Ensibuko y’Obuwagguzi

Enjawulo ey'obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ensi, ezimanyiddwa nga gavumenti za gavumenti, ensenyi y'oku sistemu. Abakola enkola mu bugenderevu baateekawo enkola esobozesa gavumenti ey'amaanyi okwefuga bokka. Enteekateeka eno yeeyoleka nnyo mu nkola y'enkola y'amateeka, gye kiryenyisiddwa, akakiiko ka ka kampuni ez'eggwanga, ne kakiiko akakola ku buli kika. Okutegeera kino kyetaagisa okukebera amateeka gago, okugateeka mu nkola, era n'okusoomooza mu ggwanga lyonna.

Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa okuziyiza okujooza obufuzi bwonna nga batwala ab'obuyinza n'okuleka gavumenti z'eggwanga okusobozesa gavumenti okuzza obutujju ku gavumenti z'ensi mu bifo ebya bulijjo. Etteeka eryo lyasobozesa gavumenti okubeera nga ebizingo ebya demokulase. Ebyasa bibiri ebisukka mu kikumi, enkyukaawuka eri wakati w'obufuzi n'obuyinza bw'ensi za gavumenti okugezesebwa, okulongoosebwa, n'okulongoosebwa okuyitira mu mateeka, amateeka, n'enkola y'enkola y'ekko.

Abakulembeze Abakola ku Bufumbo: Baakwatibwa era ne Bayisibwa bubi

Gavumenti ya gavumenti okusingira ddala yabalirirwa mu kitundu I, Ekitundu 8 eky'Etteeka. Amasaza gano galiko ekkomo naye nga ga maanyi, era gatwaliramu ebifo we kiyinza okusoberwa. Gavumenti ebisinga obukulu mwe muli:

  • Busuubuzi obw'omu ssemasaza: The Commerce Classiale (Atee, Ekitundu 8, Classical 3) kiwa Congress obuyinza okutegeka ebizimbe “mu bitundu bya njawulo.” Amaanyi gano gasaanizidwa okusobozesa okukendeeza si busuubuzi bwokka naye era n'eby'entambula, eby'enyongeza, n'eby'eby'enfuna ebirina kye bisobola okukola mu busuubuzi obw'ensi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ya gavumenti esobola okussaawo emitindo egikwata ku butebenkeze, n'okugobeetaaza obukkessi amateeka agakwata ku by'obusuubuzi.
  • [[NKULA]] Ekiragiro kya ' Consell' kisobola okusasula emisolo, emirimu, empandika, n'okusasulira amabanja nga biwansibwa era ne bikozesebwa ku butebenkevu n'obulungi obwa bulijjo. Obuyinza obw'okusaasaanya ssente ku lw'obulungi obwa bulijjo kisobozesezza gavumenti okuwaayo programu ez'amaanyi nga Social Security, Medicare, ne by'ebiwandiiko eby'eby'enjawulo.
  • [[NKULULA] Entalo era n'okukuuma amagye: Consert yokka eyinza okutandikawo entalo, okuteekawo n'okuwagira amagye, okuteekawo n'okukuuma eggye ery'oku mazzi, era n'okukola amateeka agafuga amagye. Eksomero era ne ku mu 1973, munnabyabufuzi alina okutuukirira mu lukiiko lw'abayeeggulo nga tannakulembereza amagye.
  • Okukkusa oba okufuula enkola entuufu: Gavumenti eteekawo etteeka limu erikkirizibwa mu nsi eyo, era mu mbeera ki, n'engeri abatali ba nzaalwa gye bayinza okufuukamu. Emirimu egitali gya nzalo, okusingira ddala gitono mu kukolera wamu n'okukwasisa abatuuze abat'abaabangi.
  • [[AK'AMU:0] Ekiragiro ekiwandiikiriza ssente era n'ekiragiro eky'omuwendo gwazo: Consell kirina obwannanyini kukolebwako obwayinja, okukuba empapula, n'okutegeka omuwendo gwazo. Kino kiziyiza gavumenti okufulumya ssente ezazo era kikakasa nti enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna by'eggwanga.
  • [[AKM:0] Buno obuwayiro buleetera ekiragiro okukola nga koppi n'ebintu ebirala ebikolebwako:[ Okuleetawo enkyukakyuka, Akakiiko kateekawo bye kalina okufuula entegeka entegeka ez'okubindabinda ez'okubindabinda.
  • [[NKULA] Ofiisi n'amakubo ag'okuposi: Gavumenti ekolera ku nkola eya Ppaskux ey'Amerika era esobola okuteekawo amakubo aga posita.

Nga tewannabaawo birala bino eby'amaanyi, ekiwandiikiro ne 'Faict Claus' (Artle I, Ekitundu 8, Classic 18) kiwa Congress obuyinza okussaawo amateeka gonna “abeetaagisa era agasaanira” mu kutuukiriza obufuzi obwabakibwa. Amaanyi gano ag'enkola gakozeseddwa okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki kyakolebwa ekitongole ekiyitibwa Federal Reserve, etteeka ery'ebyuma wansi w'omutemu eyitibwa Gun Control Act mu 1968, era n'okuteekawo kwa bamenti z'eggwanga nga n'eb'empandika ez'empandika ez'empaka ez'empaka ez'enjawulo nga ne Enviro ezikola zaawereza.

Obusuubuzi n’Obutonde Bwo Obuppya

Tewali buyinza bwa maanyi mu nsi yonna okukira n'okukaayana okusinga obwa Chungale Claus. Ensala z'omu kkooti enkulu ez'edda, nga Geonn [1824], obwawa ekiragiro nnukuta empandika eggula, ennukuta esobozesa Consert okufuga amazzi n'amatoffaalimu. Mu kkooti ya New Deal , enjswric recument mu nsonga nga [[FLLD]]] NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Sound Corp.[FL:3] [197] n'envumbo za kaz'okutumbula amateeka n'enkusukko.[FLD], wrickard v[FLD] (194]), ekikongobera mu by'eby'eby'eby'enfuna, ekitongole ekifuga enkola y'eby'eby'eby'eby'obusuusuusuubuzi, ekigo ekigo ekigo ekigo ekiba ky'ensonga eyo eyinza okukyusizza aka aka aka aka aka akat'oku

Kyokka, kkooti eyitibwa Rehnquist yatandika okukola kkooti y'enkuunya ez'eby'obusuubuzi mu 1990. United States v. Lopez (1995]), kkooti yasaanyawo ekitundu kya Gun-Free School Courts Act, nga etegeeza nti okuba n'amasasimu agali okumpi n'essomero tekusobola kukosa kitongole eky'eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi. Emyaka ebiri oluvannyuma, mu United States v. Morrison[FFT:3] [2000], kkooti yayayasemba ekitundu kya Polidis Applity Action Active Act Act Act, era n'enyirimu ettemu eryo terimu nkola ya maanyi ya bya bya bugagga.

Gye buvuddeko awo, ekiragiro kya Affordble Care Act kyaweerwa nga musolo so si wansi wa Busuubuzi Claus. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)], kkooti yasalawo nti Consert teyayinza kuwaliriza bantu kwenyigira mu by'obusuubuzi mu busuubuzi wansi w'obufuzi bwa Claus, okussaawo ekkomo ku buyinza bwa gavumenti.

Abakulembeze b’Eggwanga: Ebbanga n’Ebiwandiiko

Ekiwandiiko eky'Ekkumi eky'okuwereza emirembe n'obutebenkevu mu gavumenti zonna ezitaweereddwa gavumenti.Enjigiriza eno “esobola okuweerera ddala” ewa gavumenti obuyinza obw'amaanyi okugonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku bantu.

Mu bintu ebikulu ebifuga amateeka ga gavumenti mwe muli:

  • [[Act:0]] Enjigiriza: ensi zifuga emitindo egigobererwa abasomesa, ekiwandiiko, ssente eziva ku masomero, ne sisitemu ez'obuyigirize obwa waggulu. Gavumenti bw'ewaayo ssente okuyitira mu Elementary and Secondary Education Act era n'ekwasisa amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, enteko z'eggwanga zisobola okulonda emitindo gya sayansi oba okussaawo amasomo ag'eby'eby'emalirira.
  • Ekiragiro kino kissaawo ebbali ly'empandika ez'okuvuga emmotoka. Ekiragiro Amerika zizimba era ne zikuuma enguudo, emirala, eennyonyi, n'emyiwerendo gy'ennyonyi. Zissaawo ekkomo erisiikusiikiriza abavuzi b'emmotoka, n'enkola y'okwewandiisa mu mmotoka. Ssente ezikozesebwa mu kudduka zitera kutuuka ku mbeera nga okunywa omwenge gugyako omuntu ow'emyaka 21.
  • [[O]0] Abakwasisa amateeka n'omusango: Ensi zirina amagye ga poliisi, kkooti, n'amakomera. Bitegeeza ebyasalwawo (obubbi, obulumbaganyi) era ne biteeteeka ebibonerezo. Gavumenti esala emisango gya gavumenti, gamba ng'okutunda amalagalala mu bitundu by'eggwanga, okumenya amateeka n'obumenyi bw'amasaza.
  • Ekiragiro kino kissaawo empalana ezikwata ku by'obujjanjabi ebikolebwa ku bayizi, era kissaawo empalana ezikwata ku by'obujjanjabi mu bitundu bino. Omulango ogw'okukwata ebibamba n'eby'okussawo ebisawo eby'omu nviiri za gavumenti kyalaga obukyayi obuli wakati w'obuyinza n'obuyinza obwa gavumenti, nga gavumenti bwe yateekawo ebiragiro n'okugoonya ku nnyumba, so nga gavumenti y'ewa abaana obulagirizi n'eby'eby'obugagga.
  • [[NTLA], amasanyu, n'empuliziganya wakati w'abantu: State ewandikibwa, eteekawo amateeka agakwata n'okukuza abaana, era n'egiremba ku kukuza abaana. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2015]
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Amateeka n'okukola ko emikono:[[Akawumbi:1] ge gafuga ebizingirwamu, enzikkiriza ez'okubanja, ne emikono. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ebifa ku ndagaano n'eby'obudde okuteekamu enzikkiriza.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Ebirondero:[ Ekiragiro ky'akawayiro kalonda, eteeka essaawa ez'okulonda, essaawo ensalo ez'okulambula, era n'okukuba ensalo z'ebitundu ebigobererwa ekibiina (okugondera amateeka g'eggwanga nga akakwakkulizo ak'Eddembe ly'Eddembe). Era bassaawo amateeka agafuga ennyimba ez'okulonda n'okuwandiika, nga bileetawo enkaayaanaanyi.
  • [[Akawulu:0]] Obukwakulizo bw'emirimu:[ Layisensi y'obujjanjabi bw'ensi, bannamateeka, abasomesa, abakozi b'obudde n'emirimu emirala mingi. Kino kiremesa enkyuuka ez'enjawulo mu nsi emu okukkirizibwa okuteeka mu nkola naye kisobozesa gavumenti okuteekawo emitindo egikwatagana n'ebyetaago by'abantu.
  • Ekiragiro [[[NT:0] Amateeka ag'ekiragiro: State ziyinza okussaawo amateeka agafuga enviromenti okusinga ga gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, California erimu emitindo gyayo egikwata ku gmotoka, era nga egobererwa omuntu bw'agiwandiisa wansi w'Akabonero aka Cease.

Endowooza eno eviiramu amateeka agakwata ku kukuba zzaala, okutunda omwenge, okuyonja ebifo by’abantu, n’okukalubya obulamu bwabwe.

Amagye ga Poliisi n’Obukuumi

Gavumenti ziyinza okussaawo ekiseera eky'okunywa omwenge mu mateeka, okuwera okunywa sigala mu bifo ebya lukale, okwetaasa essekuute ku ppikipiki, n'okusala akasawo ku baana b'essomero (abafugibwa obutayingira magye). Kkooti enkulu ewagidde enkola za poliisi, kasita temenya mateeka oba obutasosola mu nsonga z'eby'obulamu. Mu kiseera kino, gavumenti ziyinza okuggya abantu, ebizinyiikibwawo, oba okukoma ku ku ku kukakanyazesemba amasomero.

Ebiriwo Ebibaddewo: Bibaamu Etteeka Erya Nnamaddala

Gavumenti zombi ziyinza okukolagana ne gavumenti ezimu, eziyitibwa amaanyi agakolera awamu.

  • [[AK:0]] Obubonero: ne gavumenti ya gavumenti bisobola okukomya omusolo, okusasula emisolo, n'emisolo. Kyokka, emisolo gy'eggwanga tegiyinza kusasula mugugu wakati w'eby'obusuubuzi, ne gavumenti teyinza kusasula mirimu gya gavumenti.
  • Ekiragiro kino kiyamba mu kunoonya ssente: Essente ezisobola okukozesebwa mu kuzimba ebizimbe ebikulu. Gavumenti erese obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bw'obuwumbi bw'emiza egitali gimu mu katale.
  • [[NKULU]] Tteeka eritegeeza olukiiko olukulu olw'ensi: ensi zifuga engeri za kkooti (zo, oba kkooti, oba enkola). Ekiragiro kya gavumenti kifuga emisango egiba giwandikiddwa wansi w'amateeka g'eggwanga, enfuga n'ebibuuzo ebituukagana n'enjawulo. Oluusi kkooti ezikola ku nsonga za diviirikiti ne gavumenti zikolagana nga zikozesa obuyinza obulagira kuyisa bubi ensonga.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Kalonda:[ nga eteeka akalulu, akakiiko kwe kateeka ebiseera, ekifo, n'engeri obululu gye bukwatamu enkola y'eggwanga (olwo lwookka ku kkomo lya graunti) era busobola okukomya eddembe ly'okukuba akalulu nga ku mateeka nga Voting Rights Act.
  • [[AK:0] Okugobereza abakwasi b'amateeka: Emitendera gino gino gyonna girina ebitongole ebikakasa obukwasirize amateeka (FBI, DEA olwa poliisi ya gavumenti; obuguwa bwa ssemasaza, n'obutuuti mu ggwanga). Emirundi egisinga bakolera wamu ku kutunda amalagala, obuzzi ku Internet, ne ku nkola za bannalukalala nga bayisa ebimenyeddwa mu mirimu gimu.
  • [[Act:0]] Banka ezikubisaamu: Ziyinza okusasulwa ku lubalama lw'eggwanga, naye amateeka g'ensi omu agafuga enneyisa ya banka agateesitemu gasobezaamu amateeka aga gavumenti.

Amaanyi agakolera awamu gakola ebitundu ebigattika ne bisobozesa okukola enkola empya ez'enkola eya bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole kya Cean Water Act kissaawo emitindo emitono, naye gavumenti ziyinza okukugira ennyo ebintu ebyonoonese.

Enjigiriza ya Claus ey’Obukujjukujju n’Enkaayana Wakati w’Eggwanga n’Amateeka Agafuga Ensi

Olupapula oluyitibwa Supremacke mu Kitundu VI ekya Constitution lulangirira nti etteeka erya gavumenti lye “tteeka erisinga obukulu mu nsi.” Ekiragiro bwe kiba kikontana butereevu n'etteeka erya kiwandiiko oba n'amateeka agafuga, etteeka ery'eggwanga liteekebwawo, era etteeka lya gavumenti liba liteekeddwamu ekitaliimu. Enjigiriza eno, emanyiddwa nga ddembe, eyinza okutegeerekeka obulungi ekigendererwa kyayo eky'okugoba abantu oba ekiragibwa (ekiteeso kya gavumenti kikugira ekiteeso).

Okununulibwa kutera kubaawo mu bifo nga mu bbugwe, kkooti z'ensi gye zisaze amateeka agaagezaako okubonereza abanoonyi b'obubudamu abakkirizibwa mu mateeka, nga gukuba ku buyinza obwa gavumenti. Arizona v. United States (202]), Kkooti enkulu ewaakirizibwa mu SB 1070, ekyandireesewo amateeka mu ggwanga olw'okumenya amateeka g'abatuuzeeko, era ne kkooti nga kyetaagisa abakungu bannakyewa okukakasa nti obukkusi b'okuyingira mu ggwanga. Kkooti eyo yakitwala nti okuddukanya abantu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ya gavumenti.

Ekirala eky'enkola ye ya lubanje. Wadde ng'amasaza mangi gawambye obujjanjabi oba eby'okwesanyusaamu mu mateeka, enjaga esigalamu enkola eya Stemply I nze egoberera amateeka ga gavumenti. Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka mu mateeka ga gavumenti bwe kigagaana okukuba emisango mu buyinza bwa Cole Mennandrandum (ewabaawo mu 2018), naye okusambajja okw'amateeka kweyongera. Bank beegendereza nnyo ku kukola bizineesi za kansasino olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Obujjanjabi bw'eby'obulamu bweyongedde okuwa ekyokulabirako. Kkooti ya Affordble Care Act yalimu etegeeza nti, Medicaid oba okufiirwa ssente eza bulijjo. Mu 'FLT', National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, kkooti yasalawo nti gavumenti teyinza kukoosa ssente ezaaliwo okukaka abantu okukaka amatwale /a amatwale ge basaasaanya. Kyokka, Kkooti yakkiriza okugaziwa n'enkomyamyamya y'amagoba amapya, era n'ebitundu ebisinga obungi byagikkiriza.

Emisango Emikulu Egiba gigobererwa Abafuyo

Obubonero obuwerako buyambye ku sipiidi ey'amaanyi wakati w'amatabi g'eggwanga n'ag’eby'amateeka:

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Mu nsonga eno, Kkooti Enkulu yawagira amaanyi g'e gavumenti agagiteekako akakwakkulizo akalaga nti gavumenti y'erina okussibwawo era n'asattulula e Maryland okugezaako okusasula bbanka. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yawandiika nti “amaanyi ag'okusasula omusolo gazingiramu okusaanyawo,” era nti gavumenti teyinza kukugira nkola za gavumenti. Omusango gwateekawo emisingi ebiri: okunnyonnyola amatwale g'ensi n'okufuga kw'ebyempandika okuva ku misolo gya gavumenti.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Kkooti ya New York yasalawo nti okuwa ab’obuyinza eryato eryali libafuga n’olupapula lw’eggwanga, era nti gavumenti esobola okuyingiza obusuubuzi mu bitundu by’ensi ebitali bimu, era nti n’enkulaakulana mu by’obusuubuzi esobozesa abantu okuyita mu bifo ebitali bimu.

Filburn (1942)

Roscoe Filburn yalimiranga eŋŋaano mu faamu ye ey'omu Ohio, ng’okusinga baagikozesa, obuvunaanyizibwa obusinga obungi wansi w'omutemwa gw'ekitongole kya Agricultural Sul Act. Kkooti yawagira ekibonerezo kya gavumenti, nga esala nti eŋŋaano ey'omu kitundu mwe yali yali yali esobola okulemesa ebbeeyi y'ensi eyo okusaasaanyizibwawo.

Amerika okugw. Lopez (1995)

Alfonso Lopez yasibibwa omusango olw’okutwala emmundu mu ssomero wansi wa gavumenti Gun-Free School Zones Act. Kkooti enkulu yazza omusango, nga etwala emmundu okumpi n'essomero nga teri nfuna y'eby'enfuna era tegireesetezza bya busuubuzi wakati w'eby'obufuzi mu nsi endala.

Morrison (2000)

Kkooti yafeebeza enteekateeka ey'okugonjoola ekizibu ky'abakazi mu lw'ebbula ly'amateeka erigattiddwa, era nga yayisa ekiragiro nti ettemu erisikirizibwa mu bakazi ab'obuwangwa si kya bya bugagga era nti teririna kye liyinza kukyusa mu by'obusuubuzi mu nsi.

Selius (202)

Ekiragiro kino kyawagira ekiragiro kya Afford Care Act ekyaweebwa buli omu omu omusolo naye ne kiviirako okugaziyizibwa kwa Medicaid okuba nga y'ekolamu. Kkooti era yagamba nti eky'obusuubuzi kya Kintu kya Bumeediac'okuwaliriza kaalumenti okwetaaza abantu okugula insuwalensi y'eby'obulamu kubanga okulemererwa okubaako oludda olukwata ku by'obusuubuzi.

Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino

Leero, obutategeeragana obuliwo wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti n'obw'eggwanga bukolebwa mu bifo bingi ebigulumivu:

  • California kituuse ku kugezaako okusaanyawo emitindo gy'enkola eya CF: California egezeseddwa nnyo gavumenti okusaanyawo emitindo gy'enyonvumbo eziziyisa mu ppeesa lyayo. Olutalo olwo lulaga engeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okukomya empewo y'obudde singa gavumenti tegikola.
  • Etteeka erifuga enkola ya gavumenti terikukkiriza kubaako algoma erigobererwa mu nsonga za gavumenti.
  • Ekiragiro bwe kiba kifuga amateeka, State zikozese amateeka agatali gamu("va mu kiwandiiko-to-purchase okutegeeza “okunywerera ku sistemu yo.” Congress zitera okulemererwa okukola, ne kivaamu okusukka ku mateeka. Kkooti enkulu esalawo mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[22]] Ebigere eby'empandika eby'okukwekebwa bikendeebuzi ebiba bikyaliwo, naye obujulizingi bukyaba nga bukyaba butakkirizibwa.
  • Kino kikikola nga bwe kibadde. Oluvannyuma Dobs v. Jackson Basisten’s Health Organization 202] kyeguyingirizza Roe v. Wade, ebiwandikiro bifunye amaanyi okukugira okuggyamu embuto. Amagamu agamu gaayisa enviro kumpi n'enkumbo eza bulijjo naye agataawe amateeka agamu ne gagikuuma. Kino kyaleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ku ku ntambula n'okuggyamu enzijijira mu byamadumu.
  • [[AGUFL:0]] : State nga Texas ne Florida zigezezzaako okukwasisa amateeka agakwata ku kuyingira mu ggwanga, ne kiviirako kkooti enkulu okuyingira mu kkooti. Gavumenti y'ensi eyo y'erina obuyinza obusingako, naye gavumenti ziyinza okukolagana oba okuziyiza.
  • [[Act:0] Ebiyigirizibwa n'ebiyigirizibwa:[[Akakiiko:1] emirimu gy'eggwanga gifuuse ekifo eky'okukalambira ku njigiriza ez'enjigiriza ez'enjawulo, enfuze ey'ekikula, ne ebyafaayo bya Amerika. Kino kiraga amaanyi g'ensi agafuga okussaawo emitindo egitegekebwa mu biyingizibwa n'e ekkomo ly'obuyinza wansi w'Ek'Omuteeyinti Ekkumi.

Obutategeeragana buno obw’omu kiseera kino bulaga nti enkola y’obufuzi nteekateeka ennywevu era ey’amaanyi.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kye ky'okussaawo amatwale g'ensi n'ebitundu bya Amerika. Ekiragiro kino kissaawo n'ebitundu ebya bulijjo ebitegekebwa mu ttwale ly'ensi eyo, era n'ab'obuyinza ab'omu kiseera kye kimu ne kisobozesa ebitongole okuleetawo enjawukana. Okuva ku New Development ey'eby'obufuzi okugaziwa kw'eby'obufuzi ne gavumenti ez'omulembe okusobozesa ebisale bya kkooti enkulu okweyongera ku mitendera mu bufuzi bwa Amerika, okuteekawo omuteetindo guno gukyanguyira ddala okuba omunywevu. Okutegeera nti okutajjulukuka kuno kuleetawo obuzibu mu kukwataganya eby'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu mu ku by'obuwabuzi. Okusinziira ku magezi obwa bulijjo, obukolebwa wakati w'obukulembeze mu kkooti enkulu n'amateeka, kijja kweyongera okuleetawo entegeka eddembe eri buli mu Amereka.