Table of Contents
Ebiyinza Okukolebwa mu Buteefu n’Obukuumi bw’Eggwanga
Omusingi ogukwata ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri gusingirwa ku nkola z'amateeka mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, ezitegekebwa okukuuma abantu baleme kusalibwa omusango ogw'okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu emirundi ebiri. Gubaamu emitindo egikwata ku kumalirizi g'olutalo, obwenkanya, n'obukuumi eri gavumenti bwe ziziyiza obukujjukujju. Kyokka, singa okubenjebwawawawawa kw'amateeka kuzingiramu bannalukalala oba obukujjukirwa bw'eggwanga, omusingi guno oguyitibwa w'enkola mu ngeri ey'amaanyi ey'okwawula n'obusosoze. Kkooti ne kakiiko z'ago biwandiikiikibwa enziina enziina enziina enfuumuwerevu, era n'obusosoze obw'ebizigizigibwa mu mateeka.
Ekibi eky’Omu Mateeka
Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa by’Okwesalirawo n’Ennyumba
Etteeka erigaana abantu okutuukibwako akatyabaga emirundi ebiri lyasibuka ku mateeka ga Rooma n'amateeka aga bulijjo agaasooka mu Lungereza. Erimu eryali liragira nti omuntu omufunze alina okuyisibwa obubi olw'okumenya amateeka ga Rooma n'okuteekawo amateeka aga bulijjo. lirina okukyogerako mu kiragiro ky'amateeka ag'omu Bungereza [[FLT:] nenno debet bis vextari[[FLT]]. " Kkooti enkulu tesaanidde kusunguwala emirundi ebiri olw'ensonga y'emu. , kirina kuba nga kimenyesebwa mu mu Mateeka ag'okutaano: "kulembeddwa mu kisombulukusaamu." Mary v[FLT][FLD][FON][3]
Empandika enkulu ereetebwawo bulungi: eziyiza gavumenti okukozesa bannamateeka okulumya omuntu, era yeewala obutali bwenkanya obw'okwetaagisa omuntu okuwozesebwa omusango gwe gumu emirundi egisukka mu gumu, era n'okukuuma okumalirizibwa kw'emisango. Nga Omulangira bwe yawandiikirwa mu Olugivu v. [1957], obubenje bungi obukulembedde obukubisaamu obuva mu ku kubonero n'obwesige obubalibwa, obusobola okukuuma omuntu aleme okutuukibwako akabi ak'okuwozesebwa."
Engeri z’Okwambala mu Ngeri Embi
Mu kkooti y'ekangavvu, abalamuzi bwe bamala okuwozesebwa era ne balayirira; mu kkooti y'ekanga abalamuzi nga bavunaanibwa; nga babawozesa, omujulizi asooka bwe alayibwa.
Emiwaatwa gy’Omubiri: Engeri Gye Giyinza Okubeeramu Engoye Enjabi
Enjigiriza y’Abafuzi ab’Enjawulo
Oboolyawo ekipimo ekisingirayo ddala okuba eky'amaanyi mu nsonga z'eby'obutuuti n'ez'eggwanga bye bisibuka ku njigiriza ey'enjawulo . Mu nkola eno, enkola ey'emirundi ebiri tegaana bannaakyewa ab'enkola ez'enjawulo. Ekikolwa kimu ekimenya amateeka aga gavumenti n'eby'eggwanga, oba amateeka g'ensi bbiri ez'enjawulo, biyinza okusalirwa omusango gwa n'awatali kumenyawo olukalala olw'amateeka. Kkooti eyo era n'ebiwandiiko kyatongoza enjigiriza eyo mu GGGught v. United States[FL:] (20) ekikolwa kimu ekikkiriza nti gavumenti ya gavumenti ez'enjawulo, bye byawuka olw'okuteekawo obusika obw'emirundi ebiri.
Mu nsi emu, kino kitegeeza nti omuntu ayinza okuwozesebwa mu nsi emu okusobola okulumiriza bannalukalala era oluvannyuma n'okulumizibwa oba okusalirwa omusango mu nsi endala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu atwalibwa mu Bulaaya olw'okukola entegeka ez'obulumbaganyi ayinza okuvunaanibwa mu Bulaaya ne mu Amerika, era ng'obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri tebuyinza kuweebwa. Enjigiriza eyo esobola okuviirako akabi ak'emirundi ebiri okuggibwawo singa amawanga ag'enjawulo geeyambisa obuwandiike obw'enkola bw'omusaze obwa bannalukalala.
Ensobi z’Okwawula ku Balala, n’Engeri y’Ey’Okweyisaamu Emu
' Akawayiro kano era kaleetera ekiragiro okukebera okukebera okw'omukitundu. Ekiragiro ekigezesa okukkiriza okw'ekiragiro okuba nga kimu n'eky'omu '. Okugeza kuno okuva ku [[FLT:] .UNIT][[FLT]] [1932], bubuuza obanga buli kibi kyakolebwa nga kyetaagisa obukakafu obulaga nti ekintu ekirala tekirina. Singa ensonga ebbiri zibaako ebintu eby'enjawulo, zitwalibwa nga za njawulo, ne bwe zijjawo okuva ku ekyo. Kino kisobozesa omuwaabirooze okuvunagibwa n'emisango egitali gingi — okuteekawo ekyokulabirako, okwekomyawo, okuwagira entegeka y'ebyuma, n'okuwagira ekibiina ky'okuzikirira mu ku kuzikirira zza ebintu — era bwe kiba nga ebimenyesebwa ebiba bikoleddwa mu nsobi ebibadde bikolebwako.
Mu mbeera za bannalukalala, gavumenti emirundi mingi eteekawo obukodyo "bulinvu". Kino kitegeeza nti mu lukumbo olumu, era nga mu lukumbo lwa bannalukalala olw'okubiri, mu mu United States mu v. Feliciano [1993], yakkiriza nti okuggibwa ku lukwengobero ku biwayi bya narkins tekikukkiriza kukola mukolo gwa kutunda ebiragalalagala.
Obukulembeze bw’Abajaasi ne Kkooti za Bannabyabufuzi
Mu kubeerawo kwa ntegeka z'omu mateeka ezifaanagana — kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka n'ebitongole bya magye — zireetawo olubalalala. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika mu [FL:0] United States ex rel. Quarles[[FL:1] (195]]) yawa amagezi nti okugwa mu ntalo tekuyinza kuziyiza ku kkooti z'abakungu ba gavumenti oluvannyuma lw'okulumizibwa okw'ekikolwa kye kimu singa ebigendererwa bibiri bikola ebigendererwa bya njawulo. Wadde nga waguddewo obweru, enjigiriza ey'obufuzi ekendeze eriwo [ ereetebwa [[FLT:]] ekiba kiyinza okukkirizibwa okugezaako okulumizibwa abajaasi oba abakungu mu ntalo ezo ezibadde zikoleddwa mu kkooti z'akirimu. Kyokka, ensonga ezisinga obungi zireetebwa [FF][3]
Engeri endala ez’Obukuumi ez'Omu Nsi
Obubonero bungi bugobererwa olw'okuba abakuumi baabwo babadde bagoberera olukusa olw'okuva mu buyinza oba olw'okuva mu nkola eya , olukusa olw'eby'obulabe olusobola okutwalibwa ng'omulabe, oba olw'eby'obugagga ebikendedde ku ntebe z'eggwanga. Ebiteefube bino tebitwalibwa nga "kusasula" olw'ebigendererwa eby'emirundi ebiri, era ne bwe kiba nga kisala ekkomo eringi. Kkootikko mu [FLT:]
Okugeraageranya: Engeri Ebirala Eby’Eby’Eby’Amateeka Gye Bigattira ku Mitawaana gya Mibiri Ebiri
Bungereza n’Olukuŋŋaana lwa Bulaaya
Enkola y'obujulizi mu United Kingdom ey'okussawo akabenje emirundi ebiri yakolebwa oluvannyuma lw'omwaka gwa 1990. Ekitongole ekya Cream Justice Act 2003 kyatandikawo obutakasayayawo okuzza ku nsonga ez'amaanyi — nga mw'otwalidde ne bannalukalala — "bujulizi obuppya era obw'enkunkuna" we buvudde. Kino kyaviirako etteeka erisembayo erikwata ku musango ogw'amaanyi. Okugatta ku ekyo, Kkootikko ya Bulango ya Bulaaya etteeka lya ddembe ly'abantu, mu [[Foctive], mu [F], UK [2009], gye yakoma okuteeka mu nkola ekkomo erisingako ek'ensonga ez'enjawulo, naddala ku nsonga eyo, [F].[2][F][3]
'European Union' [[:0] Kino kitegeka nti ekitundu ekisooka mu fayiro eno kikozesebwa ku kiragiro kya Idem[[KATABO]]
Mu European Union, Akatundu 54 ak'ekibiina kya Schengengen Convention ne EU Charter of Fundament Rights kassaawo omusingi gwa maanyi ogwa bis mu butali bugenderevu nti, mu ggwanga lyonna ery'omu kibiina kino, olusaze olw'okukusalira omusango olw'okubiri luteekeddwawo mu ggwanga eddala mu nkola y'emu. Kkooti ya Kkooti [[FLD:0]] Akasowski[[[FLL:1]] (206), kakkiriza nti omusingi guno gukola ne bwe guba nga omusingi ogusooka okuvunaanibwa gumaze okumalibwa mu nsi eyo nga tewasaliddwa musango mu bujjuvu. Kyokka, emisango gya bannaggyibwa tegibwawo mu nsonga ez'enkalakkalira n'okuyingira mu nsi yonna, nga olukiiko 4 (2] olw'entebe lwogerwa mu Bulaayani, oluwandikiro oluwa w'entebe olwo olukkirizibwa okugonjoola ensonga.
Canada ne Kkooti y’Abamenyi b’amateeka mu Nsi Yonna
Catarter of Rights and Dreasurer’s Canada, wansi w'ekitundu 11(h), kikakasa obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri, naye Kkooti Enkulu ekkiriza enkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka mu bitundu eby'enjawulo. mu R. Van Rassel[[FLL:1]] (1990), Kkooti yakkiriza nti okukwatibwa okusibibwa mu Amerika tekusingirwa mu mpisa y'emu, era n'okugezesa oba okugezesa obukyamu bwennyini mu kifo ky'okugezesa "Mpisa". Kino kyeyolekera ku njigiriza ey'obukulembeze obwa njawulo. Ku mu kigeraageranyizo ebikolebwa mu kkooti ez'ensi yonna, Rooma eyinza okubaamu n'ebimenyetso ebiba mu nkola y'emu mu kaweebwe 20, naye nga kikkiriza okukebeeyisa obukyamu mu ngeri y'ensonga endala. Ebitongole by'eby’amateeka ebitongole ebijuliragibwa banna amateeka bwe bigaana okukyuga emisango ebimenyebwa mu kkooti ebimenyebwa obumenyebwa obumenyebwa obuva mu ggwanga ebitali bya gavumenti ez'amawanga.
Okunoonyereza ku Buzibu mu Bikolwa bya Bannalukalala
Okuwozesebwa kw’Omusaayi Zacarias Moussaoui
Zacarias Moussaoui, eyanyamba abanyazi ab'obukaafiiri, yavunaanibwa mu Amereka olw'okukola olukwe olw'obw'obw'obulumbaganyi obwali bugenda mu P.E. Okuwozesebwa kwe kwaleetawo akabi ak'emirundi ebiri gavumenti bwe yagezaako okuwa obukakafu nti baali basobola okukomyawo abawaabi abalala. Mu nkomerero, Moussaoui yeegayirira omusango era n'asalirwa ekibonerezo eky'obulamu obw'enjawulo. Kyokka, okunoonyereza okw'ensonga okwawukana okwaliwo kwa buli nsonga kwalaga engeri ensonga gye zaawukana — obukwekoba, obutujjuzi, n'okuzikirizibwa kw'ennyonyi — byandyetaawuusibwa mu bitundu bya njawulo oba nga tekwesesesesebwa natemu ku nsonga endala, kubanga buli nsonga eyinza okuba nga z'ebyo eby’enjawulo.
[[AGUMENTI] Lockbie Kibuyaga: Pan AmFight 103
Wadde nga bbomu y'omu Lockerbie eraga ekkomo eriri ku kigero emirundi ebiri ku nkola za bannalukalala mu nsi yonna. Aba Livan ababiri baasalibwawo wansi w'amateeka g'omu Scotland mu kkooti emu ey'enjawulo mu Netherlands. Omulala yaggibwako omusango; omulala yawaanibwa. Omuwawaayirwa, Al-Amina Khalifa Fimah, oluvannyuma teyaddamu kusibibwamu olw'ensonga, naye gavumenti y'omulala eyaleetawo ekibuuzo kino: yandisobodde okukememebwa mu ggwanga edda, ng'eyagaza United States? Mu mpalo eyo, amateeka ga U.S.
Guantánamo Bay Detaines
Detaines eyatuula mu Guantámo Bay yayolekagana n'akabi ak'emirundi ebiri. Abamu baatwalibwa mu magye ne baggibwako oba ne baggibwako omusango. Baatwalibwa mu kkomera nga "Baaddu alwana" okutuusa nga bamaze okumalibwako emisango. Al Baluluvv. United States[[FLDAM]] [202015], D.C. akabuggamba nti obuwagizi bwa bannalukalala obwo bukkirizibwa mu ntalo wa gavumenti, naye nga gavumenti teyetaazeeko ensonga ey'okuzza obukyamu mu n'ekitongole kya bannaakyewato. Ekkero yagaana okuzizzaako ensonga eyo. [Foteesitemu:]
Okukaayana mu Butongole: Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka oba Okutegeka Ebitaataaganyizibwa
Empaka ez’Enjawulo
Abo abawagira okuvunaanibwa mu nsonga za bannalukalala bagamba nti okusobola okutongozebwa mu nsonga za bannalukalala, tekyetaagisa kuba bannakyewa bannakyewa ab'ensi yonna — nga basaasaanya obusaawe ate nga bakyusakyusakyusakyusaamu mu ngeri gye bayisaamu ensi. Ekikolwa kimu kiyinza okumenya amateeka mangi mu nsi, nga kitwaliramu emisango gy'amagye, era nga kino kireetawo obujulizi obuppya. Enjigiriza eyaw'okwefuga, mu ngeri eno, essatu, essa ekitiibwa mu buli ggwanga era ekkiriza obuyinza bwonna okuwa obulwo ku biruubirirwa byalyo. Ate era, obukuumi bw'eggwanga buyinza okuwaliriza okuvunaanibwa oba okusalibwa mu magye oba okusalirwa mu magye, oluvannyuma lwosa omusango oba oluvannyuma lwosebwa mu kkooti zamateeka, okuziyiza okuteebwawo abantu ab'akabi abali mu nsonga ez'obukujjuzi.
Enkaayana ez’Okunyweza
Abakugu bagamba nti singa abawayirizibwa basigala nga bakyayibwa gavumenti. Basonga ku kabi ak'okugula ebintu mu bawaabi — nga baagala obuyinza obw'omukwano oluvannyuma lw'okukugirwa mu kifo ekirala — era n'obuzibu bw'eby'omubiri n'eby'eby'enfuna ebiba bibaddewo mu kugezesebwa okw'emirundi ebiri. K'ewandiikibwawo, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kyerangirira nti okuleka abamenyi b'amateeka okuzza emisango mu nkola y'emu n'okuvuganya. Erin Murphy yeeteeseteeseteese nti gavumenti z'ewaawo za Amerika ziwagidde okuvunaana enkola y'emu, naddala singa omu ku abo abawaabikobawaabikkuludde abo abawawawawawawawawawawawawawawa baleetera enkola enneetaayunya oba nga bawaliriri mu ggwanga." Kino kye kyewuunyisa nti gavumenti z'egamba nti, gavumenti z'ebawagidde ku nsonga ze ziba."
Okuyita Obukulembeze Okukyusa
Abakozi bannakyewa abamu bawa amagezi okusala ekiwandiiko ku njigiriza za bannakyewa ezifuga obutuufu obutuufu bw'ensonga za bannalukalala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebiwandiiko "Same Empisa Ennungi, Ebbeeyi Zombi" ebigobererwa mu nkola y'emu biwandiikiddwa nti ebiwandiiko ebisooka byasimibwa mu lukalala olwo era nga si bya nnannyini gavumenti. Abalala bawagidde okukolagana mu gavumenti okusobola okwewala enkola za bannalukalala. Enkola y'okukkiriza obujulizi obulaga nti waliwo "buppya n'obujulizi obukakasibwa" butegeeza nti omuntu aw'enkomeredde busobola okukkebeesaawo obutuufu mu nsonga ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku ggwanga.
Kaweefube ow’Ensi Yonna Okuleetawo Enjawukana
Ku mulembe gw'ensi yonna, endagaano nga akakiiko k'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte akan'okukulembereza obukulembezi obwa Budukkulu k'alina okussaawo amateeka okuwozesa oba okuteebereza nti abo abakikozeko baba bayisiddwako akabi ak'emirundi ebiri. Ekiragiro kino kinoonyereza ku musingi gwa "biises" ogufuga amawanga gonna naye nga okukulaakulana kukolebwa ku nsonga. Etteeka lya Rome lisobozesa ekibiina ekimu okussaawo olukalala, naye ligobererwa singa kiba nga kirimu obutunzi bw'eby'obutujju. Endagaano ekwata ku by'obutujjuzi, eyinza okukendeereza ddala akabi ak'okusibawo emisango mu nsi yonna, naye nga kiyinza okukwetaagisa okumenyawoosebwa ku bufuzi.
fundikira
Omusingi ogukwata ku bwenkanya guyimirizibwawo nnyo mu ngeri y'enkusu nyingi nnyo nga gugonjooleddwa ensonga ezikwata ku nkola ya bannalukalala n'eby'obutebenkevu mu nsi. Enjigiriza eya za dektrofekiti ez'enjawulo, nga zisaliriza, era nga n'amateeka agafaanagana gateekawo enkola ez'enjawulo gavumenti gye ziyinza okusinziiriramu abantu okutulugunya emirundi egisukka mu gumu.
Bannalukalala bwe bagenda bafuuka, wateekwa okubaawo enkola eya bulijjo wakati w'eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu n'obukuumi obw'ekika kya nnawookeera.
Mu nkomerero, akabi ak'emirundi ebiri kayinza okugwawo tekali ku nsonga za bannalukalala ezikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka kyokka naye era tekiraga nti emitindo gya munda nnyo: enkyukano y'obutebenkevu abantu gye bayinza okwemalirira nga boolekaganye n'eby'obulabe, era n'obukuumi bwe bisobola okuba nabwo eri abo abavunaanibwa omusango ogw'amaanyi.