Emirala egy’Ebyafaayo egy’Obufuzi obw’Okufuga Byonna

Enjigiriza ekwata ku kufuga obwetwaze y'emu ku misingi egikyasinzeeyo okugobererwa mu mateeka ga Amerika. Enjigiriza eno ewaayirizibwa mu bigambo by'omu Lungereza olw'edda egamba nti "kabaka tayinza kukola kikyamu kyonna," era ereetera omuntu yenna okugaana enkola yonna mu mateeka aleme okukkirizibwa nga nnyini buyinza takkiriziddwa. Enjigiriza eno ey'omusingi yayita mu ttwale lya Atlantika n'abatuuze b'amawanga ab'enjawulo ne yeegatta ku Amerika, wadde nga yalimu n'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi eziraga nti gavumenti z'akyewandikidde.

Mu Amerika, etteeka erikugira okukwatibwa lirina okukolebwa ku b'obuyinza mu ggwanga lya United States naye nga obukuumi obuweebwa gavumenti bwe bukulu nnyo. Enteegeza ku mateeka ga United States, nga gakkirizibwa mu 1795, likola ng'amateeka agafuga gavumenti mu kkooti z'ensi endala. Ekyawandiikibwa kino kiwandiikiddwa nti: "Etteeka lya Amerika terikkirizibwa kukwata mu mateeka oba mu ngeri gye lirinamu amateeka, liba liteekeddwawomebwa oba okuvunaanibwa omu ku batuuze b'eggwanga eddala erinnaalyo, oba Abatuuze b'eggwanga eriri mu ggwanga eddaala." Ekyawandiikibwa kino kilabika ng'ekwaze ku maaso gaalyo, Kkooti ey'entebe ey'okukka ennamu eyinza okutwalibwa mu kkooti z'ebyawula mu ggwanga ezimu.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Emwenda n’Okunnyonnyola Kwagwo Okutaasa

Mu byafaayo by'Amerika bingi, kyamanyibwa nti olukalala lw'eby'obufuzi olw'ekkumi n'omusanvu lugaana abatuuze ab'amawanga okumenya amateeka. Kyokka, okutaputa kuno kwagazibwa nnyo ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda. HANS v. Louisiana[FL:1] [1890]), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Kkooti enfuga n'ewandiisa mu ggwanga erimu essanduuko y'eggwanga eririna obutuuze mu kkooti. Kkooti yagamba nti, okukkomya ekiragiro ekyo kyalaga omusingi gwa gavumenti yenna ogwagaana omuntu yenna okumenya gavumenti nga tewamu lukumenti. Kkootikko ekyo kyasalawo okuzza omusango ogwa nnakyewa mu kkooti ya gavumenti, katonda ab'abatuuze mu kkooti.

Okusalawo okuddako kunywezezza era okuzibudde engeri eno ey'okukwataganya n'enkyukakyuka. Ex Parte Young [08]], kkooti yasazeemu okw'awuluzaamu: past ezitabaganya n'abakungu ba gavumenti okusobola okufuna obuweerero obw'enyongezi okusobola okugonjoola obutamenya amateeka ga gavumenti, ne bwe kiba nga kiremedwa, ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti tesobola kukkirizibwa kuwerezebwa bujulizi. Enjigiriza eno ekkiriza abakungu ba gavumenti okumenya amateeka nga bakwasisa abawanyi b'obukwasifumbo ng'abawayivu, era n'enjawuluza ennukuta enkulu eri wakati wa bannannyini ey'ebiragiro (ebikkirizibwa mu mbeera ezimu) n'esigala nga kitundu kya kkopi ez'okwerinda.

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu kiseera kyaffe yeeyongedde okulongoosa ekitundu ky'obusobozi bw'okwefuga obwa Florida n'obw'omulembe. Mu 1990, kkooti ya Rehnquist yasazeewo olukalala lw'ensala ezaanyweza ennyo obuwangwa bw'abakyala wansi w'amateeka. Ebibiina nga Syminole eri Frigion of Florida v. Florida [1969] ne [[FLT]] [FLT]] [alden v. Maine [1999]) byatwala nti Conse Congressssss mu Mateeka I mu butebe bw'otowatuzi n'oka olw'enkola y'enkola ya gavumenti. Ebisalirwawo bya desettuunizo byago mu mawanga agamu mu mawanga agamu kumenya amateeka nga ebitongole ebitegekebwa mu mateeka ebitongole ebirala, so si bya Kratik'ekiragiro mukirG.

Enkola z’Obufuzi Kirimaanyi mu Gavumenti

Wadde nga waliwo obukuumi obungi obuweebwa ekibiina Ekkumi n'etaano eky'ekirabo awamu n'ennyinnyonnyola yaakyo ey'okusala emisango, emyaka egyakayita wabaddewo enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri gavumenti gye zikuumamu obwetwaze. Kino kiraga nti abantu bangi bakitegeera nti okukugira obusosoze ku buli kantu kuyinza okuvaamu obutali bwenkanya, naddala nga kuzingiramu okumenya amateeka ga bantu, ebikolwa ebikyamu ebikolebwa gavumenti, n'okukaabira empaka. Kkooti ne makanisa nabyo bibadde beetegefu okuteeka mu kifo ekinywevu mu kufuga ne mu kutuukiriza kibonerezo eky'okuvunaanyizibwa.

Emisingi Egigaziyiziddwa ne Ggwana Okussibwako Omutindo

Ekimu ku ebyo ebibaddewo mu mateeka ageefuga gavumenti gye buvuddeko awo kwe kweyongerayongera kw'abantu abawa obuwagizi. Amagatte mangi gataddewo etteeka erikkiriza obukwasiddwa obutuufu mu bitundu ebitali bimu. Abawanguzi bano basangibwa mu gavumenti nga bawa ebiragiro, amateeka, n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'eggwanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ekkiriza ensimbi z'ensi yonna eza programu emu, eyinza okutwalibwa okuba nga ewagidde okugaana ebiteeso ebiba bikolebwa wansi w'amateeka agafuga programu eyo. Kkooti enkulu ebadde ekkiriza nti abateefuga teyetongoddewo kiteekwa kuba "Essoodoosaamu n'okunnyonnyola n'okuyisa mu ngeri eyoleka obulungi olulimi olutuufu.

Kkooti z'ensi era zikoze kinene mu kugaziya enjigiriza ez'ekika kya gavumenti. Abalamuzi abamu mu ssemateeka baatwala olulimi olutategeerekeka nga bategeeza empasa eziba zifunvuunyiziddwa gavumenti gye ziggula ekigendererwa kya yo eky'okuziyiza ebiwawereddwa. Kino kyeyolekera nnyo mu bitundu ejulirwamu ensalo gavumenti w'ewagira obuwambe. Ebiva mu bigambo ebyo byewandisizza gavumenti mu nsi yonna, nga gavumenti ezimu ziwa abantu obuwagizi obwagazi okusobola okuzissa mu matwale ga gavumenti n'ebitebenkerala ebirala ebikuuma.

Okulyogeramu Amaanyi n’Enyinza z’Ekkanisa

Wadde nga Court ey'oku ntikkooti enkulu ekwasizza ekkomo ekkomo ek'etteeka ery'okufuga etteeka eririna okukkirwa ku nkola ya Centres mu Article I, kitegedde nti Congress kiyinza okukkirizibwa mu Lukiiko olw'okugattika nga wa ddo mu Kakiiko k'Abaminsani 5. Enjawulo eno ereeseewo olukubisi mu ngeri obanga amateeka agamu gakola mu Kitundu kya 5. Lensene [FLY] [204]] [200]), Kkooti ewatuleetwalidde okuko akwasisa oba nga enkola ya Amerekawo okutongoza ebitongole ebikola mu kkooti, era n'okuzuula nti Kkoluunti y'abantu abalina obusosoze mu by'obulwonoonyi obw'omubiri mu ngeri eyinza okubonesebwa. Ate era n'enkola yakkirizibwa abantu abava mu kkooti y'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka mu ngeri ezikkirizibwa okusososososebwa.[FF.[FFose

Ku nsonga eno ey'amateeka, wakyaliwo okukaayana okutawanya ku ngeri y'okukwasisaamu enteekateeka y'obukulembeze eya 14. Kkooti eno "yankola n'ebiruubirirwa" ekyetaagisa amateeka aga gavumenti okusobola okugonjoola oba okuziyiza okumenya amateeka. Etteeka lino likifudde kizibu eriba libakugira okuzza obubonerezo ku nteekateeka za gavumenti ez'okufuga mu nkola z'amateeka ez'ekika ekya 14, ng'empandika y'okugezesa obutongole obwa gavumenti gye buteereddwako obujulizi obw'okweyisa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, ate nga n'okukkiriza okuteeteeka mu nkola enzivumbo za gavumenti gye zisobola okukomyawo.

Kkooti y'e ssaza okusiba emisango n'okutabangula

Wadde nga mu kkooti ey'ekkumi n'omubiri mulamba muggumivu mu buwandiike, enzivuunula zaayo zikkirizibwa mu kkooti z'ensi emu. Gavumenti ezimu zitaddewo amateeka agakugira ennyo okulongoosebwa kw'amateeka mu nkola zaazo ez'eby'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi zireseeyo obutemu bw'okwefuga obwa nnamba okusobola okugobererwa, nga ziweereddwa obuyinza obugobererwa obukkirizibwa okuteekebwa ku misango. Gavumenti endala ganyweredde ku mateeka agafuga enkola naye gaateekawo amateeka agaawumba obutundu, gamba ng'ago agago agago agago agabagattiddwa mu midumu, ebikolerwa by'emirimu oba okujjanjaba ebitongole ebijanjabi ebiva mu bya gavumenti.

Kkooti nnyingi ez'eggwanga zikosezza enkola ey'okuziyiza obuwanguzi n'okumanyisa enkola ey'okujjanjaba. Kkooti enkulu ez'omu gavumenti mu bifo nga Kentucky, Wisconsin, ne Ohio ziwa okusalawo okukendeeza ku mateeka agabakwata ku kukwata ku bantu, era okusobozesa abawagizi okukugira enjigiriza eyo. Ekiragiro kino kitera obutafaayo nnyo ku ggwanga okusinga ebisalibwawo kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika naye nga birina kinene nnyo kye bikola ku nkola za gavumenti ne ku ddembe ly'abantu okusobola okuzzaawo obuweerero mu gavumenti ne mu nsonga ezizikwata ku nsonga za gavumenti.

Enkyukakyuka ez’Ebyafaayo mu Bufuzi n’Enkyuuka z’Etteeka

Okwetooloola ensi yonna, amasomero ga gavumenti gateeseteese enkyukakyuka ezisobozesa okukuuma etteeka erikugira obuwagizi. Enkyukakyuka zino zikyukakyuka mu buli ggwanga era zisobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo. Ekyo kiraga buli ggwanga nga buli lirina obuwangwa bw'amateeka, eby'obufuzi, n'ebyafaayo. Ebyokulabirako bino wammanga biraga engeri amawanga gye gazze gakola ebintu ebyo.

California

California kibadde kiwa obulagirizi okumala ebbanga ddene mu kukugira abakungu ba gavumenti obutawa bukulembeze. Act eCalifornia Tort Antions etandika okutaasa abawagizi obutatuukibwako kabi kava mu mulimu. Enkyukakyuka ezakakolebwa gye buvuddeko awo zeeyongedde okuba enkomeredde naddala mu bitundu ebikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu n'emirimu. Gavumenti ya California ewandikibwa okusobola okukaka abakozesa okumenya amateeka mu ggwanga mu kiseera ekitono naye zikkiriza okulongoosebwa ennyo singa bye baagala bituuka ku buwanguzi. Kkommenti za gavumenti ya Fair Wood ne Hollas Act (FA) zirceekera okugoba obusosoze ku mirimu, era zikkiriza abakozi ba gavumenti okusaza okusazaamu abawandiikibwa mu bwangu obw'okusasula ebisale, mu kusasula ssente, ne mu ku bannamateeka bannagwamateeka. Enkiiko z'ebukiiko z'ebukiiko ezo zinnyonnyola ensonga zino zonna bwe ziba nga zikkiriza okuwangula.

New York

Enkola y'okukwata obuteefu ku gavumenti ya New York yeeyawudde mangu okuyitira mu nkola y'amateeka n'okunnyonnyola ennyinnyonnyola. Kkooti ya New York ey'okulaawula abawagizi ereetiimu, era n'okukugira obuteefiirayo mu ngeri ezimu, nga mw'otwalidde n'abo abava ku butatuukiriza bukwasiddwako emikono, n'empandika eza ssemateeka mu mateeka. Enkola za gavumenti eza kawere ezikoleddwa mu gavumenti zigaziye okubeetiisa mu nsonga ezikwata ku kwetabaganya eby'okwetaba, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutulugunya obusosoze mu by'obusosoze mu by'eggwanga, naddala mu bifo ebikoleramu ebikola ebikola ebirumya.

Texas

Texas ebaddeko n'obukuumi obw'amaanyi obufuga enkola z'eby'okulwanyisa endwadde naye emirimu gya gavumenti egyakasumululwa gye buvuddeko awo gireeteddwawo. Ekitongole kya Texas Tort Anties Acts aspects associations ekiyinza okukkirizibwa okuva ku mmotoka, ebisago mu mayumba, n'obubenje ebireetebwawo abakozesebwa mu mirimu gyabwe. Kyokka, ebisale byakendeezeddwawo bifiibwako nnyo, era nga bikyasiddwawo n'enkyukakyuka nnyingi. Mu 2019, okugoba kwa Texas Legis kwayisa enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezibalira abawandisizza abanya emirimu egikwataganyizibwa n'okutulugulwa abakozi ba gavumenti nga bakolera wamu omulimu gwabwe. Ate era n'ensonga ez'enjawulo zikitegeera nti, singa gavumenti ziyingira mu mikateeko gy'endagaano. Waddewo enkyukakyuka zino, tezibadde na ku ekyo ebitongole ebitongole ebikugirwa mu masaza, tebira okuba eby'obukuumibwa mu mateeka eby'obutebe bw'obutebe obw'ebyavugizi.

Florida

Akakiiko ka Florida akategeka obuteesiteesi kaleetera omuntu okugaana obusosoze. Florida Tort Athions Acts associaters associations alwoods ate kakakasa akawaayi ak'amaanyi ak'oku buli omu ate kattaayi wamu ne doola 5000,000 ku buli kisale era ne kassaawa ezisukka mu doola 5000,000 kawerera buli kamu ku mulundi. Kkooti enkulu mu Florida ewagidde ekkomo eri ku lukiiko olwo, naye ekkiriza nti ekkomo eririmu enkyungidde ekkomo eririna okuweebwa enzivvu mu mateeka. Enkola ya bulijjo ereetwale esss'okutumbula essizaamu envumbogo ez'enkomeredde mu ggwanga lyonna.

Illinois

Illinois akwasizza enteekateeka ey'okuziyiza obuteesitemu okuyitira mu kkooti ekola ku by'obwannannyini mu kkooti e Illinois ey'amateeka era ne ku mateeka g'ensi ya Illinois. Ekiragiro ekigootaanya ebiwandiikibwa ebitoowawa ebiteeso, ebiwandiikibwa awamu n'ebiwandiiko bya mateeka ebimu, naye byonna ebiwawawaanyi ebimenya gavumenti ebyo biteekwa okuleetebwa mu kkooti z'ebyewandiikwa okukkirizibwa mu kifo ky'amateeka agafuga. Enkola eno egobeetera okukkirizibwa obutateekako mu nkola enkyungi ey'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'okwerinda, naye eyinza okuleetawo okusoomooza eri abawandikibwa abawandikibwa abawandikibwa abagoberera enkola enziro ez'enjawulo mu Illinonian Rights Act ne mu mateeka ga gavumenti.

Washington

Washington State ekoze enteekateeka nnene nnyo okusobola okulemesa etteeka ery'okwefuga eritakuusibwa ku bantu. Washington Tort Attens Act nga kiremesa nnyo abo abafuna ebisago ebiva mu bakozi ba gavumenti, era kooti za gavumenti zirowoozezza nti omuntu oyo avunaanyizibwa nnyo okutuuka ku mirimu gya gavumenti. Washington era ekkiriza okubonerezebwa okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi okukolebwa mu nsonga ezireetebwa gavumenti, era nti gavumenti zonna ziremesezza gavumenti okutaasa ebisago ebiba birengo okuva ku bujeemu bwa poliisi, era n'obujjanjabi bw'ebitongole ebikola mu makomera mu matwale ga gavumenti. Washington kino kiraga nti gavumenti eyo esaanidde okusasula ebisaze olw'obuzibu obuva mu mateeka.

Ebizingirwamu mu Kusalawo kw’Ebitongole by’Eby’Eby’Omulimu n’Eby’Eby’Omulimu gwa Katonda

Okutegeera amateeka agafuga gavumenti n'ebiwandiiko ebigootaanya amagye, kikwata nnyo ku abo abagakuuma, n'abo abakola eby'obufuzi.

Emirimu Egikwata ku Kwenyigira mu Bintu by’Essaza

Ku abo abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti, ekibuuzo ekisooka kiri nti, oba nga ereetera gavumenti okusambajja engeri y'okwewala obuwambe. Kino kyetaagisa okwekenneenya n'obwegendereza amateeka ga gavumenti, n'amateeka agakwata ku nsonga ezimenyese. N'olwekyo, etteeka bwe liba nga limenyeddwa, abakuumi bateekwa okugoberera ebiwandiiko ebikuutifu, amateeka agafuga, n'obukoowu bw'obuteeyambi bw'eby'obuyinza. Ebiwawawa bya gavumenti bingi byetaaga abawandiikizi banoonyereze ebigambo nga biwandikiddwa mu nnaku ntono.[1] Emirundi 90 okutuuka mu 180 nga tebannavunaana mu kkooti. Okulemererwa okugoberera emitindo gino kiyinza okugobeetaanya okugoba singa bye bagamba bibaamu ebiteekwasibwa eby'okwewaawula.

Mu bitundu ebimu, bye boogera ku nsonga z'eggwanga birina okutwalibwa mu kkooti enkulu, gamba nga kooti, nga bwe ziba ziwanyisa, ate mu birala batwala obujulizi mu kkooti eza bulijjo. Okuba nti mu kkooti ezitabangawo kkooti z'amateeka era nga buli omu ajulirwa, gavumenti zimukkiriza okuwozesebwa mu kkooti okukolebwako. Eky'ensonga okusalirwa omusango era n'abalala okusalirwa omusango nga basinziira ku kabauti. Mu nkomerero, abakungu bateekwa okuvunaanibwa ebbaasa ebbeesa oba okukomyawo okulongoosebwa, ekintu ekiyinza okukendeeza omuwendo gw'abalamuzi abo abagenda mu maaso.

Ebikolwa

Empandika z'eby'obufuzi zitwaliramu enkola eremesa abantu obutakwatibwa bugayaavu oba okugobererwa. Amateeka gano gakkiriza ebikosa omuntu, ebinyago by'ebintu, n'okufa okukyamu okuva ku bakozi ba gavumenti abakolera ku mirimu gyabwe. Kyokka, gavumenti ezisinga obungi ziwandiisa ebikole ebiteeso nga bikuuma enneeyisa ezimu, gamba ng'okusalawo okw'amagezi, okugoba ebinywa ku mikutu, n'okwewandiisa okuva ku nkola ya gavumenti gamba ng'okugobeekwa kw'amateeka oba okugobeesa abakwasisa amateeka.

Enjawulo eri wakati w'emirimu gy'obuweereza n'egyo egy'obuweereza nkulu nnyo mu kusalawo nti tewaba na buzibu bwonna mu nkola. Kkooti zigamba nti abo abasalawo nga bagoberera enkola oba ensalawo(*'obuweereza), ate abo abaziyiza enkola z'obuweereza, emirimu egitali gya bulijjo. Enjawulo eno ereeteddewo enjawukana mu buli kika nga n'enkola z'abawabuzi balemesezza kusalawo kukwata ku buli kibiina. Mu masaza mangi, ekiteeso si kye kiteeso nga kikkaazesezza ku nkola y'obutebe bw'amateeka okusala emisango egikwata ku bannakyewa.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kukkiriza Enkizo za Bannaggwanga

Ekiragiro Omufuzi ow'okufuga kifuga enkola eyagobererwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu eri gavumenti. Etteeka erifuga etteeka erifuga gavumenti, 42 U.S.C. 1983, likkiriza abakungu okulumiriza gavumenti n'abakungu ab'omu kitundu olw'okumenya etteeka eryali libakugira okulwanirira eddembe lya gavumenti. Mu kutuukirizibwa kwa gavumenti, ekiragiro kino tekiyinza kukugira ddembe ly'eggwanga. Ex Parte Young Ek'enjigiriza, abakungu bayinza okunoonya obuyambi obusobola okuwayira abakungu ba gavumenti olw'enneempaka z'obuwaze naye nga basuubira okutaasasulibwa eri gavumenti singa gavumenti teyekugirwa.

Gavumenti ezimu zataddewo amateeka agaago ku buteefu bw'eddembe ly'abantu nti okutaasa eddembe ly'obuntu kiremesezza ebisambisibwa, nga kino kyeyanjula etteeka erigobererwa mu kkooti y'eggwanga. California’e Bane Act ne Illinois Civil Rights Act birimu amateeka ga gavumenti agakugira ennyo abazannyi ba gavumenti olw'okumenya amateeka. Amateeka ga gavumenti gazeeyongedde okuba ag'omuwendo kubanga Kkooti enkulu ey'Amerika ekendeezza ku bizibu ebiva mu ku buyambi bw'eby'okwerinda obwa 76 okuyitira mu kuziyiza obuteesososo n'enjigiriza endala. amateeka agafuga enjawukana wakati w'eggwanga n'enkumbo n'ennamba z'abantu ba gavumenti gateekawo mu kifo eky'okwekenneeyambizaamu mu ngeri ey'enkola ey'ensonga ez'amateeka.

Ebizibu Ebigenda Biddawo

Etteeka erikwata ku busosoze ne ku mbeera z’abantu lirina kye likola ku nsi, nga kino kisinziira ku nkulaakulana empya ezizzeewo.

Abasirikale Bannabyabufuzi Batassa kitiibwa mu Bufuzi n’Ebikwata ku Gavumenti

Amawanga mangi gataddewo essira ku njigiriza ezikugira abantu okulondoola enkola z'amateeka ez'okwefuga. Wansi w'emisingi egy'okwefuga, tegalina kabi konna kava mu mpisa za poliisi ez'obugwenyufu, okuggyako nga gavumenti ewambye obuteefu bw'amateeka okusobola okugonjoolebwa. Gavumenti nnyingi ziwagidde nga ziragira olukalala olw'okukugira okwogerwako olw'okukwata abapoliisi, okukwata okw'obulimba n'ebiruubirirwa ebirala eby'obugwenyufu. Kyokka, ebizibu n'obuzibu obulala, biremesezza abo ababa bakoseddwa enneeyisa ya poliisi okuwona enneeyisa yaabwe, era n'okusasula ebibonero ku gavumenti okutaabonerezebwa kuyinza okukosebwa.

Abakujjuzi bawa obukakafu nti okusoomoozebwa kw'amateeka agakwata ku bukuumi bwa gavumenti kunafu mu bitundu ebimu.

Tekinologiya, Ebikwata ku Nnyimba z’Ettaka n’Obulimba bw’Eggwanga

Amawanga bwe gakuŋŋaanya, ne gakebera ebifa ku muntu kinnoomu, ne bye batwala, ne bibawa obulagirizi ku ebyo ebiba bizingirwamu. Abantu bangi beeraliikirira nnyo. Abanoonyereza ku ngeri gye bayisibwamu mu mikutu gya data egikola ku nsonga z'obwannannyini, era n'ebyo ebiyinza okugobererwa mu by'obumanyirizo.

Gavumenti ezimu zitaddewo amateeka agaawula ku kuziyiza okuttulwa kwa data, ate endala zigamba nti endowooza ng'ezo zisikirizibwa okukola emirimu egy'ekika kya bulijjo oba okugoberera. Ebiva mu misango gino, gavumenti zijja kubaako kye bikola ku kukubiriza gavumenti okukekkereza omulimu gw'okuyingiza obubaka n'okwerinda obwa kompyuta. Obusobozi obw'okuteesitezanga obuterekebwa mu nkola z'amateeka bweyongera mu nkola eza gavumenti, era n'ebivaamu bijja kuba bya maanyi nnyo.

Emiganyulo gy’Eby’Obulamu n’Eby’Obulwadde

OMULWALO gwa ChoviD gwaleetawo enkyukankano mu masaza nga 1914. Era byaleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kuziyiza ebikosa eby'obulamu, okuleka abalwadde okuva ku baawufu ne ku nkola y'ebitongole bya gavumenti. Eggwanga nnyingi zaawakanyanga nti ebikolwa byabwe byakuumibwa olw'obukuumi bwa gavumenti, ka kibe nga bya nfugebwa enjigiriza ez'ekika oba nga bagoberera amateeka agakugira obuwagizi okutaasibwawo ekibamba. Kkooti zikozesezza ebikekwa ne bye zikola ebiyinza okukendeeza ku byewandisizza ebirengo bya gavumenti ebireetera okukendeeza ku ndwadde ez'amaanyi.

Obulwadde buno buleetedde abantu okuwaayiriza gavumenti ku ngeri gye bayinza okuziyizaamu embeera z'eby'obulamu ezeetaagisa ennyo. Gavumenti ezimu zitaddewo enkyukakyuka ezikugira okuziyiza ebisobozese okuziyiza obubenje nga zizzeewo, nga zikitegeera nti gavumenti zisaanidde okuvunaanibwa olw'ebikolwa ebiteeyagalidde oba ebitali bya magezi ne mu biseera eby'obuzibu. Gavumenti endala zigaziye okukuuma abakungu ba gavumenti okusobola okusalawo mu ngeri ey'amaanyi nga babuusabuusa obanga embeera ziz'entuufu era nga zilina okukugira amagoba. Ebyafaayo ku gavumenti zinnaazo ziraga nti zivunaanyizibwa ku nsonga ezizzeewo mu bwangu.

Engeri Ebyo Ebikolebwako gye Biganyulamu

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ejja kweyongera okukola omulimu ogw'okutema oludda olumu olukalala lw'entebe y'ebitundu ebifugibwa gavumenti. Kkooti eno egenda kukyusa engeri gye yasengekaamu amateeka ga gavumenti era n'enkola yaagyo ey'okufuga, obuyinza bwa kakiiko akafuzi ak'omu kkumi na kakumi akafuga, amaanyi ga Congress'okuziyiza okutaawulibwawo wansi wa Amerekal, era n'okutongoza kwa Ex Parte Young okuggyako nga k'otaddewo akakwakkulembedde ku kkooti esaba nti y'obuyinza obwa gavumenti bweyongera okukiikirirwa, naye era Kkowo kyo kiraga nti kikkiriza nti enteekateeka z'amateeka ziteekeddwa okukwasisa eddembe ery'enkola entegeka z'amateeka.

Emisango egiba giwagidde okussaawo obulagirizi obupya eri abo abawagizi. Emboozi ezibaawo wakati wa kkooti enkulu, Congress, ne mapeesa ga gavumenti gajja kusalawo amateeka agafuga obwa bulijjo, era buli ttabi lya gavumenti lijja kuteekawo obulagirizi obupya era n'eri abakwasi b'amateeka. Emboozi eri wakati wa kkooti enkulu, Court, ne magye g'ensi zijja kusalawo amateeka ageefuga enfuga, nga buli ttabi lya gavumenti libaako kye liwaayo okugonjoola wakati w'obuyinza n'obuvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti.

Eggwanga bwe lyeyongera okulongooseza amateeka n'enkiiko ezinnyonnyola engeri gye birina okukuumibwamu, amateeka mu kitundu kino gajja kusigala nga ga maanyi era nga galimu okuwakana. eri abakwasi n'abalabirizi, nga bategeezebwa ku ebyo ebigenda bikolebwa mu ggwanga ne gavumenti okusobola okukulembera emitindo gy'enkalakkalira wakati w'obukuumi obw'enfuga n'eddembe ly'okunoonya ennongooso erizizza gavumenti.