakwata ku by’okwerinda mu nsonga ezo, era ng’esalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu kinnoomu n’eddembe ly’okwekolera ebyabwe ku bwabwe mu nkola y’ekitongole ekiyitibwa Status Processom Claus.

Wade (1973)

Roe v. Wade yassaawo amateeka agafuga amateeka agakwata ku bakazi okusalawo okuggyamu olubuto. Omusango gwasibuka mu mateeka ga Texas agaagaananga abantu okuggyamu embuto okuggyako okuwonya obulamu bwa nnyina. "Jane Roe"(akirwako obufumbo mu Norma McCorvey._icallalled etteeka erifuga abakyala bonna abali olubuto. Kkooti enkulu, mu kusalawo okw' 7-2, yakkiriza nti eddembe ery'okwekolera mu nkyukakyuka wansi w'Ekiwandiiko kya 147 Clauscession ekitegeeza okukomya olubuto. Omulamuzi Harry Blackun yatongoza etteeka erikwata ku bakazi abasatu abasatu abali olubuto.

Roe v. Wade yafuuka ekimu ku ku kusalawo okw'amaanyi mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Kwagattibwa mu Parents v. Casey, eyadda mu kifo ky'okussaawo enkalala enkalala n'omutindo ogwa "omugugu ogutatasuubirwa". [[FL:2] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], kkooti efuga empandika oba essaawa ekiragiro eky'okuggyamu ebbali ez'okuggyamu ebba liggyamu empandika. Wadde nga kikozese empandika ennongoose.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Lawrence v. Texas yasajjamu amateeka agakwata ku kwetaba okw'omukwano ogwali wakati w'obukaba ne bufaananyi. Omusango gwatandika poliisi bwe yayingira mu nnyumba ya John Lawrence ne amukwata ne Tyron Garner olw'okumenya etteeka lya Texas. Kkooti enkulu, mu kusalawo 6-3, yasalawo omusango mu kukwata obukaba mu [FL:0] Bawickers v. Hartyck[[[FLLY:1] (1986) era n'egamba nti Kkomyunizimu y'abakulu ekuuma eddembe ery'okwetaba mu kyamalanga. Endowooza ya Anthony Kennedy yagye yokka yaggumiza nti okusambajja okwawukana okw'omunda. Lawrencevvvvv. Texas yali si si sisteenyi eri mu mateeka ku bikwata ku n'okumanyisanyunziganya wakati w'empala empi.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obergefell v. Hodges bawanyisa obufumbo bw'omugattiko. James Obergefell ne John Arthur, abafumbo ab'ebifaananyi abakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu Maryland, basuguade Ohio olw'okugaana okuteegera obufumbo bwabwe oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Arthur. Kkooti Esingirayo ddala yasala 5-4 nti, okugattibwa kw'Olukalala olw'ekkumi n'enakutaano kuwa bukakafu nti okugattibwa kw'obufumbo kukkirizibwa abafumbo ab'obukabangi. Endowooza y'abasinga obungi Kennedy ekwatagana n'emitindo egikwata ku muntu omu yekka, ekitiibwa, n'okwenkanankanankanankanankanankana. "Ekkujjukanya ekiragiro kibawanjula ekyo." tteeka libawanyisa byonna bye byetaagisa okutandikawo obufumbo mu nsi ndala y'emu era n'okutuukiriza obufunze.

Okugaba Eddembe n’Okwenyigira mu Ntegeka ya Yakuwa

Kkooti esinga obukulu eboogerako okukuba obululu okuyitira mu kutongoza emisango egitannaba ku kusalawo ku nsonga ey’ekkumi n’entaano era n’ekirala ekikola ku ddembe ly'obuntu ekya 1965.

Shelby County v. Lander (2013)

Shelby County v. Ekiragiro ekitongole kya gavumenti kyatongoza enkola ey'okusawo olukalala lw'amateeka ageetaagibwa okusobola okumanyisa amatwale ga gavumenti nga tegannakyusa mateeka ga kulonda. Omusango ogwakolebwa mu 1965 gwali gulina okukolebwa mu masaza era ne mu bitundu ebya bulijjo okulondamu okusobola okufuna enkyuka mu kitongole kya U.S. nga tannateekawo nkyukakyuka yonna. Etteeka erikwata ku mateeka agakwata ku ku ku kulonda ebiba biwandikiddwawo, lyali teri nga lyesigamye ku kiwandiiko kya 1964 ne 1968, naye nga terimu nkyukakyuka. Omulamuzi omukulu John Roberts'akirimu 5-4, yatwalanga enkola eyo ekontana n'obufuzi bw'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga obumu.

Ekiragiro kino kyalemesa etteeka eryali liteekeddwa ku nkola eyo okukireetera okusalako akakwakkulizo. Mu kuddamu, gavumenti eziwerako zaateekawo etteeka erikwata ku kulonda, nga mwe muli n'amateeka agaago agakwata ku kulonda, okukendeeza obululu obwakakolebwa nga bukyali bwa kirootooteebwa. Abawaka bagamba nti Shelby County v. Hunder kino kisobozesezza okugobererwa n'okukugira abavvuzi bannaabwo okuzza obuwandisi ne kiremedwawo obusoozesebwa. Abawagizi balaga nti gavumenti ezza obuyinza obwa gavumenti era nti n'etteeka endala erya Voting Rights Act lisigala liteekeddwa okukwasibwa ku nkola endala.

Amerika v. Nixon (1974)

United States v. Nixon yayogera ku kkomo ly'obuyinza bwa prezidenti mu kiseera kya watergate. Wadde nga si mukolo gwa bulijjo, kyanyweza amateeka era n'obwenkanya ku lukumbo lwa Constitution .Munnassaayansi Richard Nixon yeewa olukusa okugaana okuteeka obuwandiike obwa tayipu n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa omuwaabi w'enkola. Kkooti enkulu yagguka nti eteekwa okuba n'obukakafu mu ku nsonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka. Ekyasalibwawo kyago kissa essira ku bukakafu obwa Nnannyini obusingira ebiwandiiko bya Prezidenti n'enjigiriza ya Burn'ensonga mu kutuukiriza ebiwandiiko. Ekiwandiiko ebyo ebyavumbulwawamu, era tebyalaga nti omukulembeze w'obuyinza ku nsonga z'ebyawula mu kkooti y'amateeka. Ate era ne ku nsonga y'omukulembeze w'ewandiikibwa omu waggulu, era terimu kkooti y'ebagikkiriza ku ekyo. Kkoolesebwa. Kko. Kkoosebwa k'ekyuuka k'

Obwenkanya n’Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Kkooti Enkulu ennyonnyola nti amateeka gaagattiddwa ku ggwanga, nti omuntu avunaanibwa mu bwenkanya, era nti teyeetaaga muntu asalira omusango.

Wainwright (1963)

Gidyoni yawa Gidyoni okusobola okuwabula abo abaali bawayiriziddwa mu musango ogwali gubavunaanibwa. Clarence Gidiyoni yasalirwa omusango ogw'okumenya ekidinja ky'ekidinja kya Florida era n'alemererwa okufuna ssente za munnamateeka. Kkooti yagaana okutongoza omu ku mateeka ga Gidyoni. Kkooti eyo yawa obujulizi bwe ng'ali mu kkomera. Gidyoni yawa obusaze obwamuwandiise mu lusaalo olukunkumuli lw'ekkomera olukulu mu kkooti enkulu. Kkodenti y'okuteesa kw'ekibiina kya omukaaga, oluwandikiddwawo olukuutikirwa okuyitira mu mu mu Amerekaase. Kko kya Bukko kya Bulagizi kya Bulabbi yawawa ekiragiro kya Gidyoni nti, abakungusibeesi mu ggwanga lyonna gye baawandiika nti, obwa bulijjo buba bukuluvuzizza obutuufu bw'ensonga eri abawambiddwa mu ggwanga.

Batson okuva mu Kyntucky (1986)

Batson v. Kentucky yagaana okutongoza abo abayinza okusalirwa olukalala olw'enkula. Kkooti yassaawo enkola ey'essatu okukebera obusosoze mu langi nga balonda abalamuzi: okusooka, omuwawaabi ateekwa okukuba prima facie mu ngeri eraga obusosoze; eky'okubiri, abamenyi b'amateeka baalina okuwa abaddusi ensonga ez'empala ez'ekika olw'ekika kya bannamu, eky'okusatu, kkooti esala olukalala okulaba obanga ennyinnyonnyola y'empalo ziwandiikiddwa mu langi. Batson egoberera enkola y'obusosoze bw'abaddu era n'abasajja ab'ebikula. Ek'ensonga eyo yali eraga butereevu enkola y'abadduukirize abaddugavu ab'omu langi ab'ebweru, era n'okumenya amateeka agamenyebwa amateeka mu kkooti mu ku kkooti ez'abaddugasa abadduukibwa aba Bunna, era n'okumenya amateeka agamenyebwa amateeka agava mu mateeka agava mu mateeka agamu.

fundikira

Akabonero akalaga ensonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu kayolese bulungi era ne kakyusa okutegeera kw'eggwanga okw'obwenkana, eddembe, n'obwenkanya. Okuva ku Drded Scott bwe yeegaana obutuuze bwa Obergefell, okulingana kw'obufumbo, olugendo lwa Kkooti lwali terugasangi naye nga lugenda nga lukyukakyuka. Buli kusalawo okwesigamiziddwa ku ngeri gye baafunamu oba gye baatereezaamu ensobi ez'emabega. Wabula, buli musango ogwogerwako wano(Brown, Long Roe, Lawrence, Obergefell, Shelby County, ne [1] Kubaako obutategeeragana ku ku kulonda, okuzaala, okusala emisango egy'enkula, n'obusosoze bw'eggwanga.

Okutegeera ensala y'amateeka tekukwata ku buyigirize obusookerwako, wabula bakyusa obulamu obwa nnamaddala: asobola okuwasa oba okusemba, afuna okuwozesebwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, era oba ng'amateeka gawa abantu bonna ekitiibwa kyenkana. Abasawo bwe beeyongera okunnyonnyola etteeka lya Katonda, obusika bw'ebintu bino bujja kukulembera, era buli mulembe guno gujja kuziyizibwa.[1] Omulembe guno n'omulembe omuppya gusobola okugobererwa. Abasomesa, n'abatuuze abatuuze, abeeko olukusa okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu kkooti enkulu, kiyamba nnyo abantu okutegeera ebigere ku Amerika mu kwefuga bokka era n'okulwanirira obukulembeze obutuufu.