Okutandika: Obulimba bw’Enfuna mu by’obufuzi

Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, kaweefube ow'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'ensimu z'ensi eno abaddemu ensonga ezikyasinze okuleetawo obukuubagano mu bya bufuzi bwa Amerika. Ku nnono za kaweefube, ekibiina ekikomyawo okuleetawo enkyukakyuka kikendeeza ku nkola y'abagagga abawaayo, ebibiina, n'eby'enjawulo ebibanyumira, ng'ebyongera okulabibwa mu ngeri gye bawanyisaamu ssente. Ekimu ku mpaka zino, bye bimu ku ebyo ebikolawo nga bannaawula ssente mu n'okuzikozesa. Kyokka, okukolebwa kwa PaCS [FL:0] n'okuyawulibwa n'okutawamu okusobola okusobola okukuba olukalala. Era, ebibiina bino bitera okuziganya n'eby'eby'obugagga.

PACIS ezitakwatagana zikola kinene nnyo kati mu kusaasaanya ssente mu bya bufuzi. Wabula, PACIS, ekikolagana nabo ne kampuni, oba ekibiina ky'obusobozi, PCS, ebitegekeddwa mu kibiina ekimu, era ebiyinza okufunibwa okuva mu bibiina ebitegeerwa. PACICs ezisangibwa mu bitundu ebisukka mu biwandikiro, zeyawudde mu biwandikiro ebikola ku by'obufuzi. Okukula kwabwe, naddala oluvannyuma lw'okusalawo kw'ekiwandiiko kya kkooti enkulu mu Citizens mu United. FFEC (20) '0], kyeyongerezza ebiva mu "Essente ezikozesebwa mu kulonda ssente" ne mu ku buntu. Okutegeera engeri ezikola ku kaweefube w'eby'eby'embali ebya kaweefube okuzza obuppya kiyamba omuntu yenna okutegeera enko y'enkyukakyuka mu by'empewo. . Ekiragiro kino kiyamba nnyo okutegeera engeri zonna ezikozesebwa mu ku ku bikwata ku by'ebbulo ly'ethe.

Buwandiike Ki Obutagambika?

Enkyukakyuka mu by’Eby’Eby’Omu Mateeka

PAC kakiiko ka bya bufuzi akatateekebwawo, akafuga oba akafugibwa omunyago, ekibiina oba ekibiina/'''abizinesi. Mu mpandika eya Federal Ecomputation Act (FECA), obukiiko buno buteekwa okukakasiza ku bukiiko obukola ku mateeka agaago, naye nga bugoberera amateeka agaago agaago, nga gakola ne k'obutundu obutono obusukka ku obwo obukwatagana ne PC. Ekigambo "non-commentment Campation Act (Fexamment Ecommentive Commissionment) kitwaliramu ebibinja bibiri:

  • [[AKM:0] Traditional PaCs (multidate PCs):[ Bapaasa bano bakkiriza okuwaayo obutundutundu obusukka doola 50,000 buli mwaka okuva ku bantu kinnoomu, era basobola okuwerera ddala doola 50,000 buli mwaka nga balonda akakiiko oba akakiiko akataba ka n'akawagizi. Kyokka, tewali kkomo ku ssente z'enkyukakyuka eziyinza kuwaayo ku ssente ezeemalibwa ku bubwe oba empuliziganya endala eziba zisobola okuwanirira okulonda oba okuwangula omuteesi yenna.
  • [Akakiiko ak'omukitundu] Akawayiro era tekalina ebiwandiiko ebigoberera ebigendererwa bya d.C. Kkooti enkyalira ebibiina gye bisalawo mu SpeechNOW.org v. FEC [2010], obukiiko buno buyinza okuweza embalirira eri wakati w'abantu kinnoomu, amakanisa, amabaga, n'ebibiina amalala amalala amalala. Ekiragiro kkooti z'ekitongole kigaana okukola ebiweebwayo obutereezo ebiterekebwa butereevu eri abagenda mu disi oba ebitiibwa, naye nga bisobola okusaasaanya ssente ezibaweereddwa ku bubwe ku bibanyigibwa. Bateekwa okutegeeza abo ababigaba FEC, naye nga babbajjuzibwa, nga "VC" ebiteesiteesi ebiva mu n'amako.

Ebika byombi eby'e PAC birina ekintu ekikulu kye bikolako: obwetwaze. Tebirowoozebwa kusalawo kwa kampeyini oba ku kibiina kya kampeyini, ekibaleetera okubeera abeetegefu okukola enkyukakyuka, naye era ne kibaviirako okweraliikirira nti bajja kubaako kye bavunaanibwa oba okulabirirwa.

Engeri Gye Bakuzaamu era ne Booza Ssente

Bapaapa abali mu mbeera ezitakwatagana basinziira ku ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'okusengeka ssente. Bangi bagoberera enkola eza bulijjo nga bagoberera enkola eno nga bagoberera enkola eya bulijjo.[1] Ng'ekyokulabirako, okukuuma obutonde, eddembe ly'obutonde, oba okuwa enguzi ez'emisolo,(yansa n'okutendereza okufaananako abo abawaayo obusindikiddwa obuwandiike, obuwandiike, okubukuba obuyimba, n'ebitongole eby'enjawulo. Abalala beemalidde ku ndowooza, gamba ng'okugaba obutereevu oba obutereevu. Ettaka z'abawaabiina ezikolera ku bukiiko bw'ebituuti oba ku by'abateebbo, n'okunoonyereza okusinga obungi, n'okukubisanga obunene obutono obuva ku bantu abagagga oba eby'obugagga ebirala. Mu nkula y'obutongole bw'ebitongole ebikumi ebikumi ebiyinjaavuuni. Ssente ebyo tebiba bikoma ku ku ku ku kukebera mabaluwa, oba ku mabaluwa agava ku magoba gannasanyumalanga ag'okuvuganya, okunoonyereza agatali gamu.

Okutandikawo kw’Enjigiriza Eziteefaanaganya: Enjigiriza ey’Ebyafaayo

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika mu 1970 nga bannabyabufuzi ba PPACs batandika n'enkyukakyuka ezaakolebwa oluvannyuma lw'omwaka gwa Watergate mu FECA. Ekiragiro kyassaawo ekkomo eriko enkyuukanyo ku kuwaayo era ne kissaawo enteekateeka ya PAC okuleka abantu okugatta awamu eby'obugagga byabwe. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abantu okuteekamu eby'obugagga byabwe bingi mu makolero, oba okukolagana n'abava mu n'obutongole. Kyokka, "Bannabyabufuzi, "PaCs" ne "Gaaaalurchirchiery PCs" (etwale kya bannabyabufuzi bw'eby'obufuzi bw'entambula n'eby'eby'ebiwandiiko) okweyongera. Ebiva mu bungi ku ku nsonga ezireetebwa n'eby'ebitongole ebinoonyezza ebinoonyezza , ebireeteebuzi bya bantu bannakyeebwe, nga bakkirizibwa okusobozesa ebiva mu bungi ne mu nsonga zino okumanyisaawula ku nsonga ya mu buzibu bya gavumenti.[NF3] Ebivamu ku nsonga zino:[10]

Leero, PACIS gikozesebwa mu kulonda okw'ekika ekya 2022 mu kiseera kya masekkati ga gavumenti. Okusinziira ku Opensecrets, PACIS (nga mw'otwalidde n'obuwumbi obusinga obungi bwa doola z'obuwumbi bubiri (obuwumbi bubiri) nga ze ssente ezisaasaanyizibwako 30 ku buli kikumi okuva ku nsi endala. Okusinziira ku ngeri gye zikozesebwamu, bannassaayansi basinga obungi mu lukiiko olukulu olw'abakyala ne mu mpaka ez'Ennyumba, ebisaawere ebyabwe ku buwayibwa obusinga obungi bwe biba bya b'akawumbi bwa ssente ezisukka mu obuwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu obuwumbi bubirimu n'obuwumbi obusukka 30 ku buwumbi obunene obuva mu kaweefube eza kawerengo.

Ebikola ku Kaweefube w’Enkola Enkyukakyuka

Ebyava mu PC ezitateekebwa ku kaweefube ow'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'ensimbi biba tebiganyula bannakyewa.

Baayongera mu by’Enfuna ne ku ‘ mpaka ez’Amaanyi ’

.C comments zeeyongedde nnyo okukifuula ekyangu eri abantu okuyiwa ssente mu kulonda. Obutafaananako obukiiko obutwala abagenda okukuba akalulu, obuwagizi obuwandiikidde obuwandiisibwa nga buteekeddwa ku kkomo, SUICS busobola okuziyimiriza n'okuzisaasaanya nga siriringi. Kino kyongedde "bavuganya" mwe bagwanyirizaako empaka, ebiwayinja oba ebizito. Okugezaako okw'ebbeeyaga mu ssente ennene n'abagagga bonna bawalirizibwa okuyiwa mu kaweefube agava mu mpaka. Omuteesi ayinza okusikiriza obuyambi obusinga obungi okuva ku ebikozesebwa mu nsiko y'empewo n'empewo.

Obuzibu obw'okulabirako n'Obw'Okufuna Ssente mu Maaso ga Nkalakkalira

Oboolyawo okusoomooza okukulu kweva mu kumanyisa abawagizi abatali ba nfuna. Wadde nga Super PACs kyetaagisa okubikkula ensibuko y'essente, basobola okufuna ssente okuva mu ntegeka nga 501 (c)(4) "Enfuna z'abantu, nga tebeetaagisa kubikkula bannazo. Kino kitera okuyitibwa "Sinki," okuleka abagagga n'ebibiina by'eby'obufuzi okukuba obulumbaanyisizaako awatali kumanya kwa bantu bonna. Mu nzirukanya za 2022, ensimbi ezikozesebwa mu mpalo ezitali n'abataawungi zisobola okutuukira ddala ku doola z'obuwumbi bwa ddo mu Bren Center. Abakompyungi baagoba amateeka amanywevu, naye nga tebakolagana na bannannyini mu mateeka, bakkirira okuwakanya okumanyibwa mu nkyukakyuka mu n'okeeka. Mu nzijula y'ennyo ezikozesebwa mu n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu mu ku mukinyombe esobola okumanya ebikozesebwa mu ngeri ey'enkola y'enkola y'emu mu bujjuvu mu bujjuvu.

Ebisinga Obunene Ebiruubirirwa by’Osobola Okufuna

Nga tewannabaawo mutemwa gwa PaCs, etteeka eryateekebwawo liragira abantu abagenda okulonda doola z'omunaala nga 700 buli kalulu. Ebiragiro ebyo bikyakola ku kuwaayo okuva ku bantu kinnoomu oba PCs okukolerwa kaweefube. Kyokka, abo abatakolera wamu ne PaCs, Super PACs(ddala ssente ezisaasaanyizibwa ku ssente eziba zigasaasaanyiziddwa omunyansi eziganyula omunyago, eziyinza okusussa ebbalibwa ebbanja eri omunyago, eziba nga zirese ebbeesa eddiribwa enzigere ezaaweeyirwako z'amateeka. Omuteerezi obukumi obukumi tebuyinza na bukumi okusasula ssente eziba mu ku muteesiteesi eziba ezibalwa obunene, naye nga zisobola okusobozesa omuteerezi w'obuyinza obukulembedde okukendeeza ebkolero oba obunene mu kkooti z'ebyakyekyuufu [F]: [5] Kino kisobozesa okumanyisa obutuufu okumanyisa obuba ennyo.[5]

Ebikwata ku Nsi eby’Enjawulo n’Emyaka Emitono Ebiri mu Kitangaala kya Baibuli

Bapaasita abatakolagana nabo batwalibwa ng'abavubuka bokka oba ng'enkola enjereere. Bakiikirira ebigendererwa bya kampuni emu, gamba nga kampuni ezikola amafuta aga bulijjo oba kampuni ezikola eby'eddagala, oba bakubiriza okutunuulira ebintu ebiri mu nsi, gamba nga mu buwagizi oba mu ngeri endala. Olw'okuba ba PaC bano tebavunaanyizibwa ku kulonda oba ku bakulembeze b'ekibiina, basobola okweteeka mu bifo ebya waggulu oba okutunda obulango obululu nti omuteeyambi tayinza kukwata ku nsonga za njawulo. Okutumbula ebigendererwa eby'enjawulo kuyinza okusoosa empakaanyi za bantu bonna, nga bawaliriza abawagizigizigibwa okuwagira abawa obuyambi bw'abawagizi mu kifo ky'okulonda abakuba obululu. Abakoba banoonya okukendeeza ssente mu by'obufuzi mu bibiina bino ebiyinza okukyusa eby'okukyusa, olw'okukyusiza ddala olw'okubaawo mu n'embeera y'enkyukakyuka eziba mu n'ebitonderwanyinyinyinyinyinzi.

Obuzibu Obutuuka ku Kufuba okw’Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Abantu

Ekiragiro kino kiremesa enkola yonna ey'okukyusa amateeka oba enkola ey'okugobererwa mu nkola z'amateeka.

Obusobozi bw’Etteeka n’Ebizibu Ebiba mu Mateeka

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yatwala kaweefube ono ng'enkola ey'okwogera ekuumibwa Omuteeso gw'ekibiina. Citimans United, kkooti yagamba nti gavumenti teyinza kukugira ssente ze bakozesa ku bwayo okuyitira mu kampuni, obugatta oba emikwano emirala. Omuntu atali mu ntegeka ez'enjawulo okugezaako okukendeeza ku ngeri gye zikozesebwa oba obusobozi bwe balina obw'okuleetawo ssente okuziteeka mu kifo eky'okuzikomyawo. Ebbanja ez'enkomerero, ng'enkyukakyuka, nga bwe kiyinza okutegeeza abantu abawaddeyo ssente ezisinga obungi, naye nga ziyise mu n'okuzigobeewa mu n'okuwakanya okuzzaawo enkambi, era n'okumenya amateeka agava mu n'okusasula enzijirala, ag'enkola ey'enkola ey'enkola ey'obuvubi. KC eyinza okugobeetaaze, oba okukebera mu ngeri ezitakkirizibwa mu mateeka ebijulirwamu, oba obutakkirizibwa okugobera mu n'okubonero.

Emikutu Emizibu Egikola ku Bitundu

Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okubaamu ssente nnyingi okuva ku nteeko endala. Ekiragiro Paciota omu ow'enjawulo asobola okufuna ssente okuva ku nteeko ezitali zimu. Omuntu bw'aba nga ddala yeeyambisizza ssente okuva ku nkyukakyuka za gavumenti endala. "Essente ezisigibwawo"", zitera okukakalayira ennyo bannamawulire, ebibinja by'abatunuulizi okulambula enzijanjaba y'eby'obufuzi. Obuzibu obwo bukugira okuzizza ssente okutereeza, kubanga ekiteetaagibwawo ekipya ekizitaaweebwa mu mateeka okusobola okwewala ebigwa mu buzibu obutebeereke, era n'okukulembeza omulimu kikwetaagisa okukola eby'obugagga ebiriwo okusobola okukyusiza FEC.

Baawakanya Ebya bufuzi

Abakungu bangi abalondeddwa nabo baganyulwa mu nkola y'enkola eno. emirundi mingi bapaapa ab'enjawulo bamala ebiseera bingi nga bawagira abawagizi mu bifo awabanga okuvuganya okw'amaanyi(* era nga n'abakungu ba mateeka bangi tebaagala kubaako kye bakolawo mu kubawa emmere." Okugatta ku ekyo, abakungu ba gavumenti abo ababiri babadde bagoberera essente eziva mu kaweefube, obulango, n'obululu. Ekyavaamu, ebiwandikiro, ebiva mu kuwandibwa kwa kampeyini okuzza obukyungi ennyo obubalinamu enziko, ne bweba nga baakakwasibwawo ssente ez'enkyukakyuka, batera okwolekagana n'enkyukakyuka ezibanafu.

Okuwa Ababeseri Obuyinza n’Okumenya Ebibakwatako

FEC emanyiddwa ng'enkola enfumbo. N'olw'ensonga eyo, abakungu baayo mukaaga.[1] Abakoddomiya basatu n'aba Democrates('abakasat) bassoosa abangi okusobola okugoberera abawagizi. Ekiragiro PaCs ekisobozesa okusala ku nkola eno embikyo nga kiboogerezebwawo, nga kikolagana n'abo ababa bagenda okusomera ku nsalo (ekimenya amateeka eri mu buwanya oba okugaana okuwandiika lipoota ezituukirawo. Ekitongole ekyo era kikomya embaliriraanya ensa n'enkola yaakyo ey'okujjuza lipoota enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi z'obungi eziba ziwandiikibwa buli lukuubo. Nkujjuzi lwo oluvanyuma lw'okuteesookanyanya, era n'okubonerezebwa okubonerezebwa oba okusalibwa obutonotono olw'ebiragiddwa oluvannyuma lw'okulonda ebyo ebigobeegobeego.

Okunoonyereza ku nsonga: Ebikolwa Empandika ezitali zikwatagana

Okusobola okulaba engeri PACIs gye zaakolebwangamu ku nkyukakyuka ezizzeewo mu nsi, weetegereze ebyokulabirako bibiri:

, ebipimo bya 2020 Pulezidenti Evolution: Ebibinja ebifuga enfugege nga Priestal USA Action (Hrieve Joe Biden) ne America Firence Action (Ssetting Donald Trump) yayimirizaamu era n'abimalira mu kaweefube aw'enjawulo. omuwendo mu bungi gwa ssente zino zaava ku bantu abawaayo obutono ennyo mu buwumbi bwa doola z'omuweefube. Wadde nga waliwo abawagizi b'abamu abakkirize okukendeereza ku nkyukakyuka, naye nga basuubiza nti kaweefube oyo bombi beesigama ku ssente ezisinga obuwumbi. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda obukulembedde, tewali kawerede zaagibwa.

Act etegeeza nti DISCLOSE era n'obusobozi Bwayo obw'Okumpi: Act, ekyasookera ddala mu 2010 okukkirizibwa kiyinza okuba nga kyeyamaanyi okusobola okukidduukirira mu ., kiba kyetaagisa ebibiina ebyeyambisibwa okumanyisa abawaddeyo doola z'Amerika oba ezisoba obusukka mu mwaka gwa 2010, 2014, 2019, ne 20222], naye buli mulundi lwe kyafiira mu kisokko, ekizingi eky'okuwakanya n'okuwakanya Republica n'okumenya amateeka. Amaanyi atali gamu agamu agaayinja .

Okukulaakulana: Enkyukakyuka Ze Basuubira Okubaawo

Mu ngeri y'emu, abo abafuna amagezi ku ngeri y'okugonjoolamu ekizibu kino, buli lukalala lw'obusobozi bw'okukikozesa bawa amagezi ku ngeri y'okugonjoolamu obutakkaanya obuli mu mpandiika ezitali n'enkusu. Buli lukonko zibaamu okusoosa kwa maanyi era ziwa essuubi nti n'enkyukakyuka ziyinza okubaawo.

Okunyweza Ebyetaago eby’Okufuna Obuyambi

Ekitongole kino okusobola okuzuula ensibuko y'essente ze kiba kiwadde obuwagizi obwangu. Agumenti y'enkola y'enkola y'enjawukana ezisinga okutegeerwa. Ekiragiro PACIS, nga mwe muli n'abo bonna abafuna ssente okuva mu ssente ezikutte awatali kubaako kyefissi, okusobola okubikkula ensibuko y'essente zaabwe, kye kyawa abavvuzi obuyinza obuyinza okulonda ebinaakozesebwa. Ekiragiro kya DixCLOSE Act kye kisinga okufuula ekiddukanya ebiddukanyonyi eby'enkola. Ebiralaalaamo byayo byayo byagala ekyetaagisa bannaalukalala ebikkirizisa abakkero bya gavumenti era ebiwandikiddwa Prezidabima mu 2011 era ne binywezebwa Pulezidenti Biden mu 202.

Kampeyini

Ebirowoozo nga "Fair Ecounts Now Act" biwa abantu ensimbi zenkanankana ezikozesebwa mu kuwaayo okw'obwannakyewa obutono, nga bikendeeza ebiruubirirwa ebya abo abaagala okuggya ssente okuva mu PCs. Eggwanga ezimu, nga Maine ne Arizona, zikoppye enkola ey'okuwaayo mu by'ensimbirira abantu ne batuuka ku buwanguzi. Kyokka, ssente eziweebwa gavumenti ziyinza okukwetaagisa amateeka amapya n'okuteekawo ensimbi mu by'obufuzi, nga bino si bizibu. Singa zikkirizibwa, PPACs ezitakkirizibwa ziyinza okweyongera okukola ku bubwe ku bubwe ku bwazo, n'okusasula ssente zonna eziweebwa abantu zeetaagisa.

Okutongoza Amateeka

Abo abakkiriza nti ebyo kkooti enkulu bye esalawo bye biviirako ekizibu, ekinaatuukiriza enzivuunula ya griam enzijira y'okuggyawo Citimans United era n'okusalawo okugendera ku nsonga ezikwatagana. Ebiwandikiro bingi biyitidde mu kuyita abantu okutereezebwa mu ngeri eyo, era n'okukyusa kwa 'Ttuunt' kweyanjudde mu kizimbe. Kyokka, okukkiririza tteeka eryo kwetaagisa ebikulu bibiri mu bisenge byombi ne mu kutuukiriza ebiwandiiko bisatu ebina ebya waggulu ennyo. Ebibiina n'ekitongole kikuumira ensonga eyo mu bulamu era ne ksobozesa okukolagana n'okuteekateeka.

Enkyukakyuka Ezaakolebwa mu FEC

Ekirala kwe kukyusa enzivuunula y'amateeka agafuga enfuga okusobola okugaziya omuwendo gw'ababaka ba kampuni basatu oba bataano abalondemu, oba okubateeka mu tterekero eritali lya kpartistiki okukendeeza ku buggweevu. Enkyukakyuka ng'ezo ziyinza okuyamba okukwasisa amateeka agaliwo era ziyinza okusobozesa ekibiina okumanyibwa nga kimaze okumenya amateeka agamenyebwa ekiwandiikibwa ekiwandikiro. Kyokka, okulongoosebwa kw'ekitongole ekirina okuyisa akakiiko akafuzi kirina okuyisa akakiiko akafuzi, ate ekiwandikiro ekyo tekitera kuweebwa buyinza ku kibiina ekikikolera ku buwagizirimu.

Olupapula lw’amawulire oluyitibwa Pacs olw’Abo Abatalumanyi

Bapaapa abatakwatagana bakyusa enkola y'eby'ensimbi mu ngeri ennungi ennyo ate nga bakyusa endowooza zaabwe. Beeyongedde okusaasaanya ssente, okukendeeza ku nsawo, era ne bawa bye baagala okukendeeza ku kkomo. Obukuumi bwabwe mu mateeka wansi w'Olukalala, nga bagattiddwa wamu n'enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi, bireetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu ngeri enfuze. Kyokka, okuwaliriza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi, okuva ku ndowooza ez'eby'obufuzi, era nga zenyisiddwawo obulkulembedde, byeyongera okuziko. Era, bye babadde baddiba nga baddiŋŋana enzijije mu mateeka agaayusiza mu ku kukyusizaamu, ekiruubirirwa kye kimu: okuleetawo kaweefube, okuvunaanibwa, n'okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya. okutuusa nga k'okusuubira okukkirizibwa mu k'enkyukakyuka mu by'eby'obufuzi bya bufuzi obwa bulijjo, obutuufu, ekiba kye kijja ku kkagobeewandikibwawo. KC kye kibeera nga kkankalubikyo. K'ewa

[[NKULA:0] Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku ntegeka n'enkola ey'obulambe ey'oku PPACs, kebera Ekiralala nga kiwandikiro eky'okutongoza olukusa olw'okubinda kiwandikiro oba olw'okugiwandikiro oba olw'okugikwata ku kiwandikiro oba olw'okugiwandiisa, n'okukebera ebifa ku bukiiko obukola ku bukiiko obwo. Obutundutundutundu obusooka bunoonyezebwa ku kiwandikiro obugendera ku kiwandikiro oba omutwe. Obukaawulu obwa '[FLT:] busobola okuzuula ekiri ku kiwandikiro ekiwandikiro eky'ekiwandikiro oba ekikolebwako kya [[FLT:][FLT]][5]