Enkaayana ezizze zibaawo ku bikwata ku kutandika kw'enjigiriza ng'enkola ey'okunnyonnyola amateeka teyeeyongeddeko nnyo. Mu Amerika, endowooza nti kiwandiiko kya mateeka kirina okukyusibwa nga kisinziira ku makulu gaakyo agasooka. Enjigiriza eyo ey'ekika kya Amerika bwe yeeyongera okumanyibwa ng'ekyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu byafaayo byayo. Enjigiriza eyo teddamu kutwalibwa ng'enkola y'okuvuganya, era n'okukwata kwayo mu kkooti enkulu okw'ebitonde byayo okw'olulyo n'eyongera okukeberezebwa ennyo. Kyokka, mu kiseera eky'obufuzi bwa Amerika bwe kyeyongera okumanyibwa, ekyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Enjigiriza eyo tekyalimu nateenjigiriza eyo eyinza okujjulukuka mu ngeri ezikontana n'ensonga ez'enjawulo, era n'okutegeera ebiseera eby'omu maaso eby'okufuga kwayo eby'omulembebwa obugereke, byayolekebwa obutuufu eby'eby’obufuzi eby'omulembebwa mu kiseera kino, byayolekebwa ne munnabyabufuzi eby'omulembe.

Ensibuko y’Enjigiriza n’Engeri Ebintu Gye Byatondebwamu

Enjigiriza eyo yasibuka mu nsibuko y'obulombolombo obusookedwako okuviira ddala ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20. Fateralist Papers Emirundi mingi yayagala nnyo okumanya amateeka okusobola okutegeerwa ebyasooka. Kyokka, enjigiriza ez'oku sooka okubeera obufirosoofo obw'enjawulo mu kusala emisango tebwatandika mu bujjuvu okutuukira ddala ku nkomerero y'ekyasa 20.

Yava mu Ntegeka y’Omu Mateeka n’Afuuka Omuntu ow’Amakulu

Mu kyasa ekya 20 museetwe, enkola enkulu ey'okutaputa amateeka yali "legal" nkulagiro, eyassirako essira ku nnyinyonnyola emitindo gy'amateeka. Abavumirira enkola za Kkooti za Warren baawakanya enkola za Kkooti za Warren era ne basaba nti abalamuzi baali bateerawo enkola ezaabwe ku bwabwe. Kino kitegeeza nti abalamuzi baali bateekeddwawo mu njigiriza enfuze ey'okutaputa amakulu g'amateeka. Justice William Brennan's era ne "buwannannyini buggwenyusi" baaziyizibwa butereevu ebya Astney'omusoloota omufuzi Edwini III[FLT]. [1980]

Enzivvuunula eno ey'enkunamba ey'obulombolombo obwasooka, nga yateekebwa mu kifo ekyamataanyi okumanyibwa ebikwata ku kigendererwa kya 'Frames'. Yawayirizibwa nti takyasobola kukola (mu ngeri ki omuntu gy'akireetera okuggyamu obukugu mu bya ratifiers?) era n'embula mu bya byafaayo ebikyamu. Mu kukola kino, wabaawo mulembe omuppya, nga mw'otwalidde Anton Scalialia[[[FLLT:1] era [[FLT]] Robert , ekirongoosezza endowooza ku kiyigibwa nga ekimanyibwa nga [[FLT:][5] Enkola y'ekiteesobo. Kino kiraga nti amateeka gayinza okunnyonnyola amakulu gaagitava mu bigambo ebitegeerekeka obulungi mu ngeri gye gamu mu kifo eky'okumanyibwa mu kifo eky'okumanyibwa "" ekituuka ku kigendererwa ekituufu "ekituufu" ekiva mu n'etaawulimu ku ekyo ekibadde kibadde kibadde kibadde kibadde

Enkyukakyuka mu by’Obusuubuzi n’Engeri Enjigiriza z’Obuwandiisi

Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia ye yali akwamye ennyo okulwanirira ebiwandiiko n'ennukuta ebyasooka mu kiseera kye yatandikiramu ku kkooti enkulu okuva mu 1986 okutuuka 2016. Endowooza ze, nga zatumbula nnyo okuvumirira ebyafaayo by'amateeka era n'okunnyonnyola amakulu gaabyo, okusiguukulula ebiwandiiko okuva ku ndagiriro ez'enjigiriza okutuuka ku kitoogo ekinene, wadde nga yabanga akyali batono, enzivuunvu mu kkooti. Empandiika ya Scalia yali ngeri y'ekikongo obukongojje: yateekanga amakulu g'edda ku byawandiikibwa ne ku buwandikiro, naye ate era n'agonda ku , obusinga obungi bw'abakkiriza nti kye kyali kironde kya njawulo. Enkola eno ey'okugoberera enziro enzivuunuuka y'enkola yagobeera mu n'enkyukakyuka ezaasinga obungi mu n'enkyukakyuka ezaago ezaaliwo mu n'ezo ezaago.

Obukulembeze bwa Federalist Society bw'alina kinene kye bwakola mu nkyukakyuka eno ey'amaanyi. Nga buteekawo ekibiina ekikoleramu abayizi b'amateeka, abakugu n'abalamuzi aba bulijjo, kyakubiriza mulembe gwa bannamateeka abanyweredde ku nnukuta. Sosayate yakubiriza okulondebwa kw'okusala emisango mu kiseera kya Trump ng'obufirosoofo bw'omu mateeka obukulu ennyo mu by'enkola.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu mu by’Eby’obufuzi n’Ebikwata ku Bufirosoofo Obukwata ku Kusalira Omusango

Entalo ez'okulonda n'okukakasa ebyasa 21, bye byaviirako okulwanagana kwa Amereka okw'eby'obufuzi. Enkola eno efuuse ekifo ekya waggulu ennyo eky'abalamuzi, era esooka okukozesebwa ng'engabo era n'ekitala eri obubinja bw'eby'obufuzi obw'enjawulo.

Okulonda Omusango n'Ebigambo Ebisinga Obukulu mu Kusalira Omusango

Obujulizi bw'Ebyamalamuzi [[NTL:0] Neil Gor "Bordow, Brett Kanaugh, ne Amy Coney Barrett[[FL:1]] lweyasooka, abalamuzi bangi abaamanyi nti baali bannaasooka. Enkyukakyuka eno yaleetawo ebisale eby'amaanyi. Enkola ya Kkooti eyo mu [[FLT:] Enkola y'Abakyala mu [[FLT]] eri New York State Rifle & Pistol Association[FLT][2][202] era [[FLT]] [2] [[FLT]]] era [[FLT:]] Kino kiteekwa okubeera ebiragiro ebiva mu biragiro eby'omulembedde mu byafaayo ebya bulijjo.[FFT] Enkola y'ekitongole ekimanyira mu ngeri ey'eby'ensuubuzi ebya bulijjo esobozesa okumanyibwa.[FF][5]

Kino kiwa endowooza ey'enjawulo ennyo ku ebyo ebibadde byereere. Abavumirira Bruen Kino kitegeeza nti abalamuzi bakubirizibwa okunoonyereza ku byafaayo by'omulimu," okulonda ebiwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo okukakasa ebikakasa ebiba byategekebwa dda. Eby'obufuzi eby'okusalako bye bikyusizza mu nkola eya bulijjo. Eby'okulabirako ebyo biwandiikibwa mu nkola ya 'Foc'.' kuba nti ebibalagibwa mu bitundu bino biwakanya oba ebiwakanya ebyo ebitera okukyungibwa obuwandikibwa obunywisiddwa obu 'RC'.

Okusalawo Obulungi n’Okutiisibwa Obulabe

Ekimu ku ebyo ebinoonyezebwa ennyo mu kunoonyereza ku ntandikwa y'ekika kino kwe kuvunaanibwa mu lukalala olw'ensonga ez'ekika kya Baibuli. Obubonero buno bulaga nti okusala omusango gukola mu ngeri ey'ensonga nga guleetera omuntu okuteeka mu nkola ebyakalabwa naye nga gulekayo okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi oba okutaataaganya amateeka amade. Okugeza, okusoomooza kwa sooka ku gavumenti, ng'enjigiriza y'enkola y'ensonga, efunye obukkiri mu myaka egyakayita egyakayita. Mu ngeri y'emu, enkaayanjola y'ensonga ezisookerwako ku n'okukyusiza mu ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku by'obufuzi ebyasooka, eyinza okuzingirwawo n'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'enkola y'emu ku nsonga eziragiddwa mu by'obufuzi ebya bulijjo? Ekiragiro kino kye ky'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'amaanyi ereeteego, naye nga y'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'enna eya bulijjo, ey'enna eyakolebwa mu ku nsonga enkulu eya bulijjo? projerractive

Okusoomoozebwa kw’Ebirowoozo eby’Omu Kiseera Kino

Mu kiseera kino, kkooti enkulu eyoleka ebizibu ebyo mu bitundu by’amateeka bingi.

Tekinologiya n’Ebigambo Ebyaliwo mu Lubereberye

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa okutegeka ebya tekinologiya mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Ekibuuzo kino kikulembera nnyo amateeka ga gavumenti. Lowooza ku Conference n'obusobozi bwa dipulooma ku dipulooma. Amakulu gaalyo gaasooka "okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa obusindule" gaava mu nkola y'obusosoze. United States v. Jones [20:2], Omulamuzi Scialiko oluka olukujjuzi olukulu olw'ensonga okunoonyereza ku nsonga ennyonnyola empanini engeri y'okutuutikiramu. Kyokka, mu kiseera kitono yategeera ekiwandiiko ekyo mu n'ensonga ez'enjawulo. California bw'empandiikiikiikiikibwamu, ng'ensonga enkulu Robert Roberts anoonyereza ku mu mpalo, "'empandirobamu ku nsonga ey'empandika y'olupapula olw'omuzi. Kkootirgo, olumu eyinza okunoonyereza lw'omulembe mu ngeri eyinza okumanyira mu

Abeekenneenya mu njigiriza z'Oluyonaani bagamba nti ekikongojjedwa mu kukyusakyusakyusa kw'empandika n'okuteekako ekiwandikiro kiwandikiro eky'okutandikirako [FLT]]] tekiggya kkopi ey'edda [. Omusingi oguli mu kukyusa okw'okutaano kwe kukuuma obutereevu obwa buli kyama kya gavumenti nga tekimenya amateeka aga bulijjo. Okuteeka omusingi ogwo ku ndagiriro za kompyuta teguva ku njigiriza za kika kya Oluyonaani, wabula n'okugateekako obugazi obwa musingi gwazo obusinga obutereevu. Okussawo musingi guno teguva ku njigiriza za Baibuli ezisookerwako teguva ku ntandikwa za kikumi na kimu.

Eddembe Eritaggiddwawo n’Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ennamu

Enkola eyakolebwamu abalamuzi kwe kusalawo okuvuunika Roe v. Wade, kwali kuwangula kwa maanyi eri nsibuko. Endowooza y'obukungu obwa Sacto yaleetera ekiragiro okukiwayira ddala nti okuggyamu olubuto tekwali kwa ‘kuviira ddala ku bulombolombo n'obulombolombo bw'eggwanga lino. ’ [[FLT:]][4] Showton v. Glucksberg[[[FLT:] [197]], kyeyasooka okukiragira nti okulumya ekiragiro okuzza emitindo egiragiddwawo tegyako. Kyokka, [FLT:]Dobs[FLT]][FLT] Tek'enyiseamuamukko endowooza eyo. Ennakukkiriza eddembe erya waggulu okukireetera okufumbirwa.[Foset]

Kino kireetawo okulwanagana okuppya n'obutali bumu. Singa wabaawo okusoomoozebwa okuppya mu bufumbo, okwo kufuuka okwenkanankana okw'amaanyi Glucksberg[/] K'Akabonero ak'ekitongole[[[[FLT:]]]], kwandibaddemu abeekenneenya bangi abakifuula nti obufumbo obw'ekika kye kimu tebwewandisizza nnyo mu byafaayo. Obukalu obuli wakati w'obufumbo tebwesigamye bubadde nga "busimba ddala mu byafaayo.[FLT], Kkooffot] Kino kinoonya enkola egwa mu ngeri ey'ekiragiro [FFF:] era n'ensonga ez'ekitongole ekibadde nga ekigobenyinyinyinyinyi ekiteekira ddala. [NN] Era, ekiteeso kyo kyo kyo ekigamba nti: [FF.[10]

Obuyinza bw'Okugezesa Ebyafaayo n'Obutamanyira ddala

Ekiragiro kino kiwaliriza abalamuzi obunene okubuyingiza mu biwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo okuva ku 1791 (okusobola okutegeeza enkyusa ey'okubiri) ne 1868 (olw'okubala nti mu nteekateeka eyo mulimu Amereka agaakozesebwa mu ngeri ey'ekika kya 14. Ekiwandiiko eky'edda, obunene obwa bulijjo bubadde busobola okukozesebwa okuzuula ebikwata ku byafaayo bya bantu aba bulijjo, n'obunene bw'ebifaananyi ebirengo okuva ku byafaayo ebya bulijjo.

Abavumirira ebiri mu ttendekero lino, gamba nga Professissor Randy Barnett, bawagidde okukeberebwa ng'okudda ku misingi egyasooka. Abalala, nga Professor Sigel, okugezaako okukiteeka mu nkola ekiwandiiko eky'ebyobufuzi ekyakolebwa okutwaliriza amateeka ag'omu kiseera kino mu biseera eby'edda agafuga enfumbo n'obusosoze. Ebiseera eby'omu biseera eby'omu maaso biyinza okwesigamatwaze ku bikwata ku ddembe ly'ekika n'obusosoze. Obukakafu obw'okumanyibwa mu by'omulembe ogwa bulijjo buyinza okusobozesa oba obugattirwamu okugobeesa oba okugobeeyisa mu kkooti y'ensonga ezigobeegobererwa mu nsonga z'amateeka, era n'amateeka ebigobeembi ebigobererwa mu by'ebyo ebitongole. Obutuufu bw'ebyakyuuka by'amateeka bijja okugobeewamu.

Okusoomooza n’Okuvumirira Enjigiriza z’Abataasooka Kuyigirizibwa

Wadde nga yaakatandika okufuga ku Kkooti Ekulu, ebiwandiiko bya Bayibuli ebirina obuzibu obw’amaanyi ennyo obusobola okunnyonnyola endowooza yaabyo.

Ekizibu ky’Okuba Amanyi Obulungi n’Obuteerogoya

Singa okusalawo okusooka tekukwatagana na makulu ga mateeka agasooka, kiki ekisaanidde okukola omulamuzi ow'edda? Abasawo abasooka nga Omulamuzi Thomas bagamba nti, Amateeka galina okufuga ebigootoolerwa ebyago. Abalala, nga Omulamuzi Omukulu Roberts ne Mulamuzi Kavathaugh, balaga enkola ey'amagezi esobozesa obuzito [[FLT:]] okuvuukkuse eky'okulabirako kya [[FLT]. Abatunuuli bangi basuubira Kko Kkooti endala okuzzaawo obutebenkerawo n'obutebenkevu. Kino kivuddemu empakaanyi eza munda ne "kusobozesa okuteekawo ebiteesiteesi oba okuzzaawo obufumbo. [[FLT:][5][5]

Okuteesa ku kutunuulira obutunuulizi si buyigirize. Okusiguukulula empaka empanvu ebaddewo okumala ebbanga ddene kiyinza okukosa ekiwandiiko kya Kkooti, ne kigifuula ng'omuzannyi ow'enkuukuta mu kifo ky'okugifuula ey'obutabaako ludda lwe kiwagira.

Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ebyafaayo bya Office

[FLT] Kinoonyezebwa ng'ekigambo ekikozesebwa okunnyonnyola abo abakozesa obujulizi obw'ebyafaayo. Bannabyafaayo bakitegedde nti endowooza za Kkooti zitera okubuusa amaaso obujulizi obw'ebyafaayo, okusoosa ebiwandiiko eby'edda, era n'okuteeka mu nkola enkola ez'ebigikwata ku biseera ebyayita. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu United States v. Rami [[FLT:] [20]], kkooti ewagira amateeka agafuga abamenyi b'ebibonero, naye endowooza ez'edda zatawandiikibwa nnyo okukontana mu bigambo ebya bulijjo. Abasekerezi bagamba nti okusalira abalamuzi abanyabizimbulukufu omulimu, era n'omukitundu ekitono kye batendekerwamu mu nkola ey'okutendekero.

Okusobola okugonjoola ensonga eno, abeekenneenya abamu abasooka bagamba nti okusobola okuba abayigiriza abalungi, kkooti kiyinza okukwetaagisa okuba n’enkola entuufu okusobola okumanya ebyafaayo, oboolyawo nga bateeka obwesige mu byokulabirako eby’ebyafaayo ebizze bibaawo mu byafaayo oba nga beesigama ku kunoonyereza okw’ebyafaayo okumanyibwa mu kifo ky’okunoonyereza ku mpandiika z’eby’ebyafaayo.

Emirimu egy’Okukola mu Kibiina Ekizibu Okutegeera

Enjigiriza eyo yazaalibwa mu nsi ennungi nnyo okusinga gye tuli. Gavumenti y'eby'obufuzi, embeera ey'obukulembeze, eby'obulabirizi, ne Internet byonna tebyalabibwa abo abagoberera enkola za directalistion. Okuteeka emisingi gya strist mu bifo bino emirundi mingi kyetaagisa okubuusabuusa ku ekyo ekiba kibaddewo. Gavumenti y'enkyukakyuka mu nsinde eyinza okuleetera Consement obutawandiisa kampuni z'eby'enkola za bannaazo mu bukulembeze. Omukulembe guno guyinza okuwakanya ennyo eky'okufuga kwa k'omulembereza. Naye gavumenti y'ekika kya Pragmaticsyment'etaant eyinza okukomya enziina enjvumbo? Gavumenti ey'okusifumbira mu n'okuva mu n'okufuga kw'amateeka teyeyambisa amateeka eremesaakulaawo nnyo.

Ate era, enjigiriza y'okusibuka mu ntandikwa eteekwa okuziwakanyaamu abantu ab'enjawulo. Ekiragiro ekya 'Lystitution' ekya 1788 kyali kiwandiiko ekya demokulase eyakomyanti eya kika ekyaddaakulanyisibwa okusobola okukuuma obuddu. Wadde nga enkyusa eya 'construstructives Confrectory' yakyusiza mu kukyusa endowooza eyo, abo abaasooka bateekwa okuwakanya nti 'Frames' baali bawakanya demokrase mu ngeri ey'enkola eya demokulase'. Okugoberera ekireetera okutabagana wakati w'emitindo gy'ennono n'enkola eya demokulase.

Olugero: Ensi ejja Kubaamu Embiro ez’Ennene

Ekiragiro kino tekikimanyira ddala bunnaako nyimirizi okukikolako. Okulondebwa kw'empandiika ku Kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Okutwala obukulembeze ku kkooti enkulu kukaka abantu bonna okubyenyigiramu mu bujjuvu. Obuwanguzi bwayo bwesigamye ku busobozi bw'okugonjoola ebizibu ebyogeddwako waggulu. Enjigiriza y'ennyanjula y'esobola okuwandiisa mu ngeri enfuze ey'enjawulo eya decis[?

Singa okukkiririza mu nsibuko y'amateeka n'enkyukakyuka z'ebigendererwa eby'okuleetawo, kirabika kijja kutuukibwako akabi akafaananako tteeka ery'enkomeredde eryali linoonya okudda mu kifo kyalyo: okufiirwa obwetwaze n'okukendeeza ku by'obufuzi. Kyokka, singa okusala emisango ku mateeka n'okugufuula gwa nzikiriza bisobola okubunyisibwa mu ngeri ekwatagana, eyinza okusobozesa abawagizi okutaputa amateeka mu ngeri entegekebwawo, nga bakyayinza okuba nnywevu era nga baagusuubiza nti bawagizi bago balindisizza ekiseera kiwanvu. Ekkubo eriri mu maaso liba lyawanvu era nga lyeyongedde obuzibu, naye empakaalo, ze ziyinza okuba nga ziyinza okuleetawo enkaayaana ku mateeka agafuga abantu ab'eddembe. Ekyo, eyo ye nsonga enkulu. Mu butuufu, ereetebwawo, ereeteetera okutuukirizibwa.