Ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku Ddembe ly’Omuntu Ebiyambye Okunywerera ku Kiwandiiko ky’Eddembe ly’Omuntu mu Nsi Yonna

Bill of Rights, yakkirizibwa mu 1791 mu 1791 nga gye mitendera kkumi egyasooka mu mateeka g'Amerika, yatandikawo enteekateeka ey'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu eriwandiikiddwa gavumenti okusobola okukwekebwa. Obukakafu bwayo obw'eddembe ery'okwogera, okukuba empapula, eddiini, eddembe ery'okusitula emikono, okunoonyereza okw'enkakali, era n'okugezesa obutuufu kwaliwo mu kiseera. Mu byasa ebiyise ebyasa bibiri, emisingi gibadde gikola nga kyakulabirako eri enfunda ez'enkalakkalira mu Amerika, nga gikola entegeka z'entegeka z'abantu mu nsi yonna era nga gigoberera amateeka aga demokulase. Ekitundu kino kiraga engeri Bill of Rights Rights ekola ku biwandiiko by'ensi yonna, n'enkola yaayo egenda mu maaso mu kuteeka endowooza zaayo mu nnene mu ku ddembe ly'omboozi z'abantu.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Obufirosoofo

Bill of Rights yayingira mu mpaka ez'amaanyi wakati wa bannaddiini abayitibwa Federalist ne Antifederalist mu kiseera eky'okukkiririzibwa kwa Constitution. Abayigi ba gavumenti ya Amerika ey'edda baatya nti gavumenti empya yandyesembye eddembe eryazuulibwa mu Ssematalo ow'ekika kya Bahindu. Okusobola okukkirizibwa mu kutuukirizibwa kw'amateeka, abakungu ba gavumenti baasuubiza etteeka ery'enkomeredde oluvannyuma lw'olukuŋŋaana olusooka. James Madison, nga mu kusooka abuusabuusa, yafuuka omuyimbi omukulu, era n'akwata amateeka aga bulijjo mu Bungereza, ne ku bye yayogera nga John Locke ne Montesquieueu.

Ebisinga obukulu bye byagatta ku kiwandiiko ekya Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) ekyawandiisibwa George Mason, ekyakuuma eddembe ly'ebyuma ebikuba empapula, obwannannyini okuwozesebwa mu kkooti z'abalamuzi, era n'okubonerezebwa okw'obukambwe era okw'ekika kya njawulo. Ekirango ekya Bungereza Magna Carta (1215) n'ekya Ddembe ly'Eddembe ly'obwa nnamba ez'obuntu ekyateekebwawo mu 1689 nabyo byateekawo ekyokulabirako. Okutereka obuwandiisi kwalina ekigendererwa eky'okukugira n'obufuzi obwa buli muntu kinnoomu, enjigiriza enkalu ennyo mu kiseera ekyafugibwa abafuzi b'amatwale gaakye.

Madison yawa amagezi okugatta ku lukalala olw'enjogera, naye Congress yalukendeerezako ne kireetako enkumbo kkumi na bbiri, era nga batuuka ku kkumi, ne bakkirizibwa. Bino byagattibwa ku bukuumi obubakirirwa okwogera, okukuŋŋaana awamu, okukwegayirira, eddiini, okutambula n'ebyokulwanyisa, okunoonya n'okubunyagibwa, okugwa, okugwa, okugwa, obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri, obunene, okuwozesebwa, okuwozesebwa amangu mu mateeka ga bantu, n'obuyinza obuterekeddwawo. The Ninth ne Tenth Mendements, emirundi mingi byalaga nti eddembe ly'eby'obusosoze n'ebyawula, n'okubuwereza tebyewanika balala, era n'obuyinza obutaweebwa gavumenti z'abantu.

Emisingi Egyatambula mu Nsi Yonna

Eddembe ly’Okwogera, Emirimu gy’Okukuba Ssande, Enkuŋŋaana Ennene n’Okwegayirira (Emitemere Esooka)

Ekiteeso ky'Olukiiko olusooka ekyawerebwa ku mateeka "gatongoza eddembe ly'okwogera oba ery'eby'okukuba empapula z'amawulire; oba eddembe ly'abantu okukuŋŋaana awamu, era n'okusaba Gavumenti ewawa ebisale" kifuuse etteeka ekkulu eriggula amateeka g'ensonga z'abantu mu nsi yonna. Akatundu 19 ku mateeka g'Obwetaavu obw'eddembe ly'abantu mu nsi yonna (UDHR) kagamba: "Buli muntu alina eddembe ery'okutegeera endowooza ye ne g'ebigambo; eddembe lino litwaliramu okukwata endowooza ye awatali kuyingira oba okubuwanyisa, okufuna obubaka n'okubuwanyisa okuyitira mu mu munnateeka w'ebyuma oba mu n'ensaze kika kya waggulu. Endagaano ey'ensi yonna ekwata ku ddembe eriwo (CPUCRR) egaziwa mu Kakiiko aka 19, era n'ebitongole ekikola ekirabwa k'enkola entegeka za Bulaayawumbi (Ekyuga ne American Convention on Human Human Human Human Arruscus).

Eddiini Clauss (Enzikkiriza Embimbi)

Ekitongole ekiweweerera ku mukutu ogwa sooka era kigaana n'amateeka "gassa ekitiibwa mu kuteekebwawo kw'eddiini oba okugigaana okukozesebwa ku bwereere". Ekiragiro kino eky'obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri obw'obutateekebwawo era n'okukozesebwa ku bwereere kyagoberererwa ekitundu 18 ekya UDHR (" Buli muntu alina eddembe ery'okulowooza, ery'omuntu ow'omunda n'eky'eddiini) n'ebirala mu ddundiro eriri mu Bulaaya (Artle 18).

Eddembe ly’Okwaŋŋanga Emmundu (Ekkulwa k’Empewo)

Ekiweerwa eky'okubiri eky'okutongozaamu ekkomera ery'okukwata n'okukwata ebyokulwanyisa tekirina ngeri ndala yonna gye kyeyoleka mu biwandiiko by'ensi yonna. Kyokka, endowooza y'okwefuga n'eddembe ery'okweziyiza eby'okujooza eby'enfumbo byeyolekera mu makomera agamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekiteeteesiteesi kya African Cwatuuti kitegeera eddembe ery'okukuuma emirembe n'obukuumi mu nsi yonna, naye tekisibawo bukuumi obwa bulijjo. ECICPR ne UDHR byo tebiba na kyamanyanga nsonga eyo. Kyokka, endowooza y'obutuuze bw'obutuuze bw'asobola okulwanirira amateeka agafuga gavumenti ey'enkumbo mu nsi ezigoberera ebizimbe za Amerika.

Okwewala Okunoonyereza n’Okukyusa Endowooza z’Omuntu mu Buwandiike

Etteeka ery'okuna ery'oku Amereka eryesigamiziddwa ku nsonga eziyinza okuba nga zaagobererwa mu mitindo gy'ensi yonna egyekuusa ku ddembe n'eddembe. Akatundu 12 ku UDHR kagamba: "Tewali muntu n'omu ajja kuddizibwa mu mateeka, amaka ge, oba ebbaluwa ze." Akatundu 17 ak'ekibiina kya ICPR kakkiriziganya ku nsonga eno. Akatundu 8 ak'ekibiina kya European Convention ke kalina obuyinza okukwata ku bulamu bw'omuntu kinnoomu n'obw'amaka, amaka, ne ku buwandiikiina, okuggyako amateeka era ne mu nsonga endala ezigobererwa abantu gye bagoberera. Ekitundu 11 ekya American’ekirango kyawawa bukuumi bwe kimu.

Ekiwandiiko eky’Olukiiko Olutuufu (Olwa omukaaga, Olwa mwenda, olw’Omwesigwa, n’olw’Olusaayi)

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa emitindo gy'okugezesa egy'obwenkanya mu ngeri ekkirizibwa mu kibiina kya Yakuwa. Olukiiko olw'ekkumi n'ekkumi lukakasa eddembe eryandiweereddwa olukalala olw'okuwuliriza olukiiko olw'okutaano olw'enkomeredde. Akatundu 14 kawagizi ak'abalamuzi obutasosola, obusosoze, okuwabula abajulizi, obuwagizi. Akatundu k'ebitundu 10 kakakasa obwannannyini obwa tteeka erifuga mu nsi yonna. Olukalala lwa ICPR luwandikiro olusobozesa okuwerezebwa mu bwenkanya era n'okubonerezebwa mu ngeri ey'ekiragiro. Olukalala olw'ensonga 14 luwandisizza olujjuvu olw'ensonga ez'obwenkanya nga nga mw'okka, nga mw'otwalidde n'eddembe ly'okutegeezebwa, n'okutegeezebwa, okufuna obusosoze, oba okuyisibwa mu ngeri efeezaamu, era n'ensonga 7.

Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Nsi Yonna Bikwata ku Zyeetegerezeddwa Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe

Ekiwandiiko Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948)

UDHR, yalondebwa wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Eleanor Roosevelt era n'ekulemberwa abantu nga John Peters Humphrey (munnamateeka ow'omu Canada eyateekateeka okuyingizibwa okwasooka). yayawulirizibwa nnyo Bill of Rights. Roosevelt eyawandiisa etteeka lya "Magna Carta eri abantu bonna" era n'eggula ebitundu bingi eby'olulimi lwayo ku Amereka. Eddembe lyasooka ery'okuwereza eddembe lyali mu bitundu 18, 19, ne 20. Ekiwandiiko eky'okuwoza olusooka kyatandika okukiikirira eddembe ly'obwannamba n'ekkumi n'omukaaga. Okuwera kw'obuddu (Akazi 4) era n'okukugira okukwatibwa okw'enkomerezebwa okw'ekikaawuka (Attirizi 9). FIR yafuuka endagaano y'olufulume.

Endagaano ey’Ensi Yonna ku Ddembe ly’Obuntu n’Ery’eby’obufuzi (ICCPR, 1966)

Ekiragiro ICCPR kinnyonnyola eddembe erina okusalibwa mu UDHR era ne kiteeka amateeka mu bitundu bya gavumenti. Ebitundu byayo 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, ne 25 bikwatagana bulungi ne Bill of Rights kaw. Ekitundu 14 kye kikakasa nti omuntu bw'asalibwawo omusango ng'ataliiko musango, ekiseera kitono okuteekateeka, era nti abuulirira bufaananyi obwa nnamba ku muteeso. Ekitundu 17 kikwatagana n'Olukalala olw'ebyamaanyi olusooka. Eddembe lya kya 18 ery'okulowooza n'olw'eddiini likwatagana n'etteeka erikkirizibwa mu kugaba w'emirembe. Agume 21 gaak'okutegeka n'ensonga ez'emirembe era n'ensonga 22 zibaamu enteekateeka ez'enkola eya bulijjo eziragiddwa mu kifo kimu ku kifo kyonna mu n'entegeka ya Bill, ne mu ku ddembe erya ddyo (ebitundu bino ebisingako obunene). Ekiragiro kino kitwaliramu ku ddembe lya bannagina ku nsonga 27 eza bulijjo.

Olukiiko lw’omu Bulaaya ku Ddembe ly’Abantu (ECHR, 1950)

ECHR yateekebwawo olukiiko olukulu mu Bulaaya okuziyiza ebikolobero ebya Demokulase. Abakola ku by'obumenyi baakirimu baatunuulira UDHR ne Bill of Rights. Akatundu 10 kakuuma eddembe, era ne kalaga nti liyinza okuba nga lya kugoberera mateeka, ebiragiro, ebiragiro oba ebiragibwa amateeka era nga byetaagisa mu kibiina kya demokulase. Entekooti eno esooka okuziganya ebikaluunibwa mu Ssematalo II. Akatundu 6 kateekako zza eddembe erinaawe mu kiseera nga kya kusinziira ku mateeka, era nga kikuuma obulamu, era ne byebuwandiikibwa mu kibiina kya . ESTEROROR kayamba okumanyibwa mu ku ddembe ery'okusalirawo ebisale eby'obwenkanya mu kiseera nga kisaanira, nga kifaananako ne Entene. Artenstem ne Requencementments of the Coumentinements of the trainstmentments. Ekkood Kkooglement, enzirooset. Ekko ya Bukiiko enzinzinzivumu ek

Ekiwandiiko ky’Amerika ekikwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu n’Ebibiina by’Omuntu (1948)

Mu Apuli 1948, ekirango kya American Declaration (OUDHR) ekyasooka nga waakayita emyezi mwenda. Yawandiisibwa ekibiina kya Amereka era ne kiggya ku yunivasite y'Amerika. Bill of Rights ne ssemateeka endala eza Amerika. Ebitundu byayo bitwaliramu obulamu obwa ddyo, eddembe, n'obukuumi (Article II); okwenkanankana mu maaso g'amateeka (Artle II); eddembe ly'eddiini (Artle XXXX); eddembe ery'ebigambo (AcleXVI); empandikano y'okugezesa n'okugezesa (Artles XXII, XXV, XXVI); okugeza n'okusala mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya (Artles X201). Olukiiko lw'eggwanga olusooka olwa Amerika ku ddembe lino (Entecle X969) lwagaziye mu ndagaano ey'olufulumo lw'olufulumo (1969).

Akatabo Afirika akakwata ku Ddembe ly’Omuntu n’Egy’Abantu (1981)

Akawayiro akaayitibwa African Charter, akaateekebwawo ekitongole ky'obumu mu Africa, kazingiramu emitindo gy'envuma ez'omu bugwanjuba n'eggw'okudda mu kifo kya Afirika. Ebitundu byako 6 byogera ku Bill of Rights: Akatundu 9 kakakasa eddembe ly'okulabiramu, Akatundu 10 kakakasa eddembe ery'okubeerawo n'obumu, Akatundu 11 kakakasa eddembe ery'okukuŋŋaana, Akatundu 12 kawagizisa eddembe ery'enkola, Akatundu 7 kakakasa eddembe ery'okulagibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, Akatundu 6 kakakasa eddembe n'obutebenkenkevu (nga oba obuwandikiddwako obukyamu) Akatundu 5 kagaana eddembe ery'obukambwe, oba okuyisibwa obubi. Kyokka, akakiiko kano kateekawo n'emirimu egy'amaka, n'obutebenkenkenkenke, akagaba mu ggwanga, era ne mu ggwanga ekkakafu obwawula ku ku ku ku ku kkooti ya Bill.

Enkola Ennungi: Ekiwandiiko ky’Eddembe Ekyakulabirako Kinene mu Nsi Yonna

Eby’Obusika Ebyafugibwa Abakabaka n’Ebigambo by’Abamerika

Ensi nnyingi ezafuna obwetwaze okuva ku ttwale lya Latin America, Afirika ne Asiya, zaatunuulira ekiwandiiko kyazo eky'Eddembe ly'eddembe mu Amerika ng'eteekateeka entegeka y'ensi yonna esobola okufuga mu kyasa ekya 19 ne 20, era ebiwandiiko ebyatongozebwa mu nsi yonna byafuna obwetwaze okuva ku bufuzi bwa Bulawundi, naddala mu Latin America, Afirika ne Asiya.

Ekibiina ky'Eddembe ly'Abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II

Ebikolobero ebyakolebwanga mu Ssematalo II byaleetawo ekibiina ky'ensi yonna okuyingiza eddembe ly'obuntu mu ntegeka. Charter w'e U.N. (1945) n'ekirango Universal Declaration (1948) byalimu abava mu buwangwa bw'amateeka bungi naye ababaka ba Amerika, nga bakulemberwa Eleanor Roosevelt ne Depart, baakakasa nti Bill of Rights states states zegatta ku ntegeka z'abantu. Amateeka gaasooka okulaga nti obukuumi ng'obwo busobola okubeera mu nkola eya demokulase. Ekiragiro kya EUCRICPR, ekyakwasibwa abakungusiir okuva ku mateeka aga bulijjo n'ebya bantu, kyagoberera enkola ezikwata ku ddembe lya Bill olw'okuziyiza okuyisibwa mu ggwanga.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Kitabo n’Enjigiriza

Era ennyinnyonnyola za kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika ez'omu Amerika era zirina kye zikoze ku kkooti z'ensi yonna awamu n'empandika zonna ezizikkiriza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebiwandiiko ebya 'created' eby'akabi era nga biriwo ddala''ebigezo ebyava mu Scheck v. United States [19] [19]) ebirengo bya kkooti ya Bulaaya ekkiriza etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu okukoma. Ekiwandiiko kya U. Enjigiriza ya "ekiseera, ekifo, n'engeri ez'enjawulo" ebiragiddwa mu kkooti ya Bulaaya . Ebiragiro by'okunoonyereza ku mateeka bisangibwa mu kkooti ya Bulaaya .[FLT][FLT][12][1961] birina ebifaananyi ne mu ngeri endala endala egoberera enkola za Cernernern Agements Courts.

Ebizibu Ebiri mu Kitongole Ekikola ku Ddembe

Wadde nga Bill of Rights yeeyisizza, abawakanyi bagamba nti ebigendererwa byayo eby'abantu kinnoomu, obusobozi bwabwe tebumala kukwata ddembe ly'abantu bonna, eby'enfuna, n'entegeka z'abantu, era n'ebyetaago by'abantu abatali ba nfuga. Endagaano z'eby'eby'obufuzi ezibadde zigendererwa okusobola okugonjoola eddembe ly'enkwaso mu by'enfuga ne mu by'obufuzi n'entegeka z'abantu (yali mu ddembe okukola, eby'obulamu, eby'obulamu, ebiba tebisaanira mu ggwanga lya Amerika, oba mu Afirika. Wadde nga mu ntegeka okumanyibwawo, ebiwandiiko by'emirembe, ebivunagibwanjudde bivumirira eddembe ly'okwefuga, n'emirembe. Abeekenneenya abamu bakyetegereza nti eddembe ly'enkwasisa n'entegeka z'obuddu era n'obutuuze, obukulembekkulembedde mu nsi yonna, nga terimu abakazi, Amerika, oba mu nsi ya Bulaafirikase. Wadde nga mu nsi endala, obufunze, obutongole by'enkola ya Bulaafunze okunnyonnyola mu mateeka biraginnyonnyola

fundikira

[Nga mu kiseera ekyo], enteekateeka z'eby'obufuzi ez'omu Amerika zaateekawo olukalala lw'entegeka ez'enjawulo ezaaliwo mu byasa ne mu nsi. Enteekateeka zazo ku kwogera, okukuba empapula z'amawulire, eddiini, okunoonyereza, n'okuwozesebwa mu bwenkanya byafuuka ekisinziiro eky'enkwakwakwa ku ddembe ly'obuntu n'ez'ebyobufuzi mu Kirango kya Universal Declaration, ICPR, ne buli lukiiko lw'eby'ensonga enkulu. Ekiragiro kya 'FF] , era ne kiwandikiro kyawayira gavumenti zonna ez'ensi yonna okuwaattuluza ekitiibwa n'ensonga z'abantu. Ng'amateeka bwe geeyongera okuzibyala ebiwandiiko ebisooka ebireeteekkumi. Okutunula mu mpandiika mpuni ez'ebiwandiiko bya Bill of Rights, National Archiverst [10] era n'ekirala n'enzivu: [F1]