Ekitongole ekikola ku by'obufuzi kyatandika okumanyibwa mu bitundu bya Ireland ate ne kitandika okubaamu okugattika okugatta awamu n'okukmanya. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku ngeri gye kiyinza okuleetawo emirembe mu Northern Ireland. Emirembe egyo bwe gigenda giyitawo emyaka asatu egy'obukyayi n'obukulembeevu mu nsi eyo. Emirembe egyo gye gigenda giyitawo mu Northern Ireland, ne mu United Kingdom gye gikyava nga kirimu ettemu mu Brexit, okukyukakyuka kw'obuweremerezi, era n'enkakaanyi ezikwatanyi ezikwata ku ttwale mu Irlands, zeeyongera okuba n'obunywevu n'okumanyiiragana. Ekitundu kino kyeyongera okwekenneenya ensibuko y'enkola za bulijjo, enkyukakyuka ezibaawo mu ggwanga eddungi mu nsi ya Bulungi mu by'obufuzi.

Ebyafaayo n’Ebyafaayo

Mu bukiika kkono bwa Ireland mwatandikibwawo Gavumenti y'e Ireland eya Ireland mu 1920, ng'egawula ekizinga ekyo ne kifuuka ekitundu ky'Abaprotestanti ekirimu omukaaga, nga kikolera wamu n'obutuuze bwa gavumenti ya Ireland ow'obukiika kkono era nga kyetongodde mu bukiika kkono, era nga kyewaggulo ekisinga okubaamu Abakatuliki mu ttwale lya Irish Free State ey'ebukiika ddyo. Okuva ku ntandikwa yaakyo, Ireland ow'omu Mambukako yabonaabona olw'enjawukana ez'amaanyi. Abatuuze b'obuwabuzi baakyefunja obungi bwe baafuga, ate abatuuti n'eggwanga baasosososolwa mu mayumba, emirimu, n'okulonda ab'obukungu. Obusosoze obwo bwaleetera eddembe ly'abantu okukaawula eddembe mu mafundikira 1960 ne mu n'ennasalo za Buganda okuva mu mwaka gwa 1969 1998.

Enzibu zatta abantu abasukka mu 3,500 era ne zileka abantu nkumi na nkumi abafuna ebisago.[1] Egraineal Irish Republican Army (IRA) n'ebibinja ebirala eby'asigwa, awamu n'amagye agaamu gamba nga Ulster Looportue Force (UVF) ne Ulster Defence Association (UDA).____atambula ne bakuba bbomu, okukuba amasa, n'okutta okw'ekikaawuka. amagye ga Bungereza gaawebwawo mu 1969, okutangira okutaanya obuntu bw'Abakatuliki, naye ne gafuuka ekifo eky'obukuubagavu. Ebyabufuzi n'ebyawulamu byamenyefu, era ne bigaana okubuna.

Mu myaka gya 1980 ne mu matandika ga 1990, emboozi ez'ekyama wakati wa gavumenti za Bungereza ne Irland, awamu n'abafuzi b'eggwanga, zassaawo omusingi gwa kuddaabiriza endagaano. Dublin yawa Dublin enzikkiriza mu bya bufuzi obwa Northern Ireland, ebyanyiiza ab'obuwagizi naye era ne biraga nti olutalo olwo luyinza okugonjoolebwa ku muwanjuba gwa Ireland. Ekiragiro kya Dowing Street Declaration eya 1993, ekyagoberera emmuwandikibwawo w'amagye okulekerawo obutategeeragana mu 1994, ne kisobozesa Dublin okuteekawo edirisa lya bya bufuzi. Empandikano, lyali likulemberwa eyaliko ssemasaza ly'omulembe wa USATOOT, George Mitchell Convition, ekyakko mu Northern Ireland ne Ireland mu mwaka gwa 1998.

Ebirungi Ebiva mu Kusuubiza

1: Amagulu g’Obwannalukalala n’Olukuŋŋaana Olukulu olw’omu Northern Ireland

Agument yassaawo gavumenti ey'ebbeeyi mu Northern Ireland ezeesigamiziddwa ku maanyi agafuga amawanga. Ekiragiro olukuŋŋaana olw'oku Mambuka ga Ireland, olwalondebwa nga bakiikirira (Olwasooka okubunyisibwa Vote), lutegekebwa okukakasa nti ebifo bya bannaago biteekebwawo mu ngeri etuukagana. Obuweereza obw'ekitongole obukulu buweebwa okuyitira mu nkola ya d'Hondt, era okusalawo okukulu kukwetaagisa okukkirizibwa okuva ku bantu abamu, nga kuyitira mu bungi (60% bw'ab'ebitundu ebikola obiwandiiko, nga mw'otwalidde ne 40% ku abo abatwala obutootaago) oba okusemba okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu nkola y'emu. Enteekateeka eno ekyetaagisa okuziyiza okusattulukuufu n'okufuga okusukka mulala.

Mminisita era omumyuka w'Obwannakyewa Obusooka be bakulu b'omukulu abakolera awamu, era olukuŋŋaana olwo bwe lwalondebwa abantu abawagira enkola y'okugabana.

Strand 2: Institutions

Okusobola okukola ku kigendererwa eky'okutumbula enkolagana ennungi wakati w'eggwanga ne Republic of Ireland, Agument Aunter yatandikawo Olukiiko lw'Abaweereza olw'omu bukiika kkono, olugatta awamu abaweereza okuva ku bukiika kkono bwa Ireland ne gavumenti ya Irlands okukolagana obulungi n'ebifo nga kibyali, okutambula, okutambuza, n'obulamu. Olukiiko luno luwagirwa enzikkiriza enkola ya Ireland ey'enjawulo (umg. Waterways Ireland, InterTradeIreland) ekolera awamu emirimu egikolebwa ku musingi gwa Island.

Strand 3: Istitutions

Olukiiko olukulu olw'ebukiikaddyo bwa Bungereza lwateekebwawo okugatta gavumenti za UK ne Ireland n'enzijanjaba za gavumenti za Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, era ne Isile e Man and the Channel Islands. Olukiiko lwa Bungereza olw'e Irish Intergovernementality lwakola enteekateeka okusobola okukolagana obulungi mu nsonga ezitali za ggwanga ne Ireland.

Eddembe ly’Abantu n’Empaka

Mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu endagaano eyakolebwa mu European Convention on Human Rights eyingiza mu mateeka ga Ireland ow'omu Mambuka ga Northern Ireland. Ekisuubizo ekyo kyakolebwa okuyitira mu kakwate ka Human Rights Act 1998. Ekiragiro kya Patten Report (1999) kyasobozesa abapoliisi 50% okuva mu ddwaliro okulonda obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo okubuteeka mu kifo kyalyo ne kitandika okukola omulimu gwa poliisi e Northern Ireland (PNI), ogwatandika okulonda enseetuka empya ez'okukwasisa eddembe ly'obuntu.

Okuva mu Kkomera n’Okusumululwa

Gavumenti ya Bungereza era yasalawo okusooka okusumulula abasibe abaali mu magye obutaddamu kwokebwa omuliro. Omwaka gwa 2000 we gwatuukira, abasibe abasukka mu 400 baali basumululwa, ekintu ekyali kiwakanyizza ennyo era ekyali kyetaagisa okuzzaamu amaanyi.

Okulagaana Okulya ku Lwokutaano Okulungi mu Kyasa 21

Mu myaka kkumi egyasooka oluvannyuma lw'okuva ku kulangirira endagaano eyo okusaasaana era n'okuddirira mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Olukuŋŋaana olwo lwalekebwa emirundi ena wakati wa 2000 ne 2002 olw'ensobi ezaaliwo ku bikwata ku kuva mulembe ogwa Democratic Union Party (DUP) ne Sin Féin, era ne Northern Ireland ne kiddamu okufuga nga nnamba y'e Westminster. Olukiiko olwo lwamalirizibwawo mu mwaka gwa 2007 okuyitira mu St Andrews Regionalment (2006), ekyaviirako okuzzaawo enzigyawo n'ekibiina ky'ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Democratic Union (DUP) ne Sin Féin mu bitundu ebinene ebyabanga n'obuwanjufu.

Wakati wa 2007 ne 2017, amasannyalaze gaafuga ne kiba nti waaliwo obutebenkevu mu magyengo. Ebyafaayo mu Northern Ireland byeyongera, okuteebwa kw'eby'enfuna ne mu nsi za Ireland ne ziba ekyokulabirako eky'ensi yonna mu kuzimba emirembe oluvannyuma lw'okukkakkanya emirembe. Obubukidi bwava mu kifo ekimu okulaba ekifo ekya Gaants, Titanic Belfast, ne ku kibuga ky'omu Belfast. Kyokka, emirembe gyasigala nga gikomye. Amagye ga amagye, wadde nga gaakoma okukomya omuliro, tegaagonjoosa. Abasobeserikale baasaanyewo nnyo, era baasigala bassemba gavumenti ez'obukujjuzi n'eby'eby'ettemu.

Mu Jjanwali 2017, kampuni eyakola ku masannyalaze yaddamu okugwa, olw'ensonga eyaviirako okukosebwa kwa kasannyalaze DUP okwayanika enkola ya 'Heat Incentive'. Omuyaga gwagwa gwamala emyaka esatu nga tewakyali gavumenti ya Northern Ireland ekola. Ekyasooka, mu mwaka gwa Jjanwali 2020, abantu baddamu okubeesamba gavumenti ya Ireland. Olukuŋŋaana olwo lwazzaawo ebizingirwa mu nkola empya mu lulimi lwa Irlands, ebizingirwa mu bitundu eby'ewandikibwa, ne mu nsonga ezigwa ku busika.

Embeera y’Eby’obufuzi Eriwo: Breexit n’Ebyaddirira

Ekizibu ekikyasinze okuba eky'amaanyi mu Kivumede Ekirungi eky'Okutaano mu myaka egyakayita kwe kuva ku Bulaaya mu Buvanjuba bwa Ireland. Mu Northern Ireland abantu 56 ku buli kikumi baalonda okusigala mu EU naye UK yonna okusobola okusemba. Emboozi za Brexit zaaleetawo ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku nsalo ya Northern Ireland ne Republic of Ireland.

Etteeka Ekireetera Empewo Okuzimba

Mu ndagaano eyo mwe mwali endagaano eyasooka ey'okumenyamu essomero eriri mu Northern Ireland, eyakuuma Northern Ireland mu katale k'enkola y'obuwangwa bwa EU era n'eteeka amateeka g'obuwangwa bw'eggwanga mu nsi eyo ku myalo gy'enyanja y'e Ireland. Abasosoze mu nsi yonna baatwala obuwangwa bw'eggwanga ng'obw'ennamba eyawula wakati wa Northern Ireland ne UK era ne baleetera abantu obutanywerera ku mateeka ga Bumu.

Programu yaleetawo enjawukana mu nsi. Kino kyaviirako butereevu okugwa kwa ttutumu lya masannyalaze mu Febwali 2022, okutuusa ekibiina kya DIP lwe kyagaana okutongoza omuweereza eyasooka okutuusa nga enteekateeka za Protootiki ziggiddwawo oba nga zafugiddwamu. Kino kyava mu Northern Ireland nga tewali gavumenti efunze okumala emyaka ebiri okutuusa nga Nooverance Framed , era nga ne Noom ne Confremeoctive mentationy yeyaw'okukolagana wakati w'Ow'omulimu gwa UK ne EU mu Febwali 2023(12) nga ziwanjudde ebimu ku bintu bya DIP. Omulimu gwa 'Framential' gwatandikawo "ekifo ekipya" ne "ekifo ekimyufu" nga bigo ekikolebwa mu Northern Ireland, nga tekinnagoberamu, era ne kyewanjula akakiiko akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi ak'omuka mu North Ireland (" akatundu k'amateeka akadda mu t) akadda mu mwezi gwa 20-20 ow'ebugwere). . . F

Wadde nga wakyaliwo okukaayana. Bannabyabufuzi bakyebuuza nti Northern Ireland eneeba kifo kyayo mu katale k'obusuubuzi k'ensi emu. Bannabyabufuzi bawa endowooza nti endagaano eyo yawa abantu obutunzi eby'enfuna ebyandibadde bibasaanira okufiirwa ssente zaabwe.

Okugattika Enkyukakyuka mu by’obufuzi n’Okutandikawo kw’Oludda.

Ekirala eky'enneekusifu kwe kweyongera kw'ekibiina kya communiny Alliance Party, efuna obuwagizi okuva ku bavvuzi b'enkan'enkola ez'enjawulo abakooye olw'enkan'enkan'enfuumu. Mu kulonda kw'enkuŋŋaana ennene okwa 2022, Alliance yafuuka ekitundu eky'okusatu mu nnene, n'awangula obutebe 17. Kino kitegeeza okweyawulamu okuva ku bantu ababiri abava ku nvanjuba y'ekika kya n'ekika kya Amerekano, nga kw'awunzi ez'ensi ez'enjawulo ze zaatongoddewo. Wadde nga waliwo abawandikiro abeetaaga okwetongoza okubeera abaganzi, ab'eggwanga oba ab'eggwanga abalala, era nga batuuseeko envanyuma lwonna ku ku kukulaakulana okwo okusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka mu nsi ey'ebiri.

Ebizibu mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Enkyukakyuka mu Kitongole ky’Eby’Obutonde n’Ekiwandiiko ky’Etteeka

Ekimu ku bizibu eby'amaanyi ebireetebwawo kwe kubalirira abantu ku nsalo z'ensi. Ekimu ku bizibu ebyasatu ebiva ku kubala abantu mu Northern Ireland kye kyasooka okulaga nti Abakatuliki abangi be basinga Abaprotestanti.NNNN.45.7% Abapolotesitanti okutuuka ku 43. Kino kitegeeza nti mu mateeka, ng'okulonda okwakolebwa ku Lwokubiri okusobola okulonda oludda olumu singa kirabika nti abantu abasinga obungi balwoosezza akakwakke ak'Obwakabaka mu Northern Ireland. Ekiragiro ky'ekitongole kya Bakkirizisa akakiiko akayitibwa Norern Ireland "jun" akasonga akajjuzi k'obukulembeze nga kalabika nti, okutongola akasinga obungi ku ku kulonda akalulu ezo k'obuwaluzi k'obuwabuzi k'obuwanvugizi k'obudde bugamba nti, n'obumu Ireland ow'obuvanyunzi bw'obumu buvudde bwe kalina okuleka nti abantu bangi obutabeera ekitundu ky'obumugattiri mu Ireland.

Okuteesa ku nsalo z'ensi gye baanoonyesereza, kyeyongereddeko. Sinn Féin, kati ekibiina ekyasinga obunene mu ggwanga, kyetaaga okunoonyereza ku nsalo mu myaka kkumi egiyise. Abasosiyoni, abalabye omuwendo gwabwe nga gukendedde era nga tebalina bukodyo bwa kugigatta era nga Ireland esobola okutuukibwako nga tekkiriza. Kyokka, okulongoosebwa kw'abantu tekufuuka kanyook'eggwanga . Abakatoliki bangi bandyagadde embeera eyo okubaawo, ne "obulala" ekitundu, ekizingiramu abo abagitwala nti teyenkanankanankana na ggwanga oba nti terimu n'eggwanga erimu enkola ya ggwanga, gye kyeyongera. Ekiragiro ekiteetaaseeso eky'okunoonyereza okw'ebiti ebisinga obungi kyeyoleka, kyeyoleka mu ngeri etategeerekeka mangu.

Ebyafaayo n’Engeri Ey’Okwaŋŋangamu Ebibi

Emyaka egisukka mu 25 oluvannyuma lw'okuva mu ndagaano eyo, essira ly'enkomeredde era n'enjawukana. Enkumi n'enkumi z'abo abafa, ebiwundu n'ebisago n'ebisago ebitategekebwawo, bikyakosa amaka n'abantu. Gavumenti ya Bungereza ewagirwa okukoma ku bizibu ebireetebwawo wakati w'entalo era n'enkomerero, era n'okukulemberwa, byasekererwa nnyo. Act ewandiikiddwa mu kkooti ya Bulaaya ewatuko, era mu 2024 Kkookolo enkulu yasalawo nti okusoosattulira awamu n'ensonga z'abantu. Olwoleka okuteesa kw'ebiragiro n'okuteesa, gavumenti ez'edda, gavumenti za Irrish, ne kakiiko akakulu mu Bulaaya aka Bulaaya aka Bulabu.

Enjawulo eriwo mu by’enfuna

Ekitongole ekikola ku by'obufuzi kyali kiwandikiro, naye era kyasuubiza abantu okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna ne mu mbeera z'abantu. Wadde nga mu Northern Ireland wabaddewo okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu bitundu ebimu, kisiikiriza emabega w'ebifo ebirala ebya UK olw'okukola ennyo, olw'empeera, n'emirimu gya bantu bonna. Okwesiga abantu ku kakiiko ka gavumenti kya waggulu era nga n'abantu kinnoomu banafuye mu by'obufuzi banafuye. Ebizibu by'eby'obulamu, ebbula ly'ebbeeyi ly'empulu, n'okupikirizibwa ku by'obujjanjabi (kawumbi nga balinda emikutu) biremesa okw'emirembe. Singa ebisuubizo by'eby'eby'eby'enfuna tebikolebwa, okuddirira kw'ebyobufuzi kuyinza okweyongera.

Enkizo ez’Okubeera n’Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso

Emboozi n’Ebigambo Ebiba Bizzeemu Okugattibwa

Wadde nga waliwo okusoomoozebwa, waliwo ensonga eziyinza okuleetera gavumenti ya Ireland okuddayo mu 2024. Gavumenti ya Irland ewadde ekizinga nga kyewagidde abantu okuddamu okufuna etteeka lyayo mu bifo ebikulu. Emyaka kkumi egiddako ewaseemu okukolagana mu misaalaba gy'enfuumuuka, naddala okuyitira mu kuleetawo enkola ezigobererwa abantu n'okuzimbisa emirembe. Gavumenti ya Irland egattiddwa mu 2020, ewandisizza ssente ez'okuwagira ebizikwata ku misaze ebizingirwamu ebizimba okukkiriza n'okutegeera. Abavubuka bwe bakolagana bulungi n'abaana, bagezaako okukakasa nti enjawukana teziriimu.

Akakwate k’Eby’Eby’Obugagga

Budamola bw'eggwanga lya Windsor Framework ewa Northern Ireland omukisa okusobola okugula ebintu mu nsi zaayo zokka awamu ne mu nsi emu ey'omu kibiina kya EU. "Okwetongola" kuwa omukisa okusobola okusikiriza abagwira okusemba ebizimbe ebibakwatako, naddala mu bikolero gamba ng'emmere ey'omu nkula y'obulamu, ne tekinologiya w'ekitongole. Singa wabaawo obutebenkevu mu magye ga Northern Ireland, obuwandikiro n'obusobozi obusingako buyinza okuvaamu eby'obusuubuzi.

Ebyokulabirako Ebiyamba Amawanga Gonna n’Okuzimba Emirembe

Ekivume ekibadde kitegekeddwa obulungi ku Lwokubiri kikkirizibwa mu nsi yonna okusobola okugonjoola obutakaanya. Ekiragiro U.S Special Envoy mu Northern Ireland (Kati Joe Kennedy III, eyalondebwa mu 2022) kiwagira okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna n'okunyumya n'eby'obufuzi. EU'ES, Union, ne Europe Union, ne Republic of Ireland byonna biba byateezesebwa bulungi. Ebizitoogo eby'enjawulo ebiva ku mu Northern Ireland birina ku buwumbi bwa ddo. Obuyambi buno obuva kungulu buwagira okusobola okuziyiza embuyaga ezisingako.

Okunyumya ku Mateeka n’Essaza

Okunoonyereza okwa buli nsalo kuleetedde abantu bonna okulowooza ennyo ku ngeri gye bayinza okufaananamu Ireland nga bali bumu oba nga bagobereddwa. Omusingi gwa Good Osemba Learne Agreement gutegeeza nti enkyukakyuka yonna erina okukkirizibwa abantu ab'omu bitundu byombi. Kino kiviirako embali zombi okuzimbira ddala abantu abakolera ku mulimu. N'olwekyo, ka kibe nti mu ggwanga lya UK oba mu nsi empya ekkirizibwa, okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku kyewandikidde, eddembe, n'okufuga biyinza okukendeeza ku kabi ak'ettemu era ne kyongera omukisa ogw'okuleetawo emirembe singa akalulu k'obudde kabaawo.

fundikira

Ekitongole ekikola ku by'obufuzi (Breat Agreement) kye kyasobola okugonjoola obutakkaanya bwonna. Eky'okuzzaawo okugattika okugattika okugonjoolebwa kwa barcensis, okuyaayakana kw'ebika bya Brexit(ya era n'emitindo gyaakyo egya waggulu teginnakoma. Endagaano eyo ereme kubeerawo mu maanyi g'abakulembeze b'ebyobufuzi n'abantu okusobola okukolagana obulungi wadde nga balina obutakkaanya. Okukulaakulana kwabaawo mu Northern Ireland, obuwanjufu w'eby'obufuzi, enzikkiriza obuyinza, n'enkola ku ddembe, n'obuwandikiro, n'obuwagizigibwa mu nsi endala.

Ebijulizo ebirengo eby'ekiwandikiro oba eby'oku mboozi:[[AK'AWATANDIKA:1]

  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Okulagaana okulungi olw'okutaano, omulundi ogusooka n'ogw'okutaano – [[OLW'OMUKITO] Ebiseera eby'omu Maaso[[[AK'AWULA:2]][[AK'AMUTANDIKI]]
  • [[Act:0] Protootoko ya Ireland ey'omu bukiika kkono yannyonnyola – UK mu Bulaaya obukyuka[
  • [[AK:0] Okulagaana Okulungi ku Lwokutaano – Olukuŋŋaana olunene olw'omu bukiika kkono wa Ireland[[Akabonero:1]
  • Ekizinga Ekigabanyizidwa – Gavumenti ya Ireland[[[Act:1]
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Olukiiko olw'Eggwanga – ekifo eky'omutuuti[[AK'AWULA:1]