Table of Contents
Eggulo: Kkooti Enkulu Yakolebwa Eraga nti Abantu Benkanankana
Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ebaddeko olutalo olw'enkola ey'okuyonkana wakati w'amawanga, ng'ennyonnyola amateeka mu ngeri ereeseewo embeera mu Amereka. Wadde nga Kooti eyo emirundi mingi ekola ng'enteekateeka eya bulijjo, okusalawo kw'ewa ku kwenkanankana ebiseera ebimu kweyongera ku ebyo ebisaliddwawo mu kusalawo okw'enjawulo. Okuva ku kuleetawo enjawukana mu langi okutuuka ku bufumbo obw'ekikula okutuuka ku buteeso, okusala emisango gimu tegikyusizza bwokka mu mateeka kyokka, naye era ne kikyusa engeri abantu b'ensi gye bategeeramu ekitiibwa, era n'obukuumi obwenkana wansi w'amateeka. Ekitundu kino kyekenneekenneenya ebisaliddwawo ku ddembe ery'okwenkanankanankanankanankanankanankana, nga bakuba ekifaananyi waggulu ku n'enva, okutunuulira ennyimba ezo, n'okunnyonnyola n'engeri ey'enkalakkalira ku nsonga ezimu ezikoleddwa.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Okusambajja "Ekisaaweerawo Naye Kyenkanankana"
Nsengeka ya lupapula
Mu myaka nga mukaaga emabega, enjigiriza ya "yawukanya naye nga yenkana" eragiddwa mu Plessible v. Ferguson (1896) yatongoza ekika ky'enjawukana mu bifo ebya lukale. Mu matandika ga 1950, empagiro ey'eby'enjigiriza ya NAACP egoberera amateeka ga gavumenti, yasibuka ku Tur Marshall, agiteetera okuwakanya mu kunoonyereza nga yayo okugamba nti okwawukana kwakosa abaana b'abaddugavu. Ebbeetwalidde wansi wa Bn v. Kkoodi y'enjigiriza ey'enjigiriza[[ yasibuka mu South Carolina, Virginia.
Obufuzi obw’Enjawulo
Kkooti yagaana enkola eya Plesset, nga yagamba nti okweyawulawo mu masomero ga gavumenti kwamenya ekiragiro kya Application Earren of the 14th Amerekance. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyalagira nti obusosoze tebwalina kukkirizibwa era nti obusosoze tebwali bwa mu mateeka.
Okuziyiza Obuziyiza
Omwaka oguddako, Brown II (155) yalagira akakwakkuliro ak'okutuukiriza ekiragiro "nga sipiidi," ebigambo ebyaleka emyoyo egy'omu bukiikaddyo okulwawo n'okuziyiza. Okuziyiza okuggalawo amasomero ga gavumenti mu Virginia era n'okuyimirira mu Little Rock Central High School, byeyongera kukulaakulana. Yatwala ekitongole kya Civil Rights Act ekya 1964 ne kkooti enkulu mu kiseera kyako okukasattumbula obugatti.
Eby’obusika
Brown ye yali ejjinja ekkulu eririna amusingi mu Kkubo ly'Eddembe eririna obwawula abantu mu bifo byonna ebya lukale era n'abalwanyi abakubirizibwa okukaka abantu okwenkanankana mu kulonda, mu mirimu, ne mu kuzimba. Wadde nga leero ekika ky'enjawukana mu masomero kikyaliwo olw'ensonga z'enjawukana mu bya nfuna, omusingi gwa Brown gulaga nti okwawukana mu langi tekusinziira ku mateeka. Etteeka eryamenyesebwa ku Oyez
Virginia (1967): Eddembe ly’okufumbirwa Omuntu yenna
Nsengeka ya lupapula
Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Lovings [1] eky'abazungu n'omukazi Omuddugavu, baafumbirwa mu Washington, D.C., mu 1958. Bwe baakomawo e Virginia, baakwatibwa olw’okumenya etteeka lya gavumenti erikwata ku langi ez'enjawulo eryabaviirako okugattibwa. Baasalirwa ekibonerezo eky'okusibibwa omwaka gumu mu kkomera, nga bawanikiddwa ku nsonga y'okuva mu ggwanga.
Obufuzi
Kkooti enkulu eyagattiddwako yasattulukuka etteeka erikwata ku kugoba obufumbo, nga bagamba nti obufumbo busaanidde okubeera n'obuyinza era nti entegeka z'eggwanga zirina okwekenneenyezebwa ennyo. Omulamuzi Omukulu Warren yawandiika: “Eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa limanyiddwa dda ng'egumu ku ddembe ly'abantu ekkulu ery'okunoonya essanyu. Ekyesalirwawo mu mateeka 16 agaasalibwawo.
Ebyafaayo
Mu mateeka ga nfumbo okukomya okuwera obufumbo obw'ebika eby'enjawulo mu ggwanga lyonna. Era kyateekawo enteekateeka y'obufumbo obw'ebika ebyagattika nga bwe buli omu agenda okufumbiriganwa. N'olwekyo, okusosoomoozebwa kw'ebiwayi by'ebiwayi bya langi okusobola okugatta awamu tekikkirizibwa mu njawukana ez'ekika kya Obergefell. Mu 2024, obufumbo bw'abafumbo ab'ebika eby'enjawulo obuva mu n'obufumbo obuba nga 20 ku buli kikumi obubaali mu U.
Omutwe IX ne Kkooti Esingira Ddala Obukulu: Okusosola mu by’Enjigiriza
Nsengeka ya lupapula
Ekiragiro IX ku by'eyisanyukwa ly'Enjigiriza mu 1972 kigaana okusosolwa "olw'emitindo gy'okwetaba" mu nteekateeka yonna ey'eby'enjigiriza eweebwa ssente. Wadde nga si kkooti enkulu ku yokka, etteeka eryo lyalina enfugero ya kkomo eriragira engeri gye lyayisibwamu.
Milandu Mikulu: Grove ne Davis
Mu Grove City College v. Bell [19984], Kkooti yatongoza omutwe IX ku buwagizi obwa kampuni ezifuna ssente za gavumenti, so si kibiina kyonna. Akakiiko kaaguunika nnyinyonnyola n'ennukuta ya Kibiina Eddention Reformation Active Act(T) mu 1988. [[FLT]]FLT Counter County Schools [[FLT:] [1999], Kkooti yakkiriza ebiva mu ssente okukosebwa mu bugenderevu, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutulugulwa kw'eby'okwetaba. [FLT:]
Ebyakwata ku by’Obusuubuzi n’Ebisingawo
Omutwe IX yakyusa emizannyo gy'abakazi: omuwendo gw'abawala abasoma ku siniya baabwatuka okuva ku 1 ku buli bayizi 27 mu 1972 okutuuka ku 1 ku 2 leero. Etteeka era likuuma obusosoze ku busosoze mu lubuto, okusobola okulaba programu z'abazadde ez'omu masekkati, era mu myaka egyakayita, kyogerwako mu nkaayana ezikwata ku kugabanyiriza obutundutundu bw'abayizi abali mu mannya g'abayizi. Kkooti esinga obukulu teyenkana ku nsonga eyo naye kkooti entono ze zigabanyigiddemu.
Roe or. Wade (1973): Eddembe ly'okuzaala Autonomy n'Ery'okubaako obuntu
Nsengeka ya lupapula
Mu 1969, "Jane Roe" (Norma McCurdy) yasoomooza etteeka ly'omu Texas erigaana okuggyamu embuto ez'ekika okuggyako okuwonya obulamu bwa nnyina. Omunnamateeka Sarah Justion yavunaana omusango ogwo nga agamba nti etteeka ly'omukazi lyamenya amateeka olw'okuteeka obutujju mu nsonga ezeekuusa ku muntu omu yekka.
Obufuzi
Omulamuzi Harry Blackmun yawandiika ekirowoozo kino nga 7-2. Awo, bannamawulire baakizuula nti ebiwandiiko bya Status Procession Claus ekuuma eddembe ly'omukazi okusalawo okuggyamu embuto. Kkooti yassaawo olukalala olukwata ku ku kuzimba: mu kuzimba ennukuta esooka, okusalawo kwalekebwa omukazi n'omusawo we; oluvannyuma lw'obulwadde, gavumenti ziyinza okukugira okuggyamu embuto okuggyako nga kyetaagisa okutaakuuma bulamu bw'omukazi oba obulamu bwe.
Ebirungi Ebyaddirira
[K'AWULA] (1992) enkola ey'ekitongole enzitoolooza ku by'obulamu yadda mu kifo kyayo nga empandika entono ennyo. Ekitongole eky'eby'obulamu kisiizibwawo mu kifo kya '[FLT]][FLT]] [2022]), olukiiko olufuga empandika ez'eby'obulamu ne luzzawo etteeka erifuga eggwamu. Mu 2024, ekitundu eky'ebyalo bya Roe kigaana oba okuggyamu embuto mu mutima, ate ebirala ne bisobola okusobozesa omuntu okufuna kkopi ez'enjawulo. Kkompaka ezo zikyusa entegeka z'obulwoosobo, envanyuma z'eby'amateeka ne by'ebyobufuzi.
Eby’obusika
Olugoye lukyali kimu ku kusalawo okukyasinzeeyo okuleetawo okuleetawo okukaayana mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Kwakubiriza eddembe erikwata ku kuzaala n'okuziyiza okuggyamu olubuto ku nsonga ez'ekika kya Amereka, era okukyuka kwakwo kulaga nti eddembe ery'okulingana terisobola kufuuka mateeka agafuga enjereere. Ebbanga eriri ku Cornell LII
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003): Ekikolwa eky’Okukakasa n’Engeri ez’Enjawulo
Nsengeka ya lupapula
Barbara Grutter, eyasaba obuyigirize obwa waggulu era nga yali mutendeke mu matendekero, teyakkirizibwa kukkirizibwa mu Ssomero ly’Amateeka ery'omu Michigan. Yasasulwa, ng’agamba nti engeri essomero gye likozesamu empanvu mu kutongoza empalana y'empalana yaamenya egoberera enkola ya Claus.
Obufuzi
Mulamuzi Sandra Day O'Connor yakulembera okusalawo 5-4 okwali kuwagira enkola y'essomero. Kkooti yagamba nti okutuuka ku "busosoze" ku bayizi abatono abatwalibwa kyali kintu kikulu nnyo mu ggwanga era programu yagobererwa kubanga yatwalanga okuvuganya empaka ng'ekintu kimu kyokka mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga z'eby'amateeka. O'Connor yalaga nti kyali tekijja kuba kyetaagisa kutuukiriza myaka 25 miramba olw'enjereere wakati w'enjereere wakati w'eggwanga.
Baakyuka: Abayizi ku by’Okusaabaza Obulungi (2023)
Mu ssoosa ku Fair Admassigs v. Harvard & UNC [2023], ekipimo ekiwerera ddala 6-3 eky'abafugiddwa aba Gatuuma, nga bagoberera enkola eyo mu kukaka abantu okuva ku langi okukkirizibwa mu ttendekero, kyasobera enteekateeka ezitegekebwa mu nkola y'okukakasa obukwakulizo, ekyamu ne kisoboosa enkola ey'okutongoza programu za Clauslease. Kkooti yakizuula nti okutongoola programu tezirina biruubirirwa bizisobozesa bantu kutuukiriza bigendererwa byabwe. Kino kyakoma okuteeka empalo ez'enjawulo mu bitundu ebitegekebwa mu Amerika byonna, ne kiwaliriza amakanisa agayinza okuzuula ebigattiddwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.
Ebyafaayo
Eky'okusiikiriza kya Grupy kya bulijjo mu kifo eky'okukigatta ku nkola zaakiriwo, naye kikyusa enfuge z'emyaka abiri. Ekiragiro ekya 2023 kisuubirwa okukendeeza obusosoze mu langi mu masomero agannaago , naddala eri abayizi abaddugavu n'aba Hisipaniya. [[FL:0] SCOTUSblog kikola kalonda ebikwata ku nsonga ezizikwatako.
United States okugw'okuna n'okudda mu windsor (2013): Enjawulo enzijjuvu ey'obufumbo obw'ekika kimu n'eky'eky'obutundutundutundu:
Nsengeka ya lupapula
The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) eyateekebwako omukono mu mateeka mu 1996, yannyonnyola nti obufumbo buba bwa kugattibwa wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi omu olw’ekigendererwa kya gavumenti.Edith Windsor yawasa Thea Spyer mu Ontario, Canada, 2007. Spinder bwe yafa, Windsor yawalirizibwa okusasula ssente ezisukka mu doola z'Amerika 30,000 mu misolo gy'eggwanga kubanga gavumenti teyategeera nti obufumbo bwabwe bukkirizibwa.
Obufuzi
Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy yawandiika ekirowoozo ekyo 5-4, nga yakuba ekituli 3 ekya DOMA ng'obukuumi bwe bumu. Kkooti yagamba nti DOMA "etegeeza okulonda okw'empisa n'okwetaba" kw'abafumbo abeetabaazaana" era n'okulagira abaana baabwe "ssisi". Ekyasalibwawo ekyo tekyabaetaagisa kusalawo kukkirizibwa mu mateeka okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okugattirawo obufumbo.
Ebyafaayo
Windsor yali ddaala kkulu nnyo erina okukolebwa okusobola okulingana mu bufumbo, ekisobozesa abafumbo ab'ekikula kye kimu okufuna emiganyulo nga gavumenti, obusagwa obuva mu mbeera y'abantu abawonawo mu mbeera z'eby'okwerinda, eddembe ly'okuyingira mu nsi endala, n'engeri enzikkirizaamu emisolo. Era kyateekawo ekiteeso eky'okuteekawo obufumbo bw'abafumbo abeetabaganya obubeegasse na bannaabwe mu bufumbo.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Eddembe ly'amateeka ery'okufumbiriganwa nga lirina olukalala lw'abo abafumbiriganwa nga badduse ku nsonga ez'enjawulo
Nsengeka ya lupapula
Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Tennessee, ekigoberera Windsor, kkooti z'ensi nyingi zaasala olukumbo lwe lumu olw'obufumbo. Ebbeetu ez'omu Amerika ezaawerebwa wansi wa bergefell v. Hodges. Jim Obergefell yayagala okuteekebwa ku luwaandiko lwa bba olw'okufiirwa bba mu Ohio.
Obufuzi
Mulamuzi Kennedy era yawandiika ng'ategeeza abantu abawera 5 mu 4 abali ku bufumbo nga bagamba nti eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa lirina obuvunaanyizibwa obukulu ennyo obukkirizibwa mu kitongole ekiyitibwa SCTED Proces and Auncime Protection Claus. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyaguyimirizibwa mu magatte 14 era nga gavumenti zonna zetaagisa okukkirizibwa n'okukkirizibwa mu bufumbo bwe bumu. Kennedy yawandiika: "Tewali bufumbo businga obufumbo, kubanga buzingiramu emitindo egya waggulu egikwata ku kwagala, obwesigwa, okwemalira ku Katonda, n'amaka.
Ebizibu Ebibakwatako n’Ebyabeeraliikiriza
Obergefell yagaziya ku ddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa n'abafumbo ab'ekikula mu nsi yonna, ne kikkirizibwa abantu bonna okumala ekiseera. Kyokka, oluvannyuma lw'okusalawo kwa ba Dobbs mu 2022, Omulamuzi Thomas yawa amagezi mu kukkiriziganya nti Obergefell alina okuddamu okwekenneenya, n'aleetera okutya okwawukana ku LGBTQ+ abakkirizi. Lingreant yaddamu ng'ayisawo olukalala oluwandikiro ku lukalala lwa Orgame Act [20222], oluvanyuma lw'eggwanga okumanyisa obufumbo obumu. Wadde nga ko, Kkooti yatongoza ekiragiro kikyusaamu essiraamu enjereere ey'okuvanyuma okusiir'ebiragiro ebire nga tekikakasa. [[FLT:]
Okukuuma LGBTQ+ Vamagazi
Nsengeka ya lupapula
Gerald Bostock yagobebwa ku mulimu gwe ng’omukwanaganya w'emirimu gy’abaana nga yaakatandika okwenyigira mu kaweefube atali wa kikula kya basodooti. Ekibuuzo kyali nti, Omutwe VII ow'omu Kitongole Ekikola ku ddembe lya Civil Act ekya 1964, oguwera okusosolwa "olw'okwetaba," gukuuma abasodookisi n'abakola emirimu egitali gya nnyina.
Obufuzi
Omulamuzi ayitibwa Neil Gorfo yalina endowooza nti obusosoze obuva ku kwegatta oba obuwangwa obuva ku kwegatta buba butwalibwa ng'ekintu eky'enjawulo. Kkooti yagamba nti mukama bw’agoba omuntu mu bugenderevu olw’okuba yeegatta ne bbaawe oba trangender, tayinza kwewala kuvunaana ng’ayogera ku by'okwetaba.
Ebyafaayo
Bostock yakuumanga LGBTQ+ abakozi mu ggwanga lyonna, nga bagoberera abakozesa bonna abalina abakozi nga 15. Era kyakwata ne ku bakozesa abalala abali nga 15. Era kyakwata ne ku biragiro ebirala, gamba ng'eby'obujjanjabi n'amayumba, etteeka ery'engeri y'okusaasaanamu okwetaba. Kkooti ez'omu n'eza wansi zeeyawudde obanga endowooza za Bostock zikwata ku mutwe ogugamba nti, Thetter IX, era nga kino kiviirako okukolagana mu baddusi abazannyi abangi ababeera mu bitundu eby'ebuyonjo.
Olugero: Endowooza nti Ekiwandiiko kyajjawo ng’Ekyokulabirako kya Buli Kika
Ebisalibwawo kkooti enkulu ku ntegeka z'abantu okwnkana kiraga amaanyi n'obusobozi bw'okutaputa mu mateeka. Okuva ku Brown okutuuka ku Bostock, kkooti oluusi ekola ng'eyamba abakuumi mu nkyukakyuka z'abantu, ng'esala enkula y'enkola mu kussaawo amalambe okugaziya amakulu g'obukuumi bwenkana. Kyokka, okugobererwa tekusinziira ku lukalala: Roe yavuunibwawo, Greart n'afuna obuyinza obw'okufuga, ate Obergefe kasookolo ateeka mu nkola. Buli mulembe gw'amateeka guleeta obufirosoofo obupya, era n'okuyimba kwa Kkookoloberwa kwagwo kuyinza okuvaamu ebintu eby'enkukunaanya.
Okutegeera ebisaliddwawo kiyamba mu kutegeera obulungi amateeka ga Amereka agenkanankana. Bisobozesa okuteekawo amateeka aga buli kiseera okumanyisa abantu ab'enkola eya bulijjo. N'olwekyo, okussaawo obwenkanya mu langi, obusosoze, eddembe ery'okwegatta, oba ery'okwegatta ku bakazi, oba ery'abaana. Ebbeeyi empya bwe zitandika, okuva ku nsosola mu bya magezi okutali ga bulijjo okutuuka ku bantu b'eddiini, emisingi egiteekeddwa mu mbeera zino gijja kweyongera okugezesebwa era awaba nga kyetaagisa, gye gijja okumanyibwa. Okulwanirira obwenkanankanankana tekumalirizibwa; tekukoma ku kutuuka ku ku mukolo mu kiseera kino.