Okuggibwawo kwa gavumenti oba okukendeeza ku mateeka n'obulabirizi mu makolero agamu, kye kisinze okukozesebwa mu nkola y'eby'enfuna mu nsi nnyingi okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970. Abasekerezi baayo baayongera okuvuganya, ebigula ebitono, era ne byeyanjula ebikolebwamu, abanoonyereza ku buzibu bw'eby'amaduuka ne ku kabi akagendera ku nkola y'obulabisi obubaale. Kino kikkaanyesezza engeri enfunkumuli ez'okuva ku mateeka, ebyafaayo obugaayongera, n'obujulizi okuva ku bannaawandikiro enkulu okusobola okuteewala okuteesa ebiva mu buzibu n'okuteeka mu nkola ego.

Okusazaamu Kitegeeza Ki?

Okufuga kuzingiramu okuggyawo oba okuyingiza ebiragiro ebya gavumenti nga zzaabu, ebitwalibwa mu by'enguzi, emitindo egikwata ku butebenkevu, era n'amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'obutonde. Ekigendererwa kye kuleka bannabyabusuubuzi okuleka ebiba bifunzidwa, so si okuleka ebiba bifunvu, gamba nga prigence, obunene bw'obuweereza, n'okuyingira mu by'obuwabuzi. Kyokka, okuva mu nzijanjabe z'eby'obusuubuzi ne byewandiika mu bifo ebya bulijjo, nga ebiva mu butabangirizi obwa nnamba oba obusimu ebizingirwamu ebirengo eby'abantu abappya bye babadde bawandisizza mu nkola eyo.

Abakugu bagamba nti okukugira ennyo tekisobozesa bantu kukola bintu, kusobozesa abantu okusasula ebbeeyi ez'okugobererwa, era n'okwewala okuvuganya. Abakugu abamu bagamba nti waliwo amateeka agagonjoolera ddala ebizingirwa mu by'obusuubuzi.

Emirandira egy’Okukkiriza Obusosoze

Okutegeera ebintu ebyo kiyamba okutegeera ensonga lwaki abakwasi b'amateeka bataddewo amateeka era n'ensonga lwaki ebivudde mu mateeka gaago byawukana.

Eby’Obugagga Ebipya n’Ebitongole Ebibiina

Abakugu mu by'enfuna gamba nga Adam Smith baagamba nti okutunda, okulekebwa mu ngeri yaabwe, kyeyoleka bulungi ekiva mu ebyo bye bateeka mu nkola. Oluvannyuma, abanoonyereza ku by'enfuna baateeka essira ku mpaka eza kakolero nga zisobola okukkakkanya okukendeeza obuzito bw'ebintu okuva ku gavumenti. Abakugu bakira nti okutunda ebya bulijjo tekitera kutuuka ku mizannyo gya kuweza bintu mu bujjuvu.

Obulagirizi bw’Okusalawo Kwabwe

Endowooza eno eyamba mu kwekenneenya eby'enfuna mu kukola eby'obufuzi, nga bagamba nti abafuzi bayinza okukwatibwa amakolero ge balabirira, ne kibaviirako “obuteefuga kutuuka ku buwanguzi.” Endowooza eno eyinza okukendeeza ku bintu eby'enjawulo era n'okulongoosa enkola. Enjigiriza eno eyatandikibwawo George Stigler, egamba nti amateeka gayinza okuyamba abagaayi mu kusaasaanya nga bagula, bwe kityo okugaggyawo ne gayinza okusobozesa obulamu obulungi.

Chicago School of Economments

Emirimu gye yakola mu mulimu gw’okuggya amateeka mu Amerika gyakyusa nnyo enkola y’okumalawo obuguwa bw’eby’obufuzi mu myaka gya 1970 ne 1980.

Ebyafaayo Ebikwata ku Kuggibwa kw’Eggwanga

Okuvaawo kw'amateeka mu kiseera kino kweyongera mu nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970, okusooka mu Amereka nga gakulemberwa Prezidenti Jimmy Carter era n'oluvannyuma ne waggulu wansi wa Prezidenti Ronald Reagan, era ne mu United Kingdom wansi wa Mminisita Margaret Thatcher.

Ebikugirwa mu Kukkiriza Okufuga

  • Act enneyisa ya 1978 (U.S.A.):[[FLT] ekikongojjedwa ku ssente, enguudo, n'ekkubo ebiyingizibwa mu kampuni ez'omu kampuni ez'enjawulo. Ekikolwa kyaviirako ebika bya kampani okuggyayo ssente, ssente ezisingako obunene, ate era ne kivaamu n'amakolero agaawula n'okunyweza.
  • [[NKULA] Act eya 1980 (U.S.A.): yasalako nnyo kampuni z'eggaali y'omukka, ne kisobozesa eggaali y'omukka okwongera okuziyimirizaawo n'okukendeeza ku biragiro. Yayamba n'okukendeeza ku ngeri gy'ekozesaamu emirimu mu bitundu ebivaamu emiganyulo.
  • [[NKULA]UK Privatation of British Telecom (1984): Gavumenti ey'Okuyalula ku muti gwa BT ne yatandikawo empaka, ekiviirako okuweza ebbeeyi n'okuleetawo okusoomooza mu byalo, wadde nga waaliwo okusoomooza kungi mu byalo.
  • [[Akawulu k'oku mboozi] Act eya 1996 (U.S.A.): yalina ekigendererwa eky'okuggulawo kampuni ku masimu ag'oku ssimu okuvuganya n'okukomyawo theleviiri. Kaaleetera okuteeka mu nteeko entono mu nviromenti era ne kayamba mu kuleetawo okugatta awamu obukulembe n'enkannyi ezikwata ku nkozesa ey'ekika kya kompyuta.
  • Ekirango mu 1999 (U.S.):[[FLT]] Ekimu ku ebyo ebikkekkerezeddwa mu ka 'Glass-Steallall' Act, kisobozesa banka ez'eby'eby'obusuubuzi, banka ez'eby'enkankola n'enkola ya yinsuwa okugatta awamu. Abakuwakanya enkola eno baagobereza egobererwa ekizibu ky'eby'eby'enfuna ekya 2008.

Ebirungi Ebiva mu Kugaana Obukulembeze

Abo abawagira enzikiriza eno balaga ebirungi ebiva mu kuwagira okwo, era kino kiwa obukakafu obw’amaanyi mu nsonga ezimu.

Okuvuganya n’Okusalawo Okusingawo

Mu kukendeeza enkonge eziziyiza okukkirizibwa mu nsi, okugunjawo kusobozesa kampuni empya okuyingira mu katale. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu kampuni z'ennyonyi, omuwendo gw'abo abatambula nga batambula obutundutundu gweyongera nnyo okuva mu 1978, nga baleeta enkola endala ez'enjawulo gamba ng'okunyanyisa ebidduka ebiba bizingidde obutundu. Mu ngeri y'emu, okugobererwa kw'empuliziganya n'emirimu gy'ennyonyi kwaviirako okuvuganya mu bifo eby'empaka ne mu mirimu egitambula.

Ebbeeyi Etono

Empaka zizze zikendeera nnyo. Empewo eza bulijjo zikendedde ebitundu 40 ku buli kikumi mu myaka ebiri egyaddirira Omutemwa gw'omulimu ogw'okussawo akawere nga waakiri aw'amaanyi. Mu UK, okukyusiza obunene obwa British Telecom kyaleetera ebbeeyi y'empewo ez'empewo okumala ebbanga ddene. Kyokka, ebbeeyi zaakendeeranga ku bungi bw'ebbeempewo zaazo tezibaddenga za lukalala olutuufu.[1] Emirundi egimu abaguzi baasasuli baayolekagananga n'emiwendo egya waggulu oba nga bakendeerezebwa.

Okuzzibwawo n’Okuvaamu Ebibala

Kampuni zikozese tekinologiya n'eby'obusuubuzi ebirala bingi. Telecom ekitongole ekyo kyasobozesa ebiwandiiko eby'omu nsalo okweyongera okugaziwa, ne kompyuta, era ne ku Internet. Mu kampuni ezitunda amasannyalaze, okufulumya amasannyalaze ne k'enkola za bannasayansi ez'enkalakkalira mu bitundu ebimu.

Okukulaakulana mu by’Enfuna n’Ebikolwa by’Emirimu

Abakugu mu by'amateeka bagamba nti okumenya amateeka kikendeeza ku ssente ezikozesebwa okusasula obulambe obugo, era n'okukubiriza okuteekawo enkola ezikubiriza enkola ez'eby'entambula mu Amerika, kyaviirako abantu okweyongera okufuna emirimu mu myaka egyaddirira okuva bwe kivaawo. Kyokka, okugattulula okuva ku mateeka kiyinza okuviirako okufiirwa emirimu mu bitongole ebibadde bikuumibwa ne kiviirako okufuna enjawukana mu by'emali.

Ebiva mu Kugaanira Omulala

Wadde nga kivaamu emiganyulo, okugoba obusika ku mateeka ga nsi kya kabi nnyo, naddala singa gagobererwa nga tegafuuliddwa nga tegatendekeddwa bulungi oba nga gagobererwa mu bifo ebiddukanyizibwamu obusuubuzi.

Obutasobola n’Okussaayo Omwoyo

Okugoba obutwa kuyinza okuviirako ebitongole ebikola obwetwaze oba obupoliisi mu nsi emu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okugawula kw'ennyonyi kuvaamu okugattika n'okufiirwa obwetaavu, ne kilekawo omuwendo mutono ogw'abakugu abafuga kampuni mu maduuka g'omu 2000. Kino kiyinza okukendeeza empaka okutuusa nga bateekawo ebiruubirirwa ebisooka mu kutandikawo oba mu kukozesebwa.

Ensonga ez’Okukuuma Omutego gw’Abasuubuzi

Mu ngeri y'emu, okusasula ebisale by'ensimbi, kyaviirako abantu okubanja ebisale by'ensimbi n'okufiirwa ssente zaabwe.

Okugobererwa kw’Ennansi

N'olwekyo, okuteeka ku nzijuvu z'obutonde okuziyimirizaamu n'okuteeka ku nkola ezikwata ku kusengeka obutonde. N'olwekyo, okuteeka ku bintu ebikolerwako k'obwa kkampani ne firiiji kiyinza okuviirako okwonoonebwa n'okukendeera. Obutundu obusinga obungi bw'amasannyalaze okubuteeka mu bifo ebyo bukwata ku ttumbula ebbeeyi y'obutonde.

Obuzibu bw’Eby’Eby’Enfuna n’Akabi k’Enkola

Mu 2008, wabaddewo akakwate k'eby'enfuna mu nsi yonna akaagootaanye ennyo okuteekawo ekyokulabirako eky'okuvaako obunene mu by'enfuna. Ekitongole kya Glass-Steagell ne Commodatic Futures Moderzation Act ekya 2000 (ekiba kyasensenserezza obuva mu byuma okuva ku mateeka) kyasobozesa ebitongole by'eby'enfuna okweteeka mu kabi ak'amaanyi mu nyiika entono ennyo mu by'obuteengera bw'empalo. Akabenje kaviirako obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'obukadde bw'abantu okufiirwa emirimu, okufiirwa, okusookkosebwa, n'okujjuza ebikolerwa eby'amaanyi. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ebitongole International Monetary Fund (IMF) kyeyongera okuteeka mu n'obukulembe obw'eby'eby'ebyenfuna.

Okunoonyereza ku Bulwadde mu Kukendeeza

Bwe twekenneenya ebintu ebitali bimu, tulaba engeri ebivaamu gye biri eby’enjawulo.

Omusango Ogwakolebwa mu 1978

Kampuni y'ennyonyi ey'omu Amerika yayamba nnyo okuvvuunuka okusoosa kw'ebivaamu. Abasaabaze baakulakula ate n'abantu abaasaabala nga batwalibwa ba wansi baalabika. Kyokka, kampuni z'ennyonyi nazo zaayolekaganye n'okuvuganya okw'amaanyi, ne kiviirako ebisale by'ennyonyi okusaanyawo, ne Pan Am, ow'Ebuvanjuba, TWA) ne kabuyonjo mu bina ebitwalibwamu (America, Deltam, United States, Southwester). Ebbeeyagazanyi eri mu mmotoka, ssente, ne ku kiseera nga byakendedde. Empandika y'empandika y'empagibwa.[FT:] Empattuk'empewo, ebiva mu bitundu ebinene, ebiva mu bungi obungi n'ebiva mu buweereza obutono ebibunyinyinyinyinyinziri ebiba bibuutiddwa.

Obulwadde n’Ebizibu by’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga 2008

Wakati wa 1980 ne 2000, olukalala lw'amateeka n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkola byasaasaana oluvannyuma lw'okwegoonya okw'amaanyi. Ekitongole kya Gramm-Leach-Leach-Bliley Act (1999) kyasobozesa banka okugatta awamu eby'obusuubuzi n'eby'okuteekamu ssente mu kampuni, n'eby'obususiro eby'okuteekamu enzijjuvu awamu n'eby'okuteekamu enzijanjaga z'amabanja. Ebitongole bya bya ssente byasaawulawo obunene ebya kka n'okutunda. Ebbeeyikeera by'amayumba bwe byagwa, katyabaga bwe kagwa, . AKATANDIKAWA obuwumbi bw'eby'eby'enfuna byafiirwa omulimu gwayo. Okusinziira ku Kiteeteeka essira eky'obukulembeze mu kifo ekya waggulu mu ku ku ku t'egobeegobereberye.

Okukendeeza Amasannyalaze: Embeera Ezibuwalirwa Amasannyalaze mu California

Mu myaka gya 1990, California yasalawo obusuubuzi bwakyo obwa saluti mu bifo awantu we waali wagenda okugulibwa. Okuteeka mu nkola enkola eyo kyaleetera ba maddenatariira okugaana okugula, ne kiviirako ebbeeyi ey'amaanyi okugula obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bw'obuwumbi bw'amasannyalaze mu 2000. Akabenje kano kaatwala obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bw'obuwumbi bw'abaguzi bwa ga Gavana Gray Davis. Kalaga nti okukendeeza amasannyalaze nga ku by'ogula ebikozesebwa mu maduuka, kirimu akabi. Ekyawumba kya California kikozesebwa okuwakanya obukujjuzi bw'amasannyalaze, mu busuubuzi obwa bulijjo gye bukyakozesebwa okusaasaanya eby'amasannyalaze.

Okugaana Okutambula n’Abalala

Ekiragiro kino kyaleetawo okukuba akakwate mu kuleetawo okuvuganya mu mirimu gy'amasimu. Mu butuufu, kyaleetawo okugattika okugatta awamu kw'enkola ezo (ummese, AT&T ne Bell South, Verizon ne MC) n'okuteekamu ebiwandiiko ku nkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo ezikolebwa ku ntambula. Kyokka, kyaleetawo okulwana okumenyawo okusobola okufuna enkyukakyuka mu nteekateeka z'enkola ez'oku siteegika ne mu ku siteesiteesi. Okukubawo emirimu ku Internet (VoIP, nga nzibuyaga) kwatabulako ebifaananyi eby'ennono. FCC] empapula ebikolebwa ku n'okuwandiika ebigenda mu kifo eky'okuva ku mboozi y'ennyimba nyingi, naye era ne kuleetawo n'osembega ku ebyo ebikwata ku buweereza obw'onkenkenke.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ebaawo mu Nsi Yonna ku Kuddirira

Bungereza

Programu ya UK ey'okuvaako obutwa n'okukyusa pritation mu kampuni eyitibwa Thecher yakyusa amakolero g'empuliziganya, ga gassawo, masannyalaze, amazzi, n'entambula. Wadde nga beeyongera okukola obulungi n'okuteekawo enkula y'enkola, abanoonyereza ku by'obusuubuzi bagamba nti abantu mu bitundu ebimu beeyongera okuteenkanankana, era nti obugagga bw'ebitongole bukendedde mu makolero g'amasannyalaze. Okukendeeza amasannyalaze kikwataganyizibwa n'ebbanja g'amabanja g'ab'amayumba n'okugula ebizitoffaalimu ebivuddemu ebivuddemu ebivuddemu.

European Union

Enkola ya EU enoonyezza okukendeeza ku kugabanya okugaba obutundutundu mu kampuni z'ennyonyi mu 1990 n'okugawulibwa kw'empuku mu ngeri endala. Obusobozi bw'eby'amakobyo n'obukuumi bw'eby'ensimbi, okusobozesa ebiwandikiro n'eby'ennyonyi okumanyibwa mu Bulaaya okusobozesa ebidduka okutambula mu bbanga okutambula, okukendeezebwa ku budde obugenda bukendeera, n'ebbeefissi. Kyokka, okukendeeza ku mirimu n'amaanyi g'ennyonyi kibadde kyeyongerera ku byuma by'ennyonyi, ne kiviirako obutale bw'ebiziinabiina.

Amawanga Agakyagenda mu Maafu

Amawanga mangi agakyakula gaatongozebwa mu nkola z'okuddaabiriza ennyimba mu ma 1980 ne mu ma 1990. Mu bifo nga banka, okukuba empalana n'obulimi, ebiva mu nzirukanya, ebiva mu nviiri zigattiddwamu. Okugawulamu kuyinza okuleetera abasuubuzi okuva mu ggwanga okuteeka n'okulongoosa ebizimbe, naye okugootaanyera n'obuyinza bw'okufuga biyinza okuviirako obulyinja, n'obutabanguko bwa bya bya bya maguzi, n'obutabanguko. Bank World short enzi ekitegeeza obwetaavu obw'okuteeka mu nkola ez'okukumanya amagoba obubenje.

Ebiragibwa mu Kitongole Ekikola ku by’Eddwaliro

Nga basinziira ku bujulizi obw'enjawulo, abakwasi b'amateeka balina okulaba engeri esobola okukuuma omuganyulo oguli mu kuvuganya nga bwe bakendeeza ku kabi akali mu kuvuganya.

Baalondebwa Okukulembera Abantu nga Bakola Omulimu

Mu kifo ky'okuggyawo ebiragiro byonna, ababikola bawa etteeka ku mateeka agaawulamu agayinza okulabika ng'agatali ga mugaso oba ag'akabi. Mu kiseera kye kimu, kiba kirungi okukuuma oba okunyweza amateeka agagonjoolebwa mu by'obusuubuzi. N'okugoonoona obutonde, n'okulimba. Omuntu bw'akakanyala ebintu, teyeetaaga kukyusa ngeri gye yeeyisaamu.

Okuwangula

Nga tannassaawo kampuni, basooka kuteeka mu nkola enkola ey'okuvuganya nga tebannalowooza ku ngeri ebizimbe gye biyinza okukozesebwamu. Amateeka bwe gasigalawo okukugira obuwagizi oba enzigi ez'amaanyi ezikugira abantu okuyingiza mu bintu, okugumbula enzigi kuyinza okuggyawo obwannannyini mu kifo ky'obuyinza obufuga obufuga obukolerwamu. Mu mbeera ng'ezo, okusobola okuleetawo okuvuganya nga bagoberera enkola ey'okugobererwa mu byuma nga bannabya kkatoffaali.

Claus Claus ne Ordering Resource

Okuteeka mu nkola enkola ez'okwejjukanya ezikolebwa oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera nga tekikkiriziddwa. Kino kikendeeza ku lukalala lw'amateeka agawandiikiddwa era ne kikubiriza okuwa obujulizi. Akakiiko akafuzi ka Amerika kakozesezza enkola ng'ezo mu bibiina ebimu, naye okuzikolako kuyinza okubayamba.

Okukuuma Abali mu Nkolagana Ennungi n’Abasuubuzi

Ekiragiro kino kiteekwa okugattika enkola ey'okuvuganya n'okukugira empisa ez'obusobozi bw'obufuzi. Ebirowoozo biteekwa okuba n'obuyinza okusoomooza okugattikawo, okukkakkanya ebbeeyi, n'okukola emirimu egilwanyisa ebbeeyi. Ebiragiro ebikwata ku bukuumi obwa Consumer (okulabikira mu ngeri enneekusifu), n'okugobererwa nga bitegekebwa mu butakkirizibwa mu masokero ne mu ngeri endala.

Okutuukiriza Obuvunaanyizibwa mu Kupima Amagi

Ekiragiro enzivvuunuzi ereede okusobozesa enzivuunula y'ebintu okukolebwako. Gavumenti eziba zigobereddwa zisobola okuzuula enkyukakyuka eziba zikoleddwa mu bbeeyi y'ebbeeyi, obulungi bw'omulimu, okuteeka obutuuti mu katale, n'ebintu ebirala. Singa wabaawo ebiba bivuddewo, abakwasirize enkola ya kampuni bayinza okunyigiriza oba okuzza obulambe obugo ku biwandikiro.

Okutuukiriza Ebisaanyizo mu Nsi Yonna

Mu bitongole nga mu by'ensimbi ne mu maanyi, okuvaawo kw'amateeka mu bitundu ebimu kuyinza okuleetawo okutabulwa kw'emikutu. Enkola wakati w'ebibiina nga ebikozesebwa mu byamaguzi ne mu bitongole ebirala, esobozesa emitindo egya ddo n'eggyo okugobererwa mu mikutu.

fundikira

Okugoba obukyayi si kirungi oba kibi; ebiva mu mbeera eziriraanyewo, enkula y'ekikula, n'okutuukiriza enkola zaagwo. Bwe bikozesebwa mu makolero agakola okuvuganya ne mu maduuka agakola ebitono, ne bwe kikendeeza ebbeeyi, ne kiviirako ebiguzi okukolebwa, okugajjanya, n'okuyonja eby'eby'enfuna. Kyokka, mu bitongole ebitera okubaamu enkola y'ekikula, obubaka, oba emitawaana, oba okukosebwa kwa manguyinja oba okubi mu ngeri eteetaagisa mangu kussa ssigala, kiyinza okuviirako okuteeka ebirowoozo, okufiirwa, okufiirwa, n'obuzibu bw'eby'eby'ebyenfuna.

Obujulizi okuva mu nnyonyi, amaanyi, n'enkola ey'okuddukanya empuliziganya bulaga nti okusazaamu okuva ku nnyonyi kwa mugaso singa kuteekebwawo enkola ezikwata ku kukuuma abaguzi, okubeewala okulabirirwa, n'engeri ez'okwewolereza. Abakugu baleme kussa kitiibwa mu nkola z'ennyonyi eziba zitegekeddwa oba okuvunaanibwa obululu.