Okwawukanira ddala ku Maanyi: Buli Mumerika Alina Obukakafu

Abaamereka abasinga obungi tebatera kulowooza ku nkulabirako ya gavumenti yaabwe nga batambula. Wadde kiri kityo, okwawukana kw'ensi n'ebitundu, enjigiriza eya grandments eyawula ab'obuyinza ku matabi agasatu ag'enjawulo, n'eba kumpi zenkanankana. Okuva ku buli mbeera ey'obulamu obw'ekika kino nga bw'olya ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya ku Internet, okuva ku misolo gy'osasula okutuuka ku bwangu obw'okugonjoozizzaako, omusingi guno gufuga amateeka g'obeera ogoberera. Okutegeera engeri okwawukana kw'obuyinza kukolera mu nkola si kye kintu ekigobeeyambiddwamu; kye ky'okukuyigiriza eddembe ly'okukukkiriza okukola, obuvunaanyizibwa, n'ebyobufuzi.

Enteekateeka y’Etteeka

Ekiragiro kya Amereka, ekyawandiisibwa mu 1788, ne kissaawo enkola eyawulamu amakooti mu bugenderevu. Abafuzi, abeegendereza ennyo okunfuga oluvannyuma lw'okwambuka ku Kabaka George III, baakola amatabi asatu ag'enjawulo: Congress (legislative) agassaawo amateeka, Prezidenti (atema) agakugira amateeka, era kkooti (zesaza) ezitategeera amateeka. Buli ttabi lirina ensonda zaalyo ez'obuyinza, naye era ligattibwa ne lukalala lwa weruuyitifu .

Ettabi: Amateeka Gyatandika

Olukiiko luno lulina ebisenge bibiri: House of Scaimers (435, nga bigabanyizibwamu abantu ba gavumenti) ne Olukiiko Olukulu (abali mu bitundu 100, ebibiri ku buli ggwanga). Buli lusaze lwokka lulina okuyita mu mikutu gyombi nga girina engeri y'emu nga lutuuse ku Prezidenti. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti amawanga amanene n'agatondo galina eddoboozi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka erikwata ku by'obujjanjabi erisobola okugootaanya obuwumbi bw'abantu liba lisobola okusobola okuwonawo nga bawuliriza, nga bakubaganye, era nga n'akakiiko akategeke katuulamu kalina okugonjoola obutakkaawukaanyi. Ek'ensonga eyo ekendeezebwa obugereesa ate n'engera ku b'okwewala, okugaba obuwanjula, oba okuwagira obuwagiziganya.

Kukwatibwako kwa buli lunaku: Bwe kuyitira mu lukalala lw'amateeka agatongoza omusaala, okukyusa emitindo gy'eby'obwatofu oba ebitongole eby'ensimbi, okusalawo okwo kuyitira mu sente z'osasula, empewo gy'ossa, n'enguudo z'okozesa. Ettabi lya gavumenti gye liwandiika amateeka ageetebwawo. Naye nga baakawyiro n'okugoogooya kw'ebitongole bya gavumenti. Kubanga ebitongole byombi bikkirizibwa, amateeka gategeeza ekifo ekya wa wakati mu kifo eky'okulaga endowooza y'ekibiina ekimu. Kino kiyinza okulemesa abo abaagala enkyukakyuka ez'amanguko ate ne baziyiza okukyuka mu nkola.

Ettabi Ekkulu: Okussa mu Nteeka Amateeka

Pulezidenti wamu ne Mukulembeze w'Ekibiina, Kabiina, era nkumi na nkumi za ba bamemba ba gavumenti, bavunaanyizibwa ku kussaawo amateeka agaayisibwa gavumenti. Amatabi gawa ebiragiro abakungu ba matabi, era gakubiriza ebitongole ebifuga enneyisa y'enkola nga ekitongole ekiyitibwa Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ne Food and Drug Administration (FDA), bafuga enkola y'abagwira, era balagira abajaasi b'obuyinza mu magye okufuga emirimu okugaziwanya mu kyasa ekiyiseemu, naye era n'olw'ensonga y'etteeka liba liwa ekkomera: Prezidenti teyinza kukola mateeka mapya oba ssente nga tezikkirizibwa.

Kukwatibwako: Bw'oteeka mu buwandiike omusolo gw'osasula, ekitongole ekikola ku by'enkola kikakasa nti gulina okugobererwa. Ekitongole ekikola ku by'enkola bwe kituukiriza etteeka ery'okusasula emisolo. Ekitongole ekikola ku bibamba ebibamba bwe kigwawo, ekikola ku bubenje obw'omu butonde kiteekateeka obuwerevu. Bw'osaba kampusi oba kaadi y'obuntu, okolagana n'ebitongole ebikola ku by'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga. Bino bikola nga okukola enkyukakyuka mu nteekateeka ezikwata ku by'obusangiro bw'abantu okusobola okukyusa eddembe n'ebisaanyizoobwawo mu budde.

Estabi ly’Omulamuzi: Okutegeera Obulagirizi

Kkooti za gavumenti zifuga olukiiko olukulu olw'ebbeeyi era ne kooti nga 13 ez'omu kkooti za disiturikiti, zinnyonnyola amateeka era ne ziddamu okugakenneenya. Amaanyi ga ' g'empandika ey'okwekenneenya, gaateekebwawo mu kkooti (1803 . Madison, gakkiriza kkooti okukuba amateeka oba ebikolwa eby'obuyinza ebimenya amateeka. Kkomyunizimu zikuumibwa okuva ku ku kupikirizibwa kw'ebyobufuzi olw'abalamuzi olw'okuba abalamuzi baweereza ku bulamu bwonna (nga bagoberera empisa ennungi). Okwemalirira kuno ku bukuumibwa obutono n'okufuga okw'amateeka, era nga n'omululu olukyava mu ku ku ku ku kulagalala.

Ku miganyulo egya bulijjo: okusalawo kwa Kooti enkulu kukwata butereevu ku bulamu bwo obwa bulijjo. Lowooza ku BrowN v. Obukulu bw'Essomero (1954), obwakomya obusosoze mu langi mu masomero ga bantu bonna, oba [ Mairanda v. Arizona[[ (196], kino kikwetaagisa apolisi okukutegeeza eddembe lyo mu kiseera eky'okukwatibwa. Gye buvuddeko bino, ebifuga ebikolebwa ku bufumbo bw'ebyo ebikolebwa ([[FLT:]]bergefell] v. , 2015], okugyamu ([FLT:]]]]

Engeri Ebiri mu Kabi n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Obukugu mu nkola y'enkola eno tebuli mu kwawukanya kyokka naye era n'okufuga n'okufuga. Buli ttabi lirina eby'okukozesa okuziyiza ebisinga ebirala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Prezidenti asobola okussaawo amateeka agafuga konvuunyiro, naye era Congress ayinza okuguyitirira n'abantu emirundi essatu esatu mu bisenge byombi. Olukiiko olukulu lukakasa oba ne lugaana okulonda ba manejasitive ku bannaa bannaalu b'obukulembeze. Kkooti zisobola okuyisa ebiragiro oba amateeka ku bukulembeze. Era Consery alkongment al alsosezza era n'agoba omukulembeze oba omulamuzi w'ebibi ebisingako.

Ekiragiro kino kireetawo obuzibu mu nkola y'enkola ya poliisi. K'akakasa ekiragiro ku nkyukakyuka z'embeera y'obudde kiyinza okuwerebwa mu kkooti, era ne kiddawo oba ne kilongoosebwa n'enteekateeka empya. Ulwaleko olwo olwo era olw'enkola ya derective, olusooka luwagirwa bunafu, lusobozesa abantu okukkaanya nga tebannafuna mateeka. Kyokka, singa abantu baagala okukola ku nsonga ezigwawo mu bwangu gamba nga nnawookeera oba nga mu by'enfuna, embeera y'ensi eno eyinza okusobererwa. Okutegeera ensonga eno eyamba abatuuze b'obuteego okukkaanya era n'okusiima omuwendo gw'okutebenkera, n'okugobeewa obuyambi.

Ekyokulabirako Ekiriwo Ddala mu Bugazi: Act

Okuyita n'okuwonawo kw'Afford Care Act (ACA) kyakulabirako bulungi. Congress yayisa akakiiko akaawulamu aka 2010, era amangu ddala empaka yakissako omukono. era mu bitundu bingi, gavumenti zaasala omusango gwa kugitongoola. Kkooti enkulu yawagira enteekateeka zonna mu [[FLD]] National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius[[FLM] [202], naye yasala etteeka eryamenyebwawo nga lisobola okusalawo oluva mu Médicaid gyeyatongodde. Oluvannyuma, Kkooti eyo era yawagira obutongole enkanyi ezigiwandikibwe okusobola okuziganya ebizingirwa mu [[Foctive .'esaawo, ekitongole ekitongole kya gavumenti bwe kikkiriza amateeka, kiragiramu enzijijiramyawo mu nzigeye za insuwa, era ne mu ngeri endala endala ez'eby'obufuzi. Ekiragiro kino kisigala egoberera amateeka olw'ekiralaago, era ne mu nsi ya ACCC.

Engeri Okwawukanya Amaanyi gye Kikwata ku Bulamu Bwo

Lowooza ku bintu bisatu ebiyinza okuleetera ensi yonna okukola bw’etyo, gamba ng’okufuga eby’enfuna, eddembe ly’abantu kinnoomu, n’obukuumi eriwa abantu.

Okukuuma Obulungi Ebikwata ku by’Eby’Eby’Obugagga

Ekiragiro kino kissaawo enkola enzijuvu mu by'obusuubuzi, amateeka agakwata ku mirimu, n'obukuumi bw'abasuubuzi. Ofiisi y'ettabi etegeeza byonna ebiba bizingirwamu okuyitira mu ntegeka nga Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) ne Consumer Financial Protection Bureaude Bureau (CFPB). Kkooti ziddamu okuteekamu okusoomooza ku biragiro ebyo. Singa okozesa amabanja g'abasuubuzi, emitindo gibagirwa ku mateeka agafuga amatabi ga mirundi esatu. Kampuni bw'ekyakyawumba abaguzi, ekitongole ekikebeewandikibwa ekiwandikibwa ekiwandikiro kiyinza okubonerezebwa, oba okujjuzibwa obwe mu ngeri y'okunoonyereza.

Ekyokulabirako: Enkaayana ezikwata ku butabaako ludda lwe weekubirako olupya ku nnukuta za Internet ziyinza okuteeka mu kifo ekisooka ebiddukanya ebikozesebwa.[1] Bye byasambibwa mu kkooti era oluvannyuma byakuviirako okuwugulibwa. Obubonero n'obulagirizi obukukwata ku ngeri amatabi gye gategeeramu obuyinza okugobererwamu. Mu ngeri y'emu, ebiragiro eby'eby'okwerinda ku nfuna ku mulimu bisinziira ku ngeri gye gasalawo ku mulimu.

Okununulibwa mu Buwangwa n’Eddembe Ery’Obuntu

ettabi ly'omulamuzi lye likulira okulondoola eddembe ly'eddiini, naye era amatabi amalala galina kinene kye gakola. Consert eyinza okussaawo amateeka okugaziya oba okukugira eddembe ly'abantu (um'omulembe guno, okuteekawo ekitongole kya Voing Rights Act, Patriot Act). Kampani akwasizza amateeka ago era ayinza okuwa obulagirizi ku ngeri abasirikale gye bayisaamu oba engeri amatabi gye gatuukirizaamu emitindo gy'eddiini. Kkooti zifuga amateeka ga gavumenti. Eddembe ly'olina okugawanyisa, okusitula eby'okulwanyisa, okwekwekereza, n'obukuumi mu mateeka ga gavumenti.

Akabenje ak'amaanyi: Oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi obubadde bukolebwa, akakiiko akaayisa empagi ey'olukalala, era n'okukulaakulanya enkola y'okulambula. Ofiisi y'ettabi erya maneja ago yasobozesa ab'obuyinza okugoosa ebibamba ebiwerako. Ebyo ebyasalibwawo byaviirako enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka mu kibiina ky'eggwanga (Furveillance Act (FISA). Leero, empandiika z'ofissi zo n'ennyanjula zako zabyo ez'amasimu bikolebwa olw'entalo ezigenda zikolebwa mu matabi gatutututu. Mu ngeri y'emu, okugattibwa n'obugatti obunene tekwakulibwa ofiisi z'ebyobufuzi: ebitongole ebikola ku nsonga z'obufumbo ne ku matabi ga gavumenti gaalekera awo okulwanirira ensonga z'obufumbo bw'obufumbo bw'abafumbo, era n'olw'olukiiko olukulu lwa kkooti olukulu ne ku kkooti enkulu tegattiddwa.

Obukuumi mu Nsi n'Obutebenkevu bw'Eggwanga

Omuyaga bwe guba gusembera, ab'obuyinza bateekateeka FEMA ne National Guard, naye bakkirizisako kampagina okuwaayo ssente. Kkooti ziyinza okusazeseza singa emitendera egy'obutujju gimenya amateeka n'eddembe ly'abantu. Oluvannyuma lw'ekikolwa kya kawumpuli Katrina, ekigwawo ekikendeetera okuggwawo, nga kyava ku butemeseera, obutono obuva ku butemeseizi obwakolebwa olw'okweyawulayawulamu, nga kino kireetebwawo ekitongole kya gavumenti mu ngeri y'obutebenkenkevu ne gavumenti z'ensi. Mu ku bukuumi bw'eggwanga, Prezidenti ya gavumenti y'eyinza okulagira abafuzi b'obuyinza obukola ebitongole obukola mu buyinza obutongole obukola eby'amagye okugattira ku kikolwa ekirembe eky'okufuga mu 2005.

Okusoomooza eri Enkola ya Ssekukkulu

Tewali kibiina kya bantu kituukiridde. Abavumirira kino bagamba nti okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kuyinza okuvaamu grickwock, naddala mu biseera bya gavumenti nga gavumenti teyawukana ng'ekibiina ekimu kifuga Kongress ate ekirala ne kinyweza obwannannyini. Kino kiyinza okulwawo okugonjoola ebizibu eby'amangu gamba ng'enkyukakyuka y'obudde, enkyukakyuka mu by'eby'obulamu, oba ebizibu by'obulamu. Okugatta ku ekyo, okuyawuza kw'amateeka ga bannaawule n'okussaawo kw'obukulembeze bya gavumenti kiva ku kkaseera, okuyitirira kw'abakusibe b'abakusibe. Ofiisi, ettabi ery'abalamuzi, ne ku bulamu, kiyinza okukweyawuka okuva ku ndowooza y'abantu, kyokka amaanyi gaayinza okumenya amateeka agafuga demokulase.

Ekizibu ekirala kiri nti enkola eno y'eyogobererwa nnyo amatabi era n'eba nga gassa ekitiibwa mu nkola ezaagobererwa. Kyokka, mu myaka egyakayita, okugattika ebitundu by'ensi eby'obuvanjuba kw'ensi kwagezesa engeri zino: Ssemalmenti Zeemerist, okuteeka mu kabi okugaziya kooti enkulu, era n'okugaana okukakasa nti abalamuzi bassawo enkola y'okusala emisango, kiviiriddeko okukolagana obulungi. Abeekenneenya abamu beeraliikirira nti enkola eno tesobola kusigalawo bulungi nga waliwo ekikaluunya ekisukkiridde. Kyokka, Amateeka gaagumiikiriza mu ntalo z'abantu, embeera z'eby'eby'eby'enfuna n'okwewala, olw'okweyawula kw'obufuzi obukujjufu n'enkyukakyuka.

Ensonga Lwaki Kino Kikulu gy’Oli

Okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gakolebwamu, kikuyamba okubeera omutuuze omulungi. Bw'olonda, tokoma ku kulonda munnagalwa; olonda anaaba n'obuyinza, anaakakasa abalamuzi, era n'ekiwagizi ki ekinaafuga enkola za mateeka. Okumanya amateeka gakolebwa (//nange engeri gye gayinza okuziyizibwa) okusobola okugonjoola ensonga z'ofaayo ku nsonga. Bw'oba oyagala okukwata emmundu ey'amaanyi, oyinza okukkiriza akakiiko akawagizi, naye era n'ossaayo omwoyo ku bikolwa n'ensonga ezikwata ku kkooti. Singa weebuuza ebikwata ku nsonga z'obwegasse, ojja kukolagana n'ababakasigizi bo ne ku nsonga ezikukwata ku nsonga z'okufuga.

Eky'okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza era kinnyonnyola lwaki enkyukakyuka zitera okubaawo mpolampola. Okulwawo okwo kuyinza okuba okutebenkeza, naye era ne kikuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatono. mu nsi omu ayinza okukyusa buli kintu mu lunaku.(emirundi egimu kivaamu akabi). Omulembe guno gukolebwa okulemesa omuntu okubaako ky'akola ng'alowooza ku nsonga. Okumanya nti, osobola okutuukiriza bye weetaaga era n'okutuukiriza obweyamo bw'omulembe.

fundikira

Eky'okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza si ngeri y'enkola eya bulijjo mu kyasa ekya 18, naye okussa ssawumu ku nkola esobozesa buli kintu okutambula ku makya n'okuwummula ku mulimu. Ekiragiro kya 'Constitution' kyawula obuyinza ku matabi asatu ag'empaka okusobola okuwa eddembe. Eky'okukola ekyo tekimala, era kikulemesa okukituukiriza. Wabula, okikoze lwa nkyukakyuka. Okutegeera omusingi guno kukuyamba okusala amateeka, enkola, n'ebyobufuzi ebikyusa obulamu bwo. Omulundi oguddako okusoma ebikwata ku ku ku kusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu, oba okukubagasa okuteesa n'akakiiko, okitegedde nti olaba obukongobonyi mu ngeri y'okwekolera ku mulimu.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebifa ku kkooti enkulu, ne [U.S., project [ gy'oyitirira mu kukebera empaka za kkooti enkulu, ne [ K'empandika ey'okukuwandika ez'ebiwandisibwa ebya 'wiractive'. Kino kisingako okikozeko mu misango egya GPUPUPU[FLT]].