Ennyanjula: Obunyoomi mu Kitongole kya Federalism

Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ensi za Amerika, kye kimu ku bitongole bya gavumenti z'ensi. Wadde nga tteeka litongoza obufuzi wakati w'amawanga n'ab'obuyinza bwa gavumenti, terileka bukuubagano, kuleetawo kutawaana, kutegeera, na kutakkaanya. Gavumenti ez'omu kitundu(nzijjuvu) n'obuwanvu bw'essomero). Emirundi egisinga obungi zisanga nga zikwatiddwa wakati w'ebiragiro bya gavumenti z'ensi n'obulagirizi bwa gavumenti z'ensi. Okumenyagana kuno tekuteeka bulombolombo bwa gavumenti z'ensi n'empaka za gavumenti. Okumenyagana okwo tekukwataganya obugattika obugattika obufuga, era n'ebiruubirirwa byaab'enva mu nsi, n'emitindo gy'ekkubo.

Ebyafaayo: Obusika bw’Entalo ez’Okusoomooza

Okusobola okutegeera engeri obutategeeragana gye bugenda mu maaso mu kiseera kino, omuntu alina okusooka okukitegeera nti obutategeeragana wakati w'ebipimo bya gavumenti bwava dda nga mu ggwanga eryo. Spremace Claus yatandikawo etteeka ekkulu ery'ensi yonna naye enkyusa ey'ekitongole obutaweebwa gavumenti oba abantu. Kino kyaleetawo etteeka lya gavumenti nga [[FLT:] era nga obukulembe obutereke bw'ebyewandikiro obwaka obwakasibwa mu ttabi.

Embeera Ekwata ku Kuzimba Ebibiina n’Olutalo olw’Omunda

Mu myaka gya 1830, ekizibu kino kyalaga engeri gavumenti gye yandisobodde okusoomooza obutereevu obuyinza bw'eggwanga eryo, era ne kissaawo essiraani mu ntalo ezaddirira. Ssematalo wa Civil kye kyali kikolwa eky'okuleetawo okukontana okusingira ddala, ng'obufuzi obwali bufuga mu ntegeka y'eggwanga okusobola okukuuma obuddu. Eby'obufuzi bwe biraga nti wadde nga gavumenti ziyinza okuziyiza, gavumenti yalina obuyinza obw'omu mateeka n'obw'amagye.

Ekibiina ky’Eddembe ly’Eddembe: Okuziyiza Okufuga Emitindo gy’Eddembe

Nga wayiseewo emyaka egisukka mu kikumi, gavumenti z'omulembe era zaawakanya obufuzi obwa gavumenti n'ebwa gavumenti nga ziva ku ntegeka. Mu 1950 ne 1960, ebibuga eby'omu bukiikaddyo ne gavumenti zaawakanya okusala kw'amateeka n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu. Gavumenti zaayimirira mu nzigi z'essomero, era poliisi yakaka abantu okugoba gavumenti wadde nga gavumenti yaategese. Olutalo olwo lwaviirako okuteekebwawo kwa magye era n'okulagira okugoba ab'obuyinza ku n'obuvaabiina. Mu kiseera kino kyalaga nti okuziyiza okw'ekitongole kya bulijjo kuyinza okuba okw'amaanyi naye mu nkomerero ne kissa wansi obuyinza bw'eggwanga singa eddembe ly'okussa obuwandikiro liba liba liba ku kikosende.

Ensulo y’Ebibuga Ebitukuvu

Mu makumi g'emyaka egyakayita, wazzeewo akakuubagano ku ngeri y'okugobereza abatuuze. Ekibuga eky'ekika kya Sanctuary, nga kikola ku bufuge n'abakulu b'eggwanga abatuuze.[1] Obukuubagano buno bweyongera nnyo singa abakulembeze batwala obukulembeze ba Trump okusoosa obuwagizi okuva ku matwale g'eby'obutebenkevu ne kibaviirako okulwana mu mateeka ku ngeri enkanvu z'eby'obuyinza. Brennan Center for Justice

Okunoonyereza ku Buzibu mu Contemporary Conference

Obuwanguzi n’Obuweerero

Ebibuga ebitwalibwa okuba nga biyonjo nga San Francisco, New York, ne Chicago bitaddewo amateeka agakugira okukaka obuteeso bw'amateeka mu kitundu okubuuza abantu ebikwata ku mbeera y'okuyingira mu ggwanga oba okubasiba mu bifo ebibeeramu abatuuze. Ebitongole bino bisimbye omusingi mu nzikiriza nti poliisi eririna okubeera n'obutuuze okusobola okugonjoola obumenyi bw'amateeka. Abakujjukujju zigamba nti okugoba amateeka ga gavumenti agafuga n'obutebenkenkenkenke gayinza okulemesa gavumenti okukaka abantu okuyingira gavumenti okusemba obuwagizi bwa gavumenti.

2. Okutongoza etteeka ery'ekika eky'obukyayi n'okugaana emisango mu mateeka

Gavumenti za Columbia ziwandiise enkola ey'okufuga ekika kya kampuni mu ngeri y'emu mu kutattiŋŋana okw'amaanyi. Wadde nga gavumenti za Columbi zikozesa essomero nga ssaayansi essomero. Gavumenti za Columbi zikkirizibwa okumanyisa enkola y'eby'obujjanjabi: gavumenti zikkiriza okutunda n'okulima, naye gavumenti zireme okusigaza obuyinza obw'okukebeesaamu enzivvu n'abakwasisa enzijanjaba. Abaama baaweedeedepriotaa, bawandisi baasizza bulagizi bwa gavumenti mu nkola y'eby'obujjanjabi mu mateeka, naye baz'obukulembeze bakyungiza enkola y'okuketta oba okuyingiza obugunjufu. [FOLD:0] Kino kiggumiza engeri oba engeri y'okugoba obukulembeze b'amalango, n'okukireetera okumanyisa oba okumenya amateeka g'okugo n'okugo. Gavumenya wakati w'ensonga ez'ensi, gavumenti ziteekwa okuleka okuteekawo mu mateeka

3. Amateeka g'obutonde n'engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okuddaabiriza

Gavumenti za katemba zitera okuteekawo enkola esobozesa okuteekawo emitindo gy'enkola okusukka ku mateeka ga gavumenti, naddala singa gavumenti esala amateeka ku kitongole. California, kibadde kibadde kikozesa obuyinza bwayo okumala ekiseera kiwanvu wansi w'ekitongole ekirongooseddwa empewo okussaawo emitindo egikwata ku mmotoka ez'enjawulo, ebibuga ebimu nga binywera empandika ez'amaanyi mu kitundu. Bino bisobola okuleetawo obuzibu okuva ku makolero ga kampuni n'ebitongole bya gavumenti nga bigamba nti, Eddecuaaaawe ya mu nsi gye zibeera, okuzibya omukka gwa za gaayikebwa mu bitundu bino, okusobola okukendeereza ebbula empewo eya gaasi, ate okuwoolesebwawo n'okuva mu mateeka. Okumenyana kwa gavumenti tekuzingiramu buwanyisa gavumenti z'ebibuga ne mu biseera eby'eby'obufuzi obwa demokulase.

4. Obubonero Obukwata ku Mfumu

Ekiragiro eky'okuyiwa omuliro kye kirala ekirala eki'okutawaanya okutajjulukuka. Olukiiko olw'okubiri olw'ebbeeyi, nga bwe lunnyonnyolwa kkooti enkulu mu Diversion of Columbia v. Heller [2008] era [[FLL:2]]] 'mcdald v. Chicago[[[FLL:3]]], kikuuma omuntu obuyinza okusobola okukuuma n'okusitula emikono gya mmu. Kyokka, gavumenti zigezeeko okussaawo empandika ennene mu by'okulwanyisa eby'okulwanyisa, oba okulinda mu biseera eby'okulinda. Mu mawanga mangi, amateeka agasala amasaza okukugira okugoonoona emmu. Singa ekibuga kibaamu empala, ekyo kye kisanga nga kiwandikiddwa mu kkooti z'amateeka, oba nga kironzeeko ekkomera obuyinza okukibwawo. Era, amateeka agamenyesa amasaza agamu gaamenyeddwa mu kkooti ez'ennasa. Ebitongole ebimenyebwa amasaza gaasabiro gaago gaago ga

5. Abasawo batandika okusannyalala mu kiseera kya pulogulamu

Ekiragiro kino kyaleetawo obutategeeragana obwali tebubangawo wakati w'obulagirizi n'amateeka mu kitundu. Mu masooka mu kizibu ekyo, gavumenti yatandikawo ebiwandikiro ebiteetereka, nga gavumenti ne bibuga biwa obulagirizi ku nsonga ezikwata ku makubo, era nga n'okukwata ebiwandikiro ne ku by'obuwandikiro. Obukujju buleetawo obutategeeragana bweyoleka singa abakungu ba gavumenti bawakanya enkola z'obujjanjabi mu bantu mu lujjudde era nga gavumenti bwe zagezaako okuziyiza ebibuga okuteekawo amateeka agakugira obukalu. Amateeka gaayungibwawo ku buyinza bwa meeya meeya ne ebitongole eby'obujjanjabi okuteekawo ebiragiro ebisukkako mu mateeka oba mu bitongole ebikola ebirongookeeyambiddwa mu ngeri y'obusosoze. [FFLT:0] Kino kiwanira mu ku kunoonyereza kwa bantu okwa bulijjo ne ku by'obujjanjabi obw'obujjanjabi obw'omu kitundu kino byombi.

Enkyukyuka Eziba mu Mateeka n’Essatu

Okutegeera lwaki wajjawo obutakkaanya mu kitundu kyetaagisa okwekenneenya emisingi gya tteeka ekkulu. Supremacy Claus (Article VI) etegeeza nti amateeka ga gavumenti gayinza okuggyawo empimpimpi oba amateeka ag'omu kitundu naye nga Congress yeeyisa mu ngeri emenya amateeka agaategekebwa. ] Amateeka gayinza okumanyibwa ne gatamenyawo amateeka mu ngeri entongole singa tegooleka gavumenti oba eteeka amateeka mu kitundu. Okugoba kwago kuyinza okunnyonnyonnyolwa (Ekigendererwa kyakyo kirina ekigendererwa kya Congrance) oba nga kitegeeza (amateeka agafuga tegalekawo mateeka kufuga, oba etteeka ne kiba nga tegattira ku biruubirirwa bya gavumenti. Kyokka, amateeka ne ku mateeka ga gavumenti y'ensi eno gayinza okussaawo enziteeko ektongole ky'obuyinza mu buyinza okuteekawo enziro oba amateeka.

Enjigiriza Egirabula Ekiragiro

Ekikuumibwa mu by'amateeka eri gavumenti z'omu kitundu kwe kukakaatika enjigiriza ey'okumenya amateeka agakwata ku bukulembeze. Enjigiriza eyo eva mu mbeera nga Printz v. United States (1997). Kkooti enkulu yakkiriza nti gavumenti teyinza kuwaliriza bamemba oba bakungu ba gavumenti okuyingiza enteekateeka ez'oku sistemu. Ekiwandiiko kino kiwandikiddwa mu bifo ebitukuvu, gavumenti gye ziremedwa okukakaatika amateeka aga gavumenti okukikkiriza okuyingiza oba abakungu bannaago okukaka abantu okuyingiza oba okuyingiza enkola mu nsonga ezigobeetera obutuufu. Mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti ziremesezza gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka agagifuga oba okuzza obuwanyisa emirimu gyayo.

Ebirango n'Embeera

Ekiragiro kino kikozesezza okukakaatika amateeka agakwata ku myaka egy'okunywa (South Dakota v. Dole) n'okuwaliriza amatwale g'ebiwaazo. Kyokka, gavumenti ya gavumenti esobola okuteeka ekkomo ku ssente ne obuvunaanyizibwa mu gavumenti, nga butuukiriza enkyuukanya n'ebitundu ebya bulijjo. Bino byeyoleka bulungi embeera era nga bikwatagana n'ekigendererwa kya kkampuni eyo. Enkola eno ekozesebwa okukakasa amateeka agakwata ku myaka gy'okunywa (South Dakotalv. Dole) n'okusiiteeka ku buyinza bwonna obufuga ekitongole kya Médicaid. Kyokka, Kkom'etwale ya Social eteekwa okutambula embeera zino ezikontana, nga bwe kirabibwa mu [FL:0]NFIB v. Selius[FLT:] (202).[202] Kkootikko, olukiiko olukulu bwe lwaba olw'okugoba ssente okuva mu mawanga agamu agamu, gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za Isiraeri ezo ziteekwa okuziganya okuziganya.

Okusoomooza kw’Ebyabufuzi Okutabulatabula Ebiwangwa n’Eby’obufuzi

Ebiva mu bukuubagano bw'ebiva mu kusibawo obubenje tebyakoma ku kuteekawo bbugwe. Ekisooka, tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka okuleetawo bizibu mu bya bizineesi, mu bantu kinnoomu ne mu bakungu ba gavumenti. Ekibuga bwe kiyisa etteeka eriyinza okuggibwawo gavumenti oba gavumenti, abateeka ssente oba abantu, ne batasobola kwesiga ku butebenkevu bwago. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ensaayi mu bitundu amateeka gye gagala okukomya emirimu gya banka, ne mu bifo awateekebwa enzikkiriza kutwala emisolo.

Ekyokubiri, [[NKULA]] empewo nsonga nkulu nnyo. Amasamba gombi gasaasaanya obukadde n'obukadde bw'obukadde bw'abantu ku nsonga eno, ne gawanyisa ssente okuva mu mirimu gy'ensimbi gamba ng'enjigiriza, obutebenkevu, n'ebintu ebirala ebya bulijjo. Ofiisi z'omu Mayayo ziteekwa okufunira abawagizi abawagizi omulimu okulwanirira amateeka ga mu kitundu, ate bo ebitongole bya gavumenti bitegeka eby'okugaba obuyambi okusoomooza gavumenti n'okugezesa enkola za zo.

Ekyokusatu, okutabulwatabulwa [[[FLT: 1] kuleetera abantu obutassa bwesige bwabwe mu gavumenti okukendeera. Abatuuze bwe balaba meeya waabwe ng'anyooma ekitongole kya gavumenti, oba gavumenti eyinza okugaana ensimbi z'empandika ku makubo okukiteeka mu kifo eky'ekikwanguyira, bayinza okwenyooma amateeka. Kino kiyinza okukendeeza ku ku mateeka era ne kiviirako abantu obutassa kitiibwa mu nkola ya demokulase.

Eky'okuna, okulwana kuyinza okuvaamu okwekutulamu emitindo gy'amateeka egy'ensi. Mu butabaawo bwa mputtuluku ez'enjawulo, amateeka ag'omu kitundu gajja ate era ne gatandikawo amateeka ga inesiciencies. Bizineesi mu bitundu by'ensi bingi birina okuteekawo amateeka mangi ag'enjawulo ku buli kintu okutandikira ku musaala oguba gukulembeddwa mu bifunvu bya pulasitiki. Wadde ng'abamu bagamba nti enjawukana zino zisobola okukolebwako, era zireetawo n'ebizitoko.

Ku nkomerero, emirundi mingi baawo' Obukujjukujju obuleetera obukujjukujju obuwera'okumenya amateeka agafuga. Era ziyinza okuteekawo amateeka agafuga ekitundu.[1] Embeera eyinza okuviirako amateeka okukoma ku ttutumu ery'omulembe. Enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu myaka egyakayita ku bikwata ku musaala ogukendedde, ezisasulwa, n'ebiragiro ebifuga amateeka agafuga. Conference of State Legislatures[[ Bikumi bya ssente ezisaayungibwawo, ebikumi na bikumi byagwo bye byatandika omwaka, nga biraga nti obuzibu obw'okuva mu gavumenti ez'ensi zokka bwe zigenda zennyini zikola.

Obuteegezi Obulaga nti Omuntu Asaanidde Okusalawo era n’Okukolera Awamu

Wadde nga wabaddewo okulwanagana mu ngeri nnyingi, waliwo obukujjukujju obw'okukendeeza obukuubagano wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ensi za gavumenti.

Okutuukirira kw’Ennyumba n’Eby’Eby’Eby’Amateeka

Ekintu ekimu kwe kuggyayo etteeka erifuga ensi okuyitira mu mateeka. Consert eyinza okuteekawo amateeka agannyonnyola obulungi ekkomo ly'okununula abantu, okuleka ebizimbe ebipya mu kitundu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekiteeso kya Marijuana Freedom ne Opportunity Act kijja kuggya akantu k'omukitundu ak'omu mateeka akafuga ekifuga enfuga n'etteeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, okukyusa mu buli kampeefube mu by'obutuuze kiyinza okuteekawo emitindo egikyusiza ddala mu ku bwetaavu bw'ebitebe by'ebitebe by'omu kibuga.

Ekitongole eky'ensi yonna kiyinza okuteekamu abasobe b'ebiwandiiko oba abawaabirwa ku nkola eziba zikoleddwa mu nkola za gavumenti ne gavumenti z'ensi eyo.

Obufuzi bw'Ebigambo n'Obukulu

empuliziganya ennungi wakati w'abakungu mu kibiina kya Bumeedi n'eky'omulembe egobererwa. Enkuŋŋaana ez'enjawulo, okukolagana awamu, n'okunoonyereza awamu biyinza okutangira obutategeeragana era n'okunyweza obwesige. Omuntu bw'atwala ekifo ekipya kiyinza okusobozesa meeya ne bannaakyewa okutandika okukiddukanya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu mu mubenje gw'ekiwabyo ogwa 19 ogwa kiwandikiro, abatunzi b'e Biden baasooka okutegeeza abafuzi ne meeya w'omulimu nti tewandikereza obuvunaanyizibwa ku by'obulamu, okukendeeza enkaayalaga engeri abantu gye babadde babadde babadde babadde babadde babikolamu.

Okuwagira Obuyigirize bwa Bonna n’Ebikolwa eby’Omugongo

Abatuuze abategeera enkola ya gavumenti, basobola okulwanirira obusobozi obw'amagezi. Ebitongole ebikola eby'oku mikutu n'ebyuma bisobola okutumbula okumanya engeri gavumenti z'omu kitundu, ez'eggwanga, n'ez'eggwanga gye zikolaganamu. Abatuuze bwe bamanya obuwagizi obuzingirwamu n'enkola za gavumenti ezizingirwamu, basobola okukalambira ku nkola ezisobozesa okugonjoola enjawukana mu bantu. Abakungu ba gavumenti gye bannyonnyola ensonga lwaki amateeka gaavuganya, era ne baleetera abantu okufuna obuwagizigi.

Okwewala Okuwaayiriza ng’Oyitira mu Nsobi z’Ekibiina Ekiyinza Okumalibwawo

Tekiri nti obutakkaanya bwonna busobola kukoma mu kkooti. Obukaanya n'okugonjoolerawo enkaayana biyinza okugonjoolerawo embeera, okugonjoolerawo ensonga ezisookebwawo, n'okugobereza ebiruubirirwa. Gavumenti ezimu zitaddewo enkola ezisobozesa ebitongole bya gavumenti okugoolekawo enkola ez'okugonjoolera awamu mu kugonjoolera enkambirirano.

Okwogera ku Bikwata ku Kizibu Ekiriwo Leero

Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti z'omu kitundu ne gavumenti z'ensi tezirina kakwate. Okutakkaanya tekuyoleka bubonero bwa demokulase, naye kwoleka nti awantu wa demokulase empanvu wayinza okubaamu enjogera ez'enjawulo. Okunoonyereza okwo kwekenneenya(kutandikira mu bibuga ebitukuvu okutuuka ku kyannansi okukkirizibwa mu mateeka ga ssigala, okutandikira ku ebyo ebiva ku nkola y'obutonde okumanyibwa ne ku nnawookeera y'obujjanjaabwo. Okutaanya okuleetawo okutawula kungi okusibuka okuva ku ngeri ey'okwefuga, obukulu obw'ekika kya gavumenti, eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, n'obutebenkevu. Buli kigezesa mu buli kigambo ekizingirwamu, era, mu mbeera nnyingi, ne kiviirako okunnyonnyola mu mateeka ekituukana ku ku nkola y'enkola y'enkola y'obutuufu ey'obukulembeze.

Abasomesa n'abayizi, embeera zino zibasobozesa okwekenneenya emisingi egikwata ku gavumenti, ekkomo lya gavumenti, n'obukulu bw'okweyama kw'abantu okubeera aba bulijjo. Nga bategeera ensibuko y'enkyukakyuka, enkalala z'amateeka, era n'ebizikwatako mu kutattiŋŋana okw'ekitongole, abo abeesomesa basobola okumanyibwa ennyo mu nteekateeka y'eggwanga erigenda mu maaso. Mu nkomerero, ekiruubirirwa tekijja kumalawo butaka bwonna. N'okubwetaagira mu ngeri enzimba, okukakasa nti ebyetaago by'ensi ne byetaago bikolera wamu n'eby'eggwanga bituukiriza obwenkanya n'obulungi.