Okuwandiika Enzijuvu n’Eddembe: Ebyafaayo ng’Amaanyi Gaayawukana

Endowooza ey'okwawula ab'obuyinza y'emu ku nzigimba ezisingayo okuba ez'amaanyi mu byafaayo eby'okufuga. Omusingi guno gulina okugattibwa ku matabi geetongodde.[1] Kampala, akakiiko akafuzi, akakiiko akaawumbiddwawo n'akakiiko akalondesezza okuziyiza okuteekebwawo kw'obufuzi obwa bulijjo. Enkola eno teri y'enkola ya demokulase, etegekebwa okukuuma eddembe eri ku bantu kinnoomu erina okufugibwa abafuzi ab'enfuga mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Okuva ku matabi g'edda, essaawaaweebwe okusobola okuzza amateeka ku nkola bannaago, olugendo luno luba lwa maanyi mu bya bufuzi, era n'okunoonya obugo okw'abantu mu gavumenti ez'okwegobeewa. Okutegeera ebyafaayo bya demokulaasi y'ensi eno, kutegeera bulungi obwa demokulase.

Ekizibu ky’Amaanyi Gali Mu bujjuvu

Nga tebannateekawo musingi mu bufunze, okusoomooza okukulu okw'okufuga kwamanyibwa mu nsi yonna: amaanyi ayonoonese. Abafuzi ab'edda, okuva ku bafaodoosa okutuuka ku ba empula, baafuga mu bujjuvu, okugatta, okuddukanya eby'amateeka, n'okusala emisango mu kifo kimu. Ebyafaayo eby'okuyawulwa kw'obuyinza kutandika ng'obukugukujju. Ebso bw'obufuzi obwa bulijjo bwamanyibwanga mu byafaayo bya absolutism. Ekibuuzo ekyaviirako abagezigezi ab'amagezi okubeenkanya okuba abagezi tebaliriranya, naye engeri y'okufugamu bannabyabufuzi. Bannabyatuuka ku brackugunja, nga balongoosebwawo enkola ey'okuleetawo mu ngeri ey'obukugunjufu.

Abaazuula Edda

Ensi ey’edda yagezaako okunoonyereza ku gavumenti ez’enjawulo n’ebigezo eby’enjawulo, era yateekawo ebyokulabirako eby’amaanyi eby’enjawulo wadde nga byali tebituukiridde.

Eddiini y’Ekiyonaani n’Enjigiriza y’Eddagala ly’Abayonaani

Mu Buyonaani ey'edda, naddala mu Asene, enkola ya demokulase kyali kizingiramu empanvu ey'okwawulamu ab'obuyinza. Wadde nga enkola y'Abaathene teyagabanya obuvunaanyizibwa mu Nkuŋŋaana (ekklesia), Olukiiko lwa 500 (boule), ne kkooti eziganzi, (dikasteria). Omufirosofirosoofo [[FL:0] Aristatu], mu mulimu gwe [[[FLY]], Politics[[FLT]], yazuula ebintu bisatu mu buli kiragiro kyonna: ekirwanirira amateeka, n'ekitongole ky'okusalamu. Yagamba nti, embeera ey'enkulembeddeko, ekiikirira ebigendererwa by'omutindo, n'enjigiriza zino, n'enjigiriza zino ezaasooka, ate nga tezirimu na ndala n'enkola yamanyibwa mu ngeri ey'okumanyiiraira mu ngeri ey'okuleetawo amaanyi. Era, yasinziira ku nkola ey'amaanyi agamu, ng'enkola, ey'okusinziira ku kipya.

Lebano y’E Rooma n’Eby’Omuze ogw’Okuzannya Omuzannyo

Leyamooni yawa ekyokulabirako ekisingawo obulungi era eky'amaanyi. Ekiragiro kyayo kyagaba obuyinza mu mibiri gyo mingi: Olukiiko olukulu olw'ebifo, Conversation (ekiikirira abantu), era ne Consuls (abalamuzi ab'okusala). Ekiragiro era kyateekamu maofesi ag'enjawulo agategekebwa okukebera amaanyi, nga [[FLT:] [0] olukiiko lw'ebitongole olw'ebitongole bya Plebs[[FLT]], olusobola okukola emirimu gya Ssembegeeti n'abamasisi abalala, era ne [[FLT] n'omukitundu eky'omulala eky'omulembe mu nkola y'emu, nga mu nteekateeka y'emu ey'ekitongole ekimu ekitongole ekitongole mu Rooma. , omukungu omu ku budde nga ddala mu myezi mukaaga. [FFFFFFF:], yasobola okukebera mu nkola y'enkola mu nkola ya Buyonamadda mu nkola y'emu, ng'enkola mu nkola y'emu, nga mu nkola y'emu ku nsonga enkulu eyago, ey'enkola mu nkola yago.

Ekitangaala Kitandika: Enjigiriza Gyatandikawo

Enjigiriza eya bulijjo ey’okwawula ab’obuyinza yakolebwa mu kyasa ekya 17 ne 18, Ssematalo w’Ekibiina ky’Abangereza, Ekiyeekera eky’Ekyokulabirako eky’Eddembe, n’okweyongera kw’obufuzi mu Bulaaya, byasobozesa endowooza y’eby’obufuzi okujjukirwa ku bufuzi n’eddembe.

John Locke n’Omuyaayi w’Omuyaya Omwesigwa

Omufirosoofo Omungereza John Locke yassaawo omusingi omukulu mu [[FLT:] SECOND Treasumed of Gavumenti[ [1689]. Yayoleka engeri ssatu ez'amaanyi: [[FLT:] olukumbo] olw'obuyinza [otadde ku] amateeka agafuga, agafuga [FLT] agafuga [Foset], gaasalawo okusobozesa abantu okuteekawo eddembe lyabwe okuba n'entegeka ez'ennyana ez'obulamu bwabwe, eddembe, n'ebintu. [Foctive] Yalaga engeri ez'enjawulo ez'amaanyi mu ngeri y'emirembe egy'omu nsi endala, era n'amaanyi agayinza okusobozesa abantu okuteekawo amaanyi. Singa eyinza okuteekawo amaanyi mu ngeri y'emu, amateeka agafuga, ag'enna] ag'enna. amateeka gaawagira amaanyi agamu, gayinza okugobeebagasavunyinyirimu. [FT], ate gayinza okugo

Montesquieu: Emu ku Ngeri y’Okukoppamu Leero

Mu mulimu gwe ogw'amaanyi ennyo 1748, Omwoyo gw'Etteeka gwava eri omufuzi omututumufu era omufirosoofo Baron de Montesquieu]. Mu kusoma kwe okw'okubiri kwe yakola, , Omwoyo gw'Amateeka[, Montesquie yakola ekigeetaasa eky'ennaawuka n'okunoonyereza ku gavumenti ez'omu byafaayo. Yakubirizibwa nnyo okusoma kwe ku Kiwandiiko bya Rooma ne ku ebyo bye yasoma ku buwandikiro, bye yalaba mu mateeka gggulu, gye yasanga nga terimu. Mu kitabo XI, essuula 6, ekibumbe mu mulimu gwe, yalangirira omusingi ogwandimumanyidde ddala: [F.5:] mu kiseera kye kimu, era nga tayinza kubaamu namu kugibwamu, ate n'ekitongole ekyo.[FF]

Ekibuuzo kya Montesquieu kyali kya bukakanyavu okusinga ekya Locke. Yayogerera ddala ku maanyi ag'enjawulo ng'ettabi eryawunzika nga "omukono ogufuga ebigambo by'amateeka." Teyalina kukubiriza njawukana mu kussaawo ng'aliko obuyinza obw'okuteesa. Omugezi mu kusalira omusango kino alina kutandika tekiri nti ebigambo by'amateeka biteekwa kukolebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Omwoyo gw'amateeka gwafuuka omusingi gwa Baibuli mu Amereka agafuga era ne gulina okuba n'obusobozi okukebera.

Okunoonyereza kw’Abamerika: Emisingi Giggiddwa mu Buwandiike

Okugunjawo kwa Montesquieu okwali okw'amaanyi era okw'amaanyi kwali kwa maanyi nnyo mu mitendera gya Atlantic. Abataandiike ba Amereka, nga balwanyidde olutalo mu ekyo kye baatwala ng'enkuunya y'amaanyi mu Bungereza era ne Paalimenti, baali bamalirivu okuzimba gavumenti empya eyandiremezza okuyisa obubi ab'obuyinza bwe batyo. Ebyafaayo eby'olekawo obufuzi obw'amaanyi bikwatagana okuva mu 1787 n'okweyongerayo okuva ku byafaayo by'amateeka g'Amerika.

Olukuŋŋaana olw’Etteeka n’Empapula z’Abasawo

Ababeegattako mu lukuŋŋaana lw'e Philadelphia mu 1787 baagoberera ebyo ebyawandiikibwa Montesquieu. Oluteege lw'eggwanga Virginia, lwagamba nti wabeewo gavumenti ya maanyi era nga erina gavumenti eya njawulo, enkola nga nnamba, era nga ekola nga bannaazo enjereere. Okuteesa okwo tekwava ku kuba nti amawanga gonna gasobola okwegatta ku matabi, naye era nga bakyasobola okutandikawo bulungi gavumenti y'eggwanga. Ekikalu ennyo kweyamattulwa kyako [FLT:] CD[FLD: 1], nnaddala [[FL:] Fireda], Na.[, 48], ne 51, nga kyawandiikibwa [FLT:]

Madison yayogera butereevu ku nsonga nti Amateeka tegaawula malala mu bujjuvu olw'enkola eya sistemu eya kkooti (um'e...veto, akakiiko ka prezidenti, olukiiko oluwandikiro okusiiga omusingi). Mu Federalist No. 47, yakigamba nti Montesquieu tekyetaagisa "enkola zonna" naye nti tewali ttabi lirina kuba "kufuga butereevu" ku linnaalyo. Mu lukalala olw'enkyukakyuka eno, 51, Madison yawanjula enkola y'amagezi gaamu n'ensonga z'ebyobufuzi: [[FOLT:0]"'okugwa mu kifo ky'okukulwanyisa ettuttumu. Ebbeeyagaza omuntu n'okukwata ku ddembe liteekwa okukwataganyizibwa n'entegeka y'obuyinza mu kifo eky'okumanyira ku buli k'obuyinza. Madison yawanjula eb'ensonga mu ngeri z'amatabi ge gaamenyamu, agaamenya obutuufu okumenya okuva mu nkola y'enkola ku nkola y'enkola ku nsonga zino. .

Okuyiiya Endagaano y’Amerika

Endagaano ekkiriza amatabi ago asatu mu bitundu ebisatu ebisooka, ekisobozesa amatabi okweyawulamu:

  • [[AK'AMU:0] Article I: Ettabi ly'e Bulagirizi (Lirina Omululu).[[FULT:1] Lyavunaanibwa okukola amateeka, okufuga ensawo, n'okulangirira olutalo. Ennyumba ne Sekete bwe bikeberagana.
  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Article II: Ofiisi y'ekitongole (Presidenti).[[FUT:1] Avunaanibwa okukangavvula amateeka, okulagira abajaasi, n'okukwata ebiragiro ebiva mu ggwanga eri Yakuwa.
  • [[AK'AWULA] Article III: ettabi erikola ku by'amateeka oba ebigobererwa mu lukalala.[[Akakiiko:1] Kawoowo ka 'L' nga ko n'akwasisa ekiragiro n'amateeka agafuga empandika ya ko.

Obukugu mu nkola ya siteesiteesi ya Amerika bwe busembezesebwa obulemesa ofiisi y'ettabi erimu okubeera n'obukulu. Pulezidenti asobola okussaawo amateeka, naye Conseum asobola okugafuga. Pulezidenti alonda abalamuzi n'abakungu ba gavumenti naye Akakiiko akalina okukakakasa. Kkooti eyinza okufulumya amateeka agatassa ku bukulembeze. Kkooti eno esobola okulangirira amateeka agatali ga nfugenyalala (okujjulula amatabi, agaateekebwa mu Marbury v. Madison] mu 1803), naye Consert ayinza okukyusa amateeka ga kkooti, era Pulezidenti n'esala emisango emipya. Ebyuma bino bikakasa bulungi nnyo wadde nga bivudde mu lutalo olugenda mu bya bufuzi.

Enjawulo n’Enjawulo Byayo mu Nsi Yonna

Ekirangiriro ky'Eddembe ly'Obuntu n'ery'Ekituuze (19789) kyalangirira nti ‘ abantu bonna mu nsi omutali bukakafu bulaga nti eddembe lirina kuteekebwawo, era n'okwawula obufuzi obwaweebwa tekuli Mateeka. ’

Prezida w'ekitongole kya Paalimenti ay'obukulembeze

Okugoberera omusingi kiviiriddeko abantu ababiri abafuga demokulase:

  • Presidentials (g., Amerika, ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Latini Amerika). Sistemu zino ziyoleka kwawukanya okw'amaanyi wakati w'amatabi ga bannakyewa n'agw'abafuzi. Pulezidenti alondebwa ku lulwe yekka era atuukiriza omulimu oguteereddwawo. Kino kisobozesa abantu okwawula obuyinza n'okuvunaanibwa mu kifo eky'okulaga obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukka wansi ku mateeka.
  • Systems (umb. United Kingdom, Canada, Buyindi). Awano, omukulu (Omukulembeze era Kampala) akiikibwa okuva mu lukiiko lwa kampani era n'avunaanyizibwa eri akakiiko akaawuddewo akategeka ebinnyonyola. Kino kireetawo okugattika kw'obuyinza, so si kwawula kwa maanyi. Akakiiko ka gavumenti kayinza okuggyawo omukulu w'obuyinza okuyitira mu k'obululu obwabulimu. Abakkirizi kakkirizisa kino gavumenti ezisinga okuzikola obulungi ne kissa essira ku buyinza bwa gavumenti z'abakulu, naddala singa ekibiina ekimu kirina abangi. Kyokka, bagoberera enkola ya palamenti nnyingi.

Okulaga Enjawulo

Amawanga agatali gamu gakoze ebitongole ebikola ebituukana n'obuwangwa bwago. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ensi ezimu zirina olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'omu ttwale. Okwawula obufuzi si y'obunene n'obutuufu bwa buli ggwanga; wabula omusingi ogulina okumanyibwa ku buli ggwanga mu kifo kya kookolo ereberye. Ate era, okufaananako South Africa, zirina olukiiko olw'amaanyi mu by'amateeka olulina obuyinza obwagazi n'obuyinza obwa n'obuyinza obwa n'amasaza amagazi. Okwawula obufuzi obwa waggulu si mateeka agamu agamu amanene n'ebituufu; gwe musingi ogulina okumanyibwa ku mbeera z'ebyafaayo n'enkola ku bantu, nga buli ggwanga lirina ekigendererwa eky'okuziyiza obukulembeze obwa nnamba obujjuvu obwa buli ttabi. Okutunula ennyo mu n'enkyukakyuka zino, [FF:2]

Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino n’Obunyoomi Obutaggwaawo

Mu kyasa ekya 21, kibadde kibadde tekikyetaagisa kussaawo abakulembeze b'ensi, enkola z'eby'obufuzi, n'okweyawulawo kw'eby’obufuzi okugobererwa.

Obufuzi n’Eby’Obufuzi

Ekimu ku ebyo okukolokota okusinga okukolebwa mu nkola y'obufuzi obw'omu kiseera kino kwe kweyongera kw'obuyinza. Enkyukakyuka mu bulamu obw'ekika kino ziviiriddeko amakanisa okusigira abafuzi obuyinza obw'enkola y'ekika kya gavumenti obuyinza. Okuteeka mu nkola etwalibwa okuba "teekwate'obufuzi.'''ekitongole ekifuga enneempandika oba Entengirizo z'eby'obufuzi, obukulembeze bw'omukitongole (okufuga), n'okusala emisango mu ngeri y'okukuteeka obuyinza ku bannaawula mu nkola y'amateeka. Okukolagana kuno mu kitongole ekimu kukwatanyiivuwa ky'obuyinza obwawulawo. Okugobererwa kw'obuyinza ku bannaawula bannaawerezo, ekisobozesa Precississi mu ngeri y'emu, eresebwawo n'okusaasaanya obutongole ekitongole ekiwanduubirira ku mateeka ekya waggulu. [5][0][5]

Okuyuza Enkolagana y’Abafuzi n’Okwawula Omuze

Wadde nga okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kwakolebwa okusobola okuleetawo enteekateeka ey'okuteesa n'okuziyiza okusalawo, abawakanyi baagamba nti kino kiyinza okuviirako gavumenti okuba nga tesobola kugonjoola bizibu bya nsi, okuva ku bizibu ebijjawo mu bulamu. Enteekateeka y'emu etegekebwa okukakasa nti tewali kintu kyonna kiyinza kukolebwa awatali kugattika, mu biseera eby'enjawulo, era nti tewali kintu kyonna kiyinza kukolebwa. Kino kiyinza okuviirako gavumenti obutasobola kuleetawo bizibu bya nsi yonna.

Okusala Omusango mu Bujjuvu n’Okwesiga Abalala

Omulimu gwa balamuzi era gwafuuka n'ensonga enkulu. Amaanyi ag'okusala emisango mu kunoonyereza ku mateeka, nga gassa obuyinza obw'amaanyi mu mikono gy'abalamuzi abatalondeddwa. Okukuutira kwa "justiciaism" kuwa obukakafu nti kkooti zirese ekifo kyazo ne zitandika okusala ekkomo ku ntebe z'amateeka. Enkola y'okussaawo olukalala olw'amateeka, naddala mu United States, zifuuse nga zikola mu ngeri eyoleka obwawula era ey'okuleetawo enjawukana. Okwesiga abantu mu kkooti eziteesiteesi zibwe ku busokerosokerosokezo. Kino kiyinza okusobozesa okuleka ab'obuyinza obusosoze mu malala okulekawo amatwale g'amasaza. Omuwandisi ng'omulembe ogufaananako n'ogwagwagwa mu ttabi.[FF][5]

Okwogera n’Omuntu Ali ku Nsonga: Ejja Kuba Etagudde Lubege

Ebyafaayo eby'enjawulo ab'obuyinza bye babadde batwala ng'enfuge mu ngeri etuukiridde, naye tebyamanyibwa bulungi ku musingi ogukwata ku bizibu ebibaawo mu buyinza. Okuva ku gavumenti ez'edda ez'enjawulo okutuuka ku nzivuunvuunvu za Amerika n'obumanyi obuzimanyi, amagezi ag'okusinze ga mugaso nnyo nga: okuteeka amaanyi mu mu mulabe ow'entegeka. Agumenti agateeberezebwa [[FL:0] Maisous, amacande nga gaalongoosebwa era n'okumanyibwa kwaalyosebwa amanyinyirimu gaagibwa nga galeme okukolebwamu ekitongole, naye nga omwogezi ekigobe ekiyinza okusobozesa okuteekawo edde muvumuko. Ekiragiro kino tekiyinza kulema kusobozesa bantu okugonjoola ebizibu. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekimu okugonjoola ensonga, era n'okukemat'okukema kw'ensonga okutaakema okusobola okugonjoola ensonga. Obumu okutaakemat'ensonga okuta, ekiwa mu mulala okuki