Ekitabo: Olugendo Olutaagobererwa olw’Abamerika

Obusobozi bw'okulonda bubeera ng'empandika enkulu mu kufuga demokulase. Mu Amerika, okulonda tekwabanga nkizo ya maanyi naye kwali kuwakanya n'obusosoze obw'amaanyi, nga kwesigamye ku mateeka, amateeka, okusala emisango mu kkooti enkulu, era n'okutumbula okuleetawo okukolagana okulungi n'enkyukakyuka mu bantu. Okutegeera ebyafaayo bino bikulu nnyo okusobola okukuma enkanyiza enkambirira obugolokofu bw'okulonda n'okutuuka ku n'okulonda olukulembedde. Ekitundu kino kyongera bufunze ku mateeka n'okukyusaamu mu byafaayo ebikwata ku ddembe ly'okulonda era n'okukyusaamu, nga kisobozesa eggwanga lino okumanyisattuza eddiriddwawo ddala mu Amereka. Ebiri mu nsonga ezikwata ku ku ku kulonda obugobenjerefu, obukyannyonnyola okusoomooza okugobeeyoleka okuva lwe lyatandikawo mu nsi.

Ensibuko y’Enkomerero

Ekiragiro kya ssemateeka n'ekyuma ekiwereddwa gavumenti

Kkooti ey’okusalawo okulonda yatongozebwa mu 1788. Kkooti ey’okulonda abatuuze abamu bwe yatongozebwa mu ggwanga eryo, essaza lya Amerika, eryannannyini Amerika, n'erya bulijjo ne liba nga teryalina kifo kya bannaggwanga abawa obululu.

Mu 190, enkola ey'okumanyisaamu yatongoza enkola y'obupoliisi mu kyasa ekya 1990 nga bateeka mu nkola enfukulamu enkola eya bulijjo "ewawza abazungu," mu langi okuzikwata nga zifuna amakulu gamu. Wadde ng'amawanga agamu mu bukiika kkono bwawandikiro ba Baddugavu okutongoza, emikono gino gyayimirizibwa ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'ekikumi. Abakazi 1807 abaalekayo enkola ey'okwegoberera n'okulonda abazungu mu nsi za Amerika, ate Pennsylvania ne baasazaamu eddembe ly'okulonda abaddukirizi mu mwaka gwa 1838. Mumalembe gano gannagattiddwamu abantu b'omu Afirika okuva mu kasanduuko k'ebbaagi, nga kiraga nti okutandikawo obweru, kwali mu ngeri y'emu, era nga waliwo enkizo ey'abasajja ab'enjawulo.

Ekiseera kya Jacksonian: Okukulaakulana kw’Okuzimba kw’Abazungu

Okulonda Andrew Jackson mu 1828 kwalaga enkyukakyuka ey'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi mu Amerika. Ekiseera kya Jacksonian kyalaba okusaasaana kw'ebisaanyizo eby'abazungu, nga bikubirizibwa endowooza ya "bannaggwanga" n'okuyitirira kw'ebibinja bya bannabyabufuzi. Wakati w'omwaka 1810 ne 1850, buli ggwanga lyaggyamu ebintu oba okusasula omusolo ogw'abasajja abazungu, era nga kyeyongera okugaziya eb'okulonda. Kyokka, ekibiina kino kyayawunzikanya obutundutundu obwa bulijjo. Nga bwe gugaziyanjula ebibiina by'abazungu, baatwalanga amateeka gaabwe mu kiseera kimu nga geewanyisa amateeka gaabwe okutongoza "gyeru" ekikolerwamu eky'okukuba akalulu. Okugaziyambula kwa demokramenti ey'ekibiina ekimu, enkola eyakolebwa ku kulala mu byafaayo byonna eby'Amerika.

Okuzzaawo Enkolagana: Ekisuubizo Ekya Nnamaddala n’Ettemu Ery’Ettemu

Omutemu ogw’ekkumi n’etaano: Ekireetera Empalana Okugaana eby’Okuwandiika

Olutalo olwo era n'okuzzaawo ebyaddirira byakiikirira enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi eza Amereka ezaakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1870. Okuzzaawo ebyamalanga nga Conferate mu mwaka gwa 1867, kwalina okugattirawo abaddu abaddugavu okulonda eddembe ery'okulonda. Enkyukakyuka eno yakolebwa mu Mateeka era ne kikomyawo okukyusiza ddala abakungu ba Amerika okutongozaamu ebigezo ebya 15 mu mwaka gwa 1870, ekyalangirira nti eddembe ly'abatuuze ery'okulonda langi teriyinza kugaana oba okukyusiza obusoosa "olw'enkola y'enjereere wakati w'enjawukana z'eggwanga, oba obuddu obwabanga bumaze okukkirizibwa." Omuntu okusattulukuuzibwa amangu mu nkumi na nkumi nkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi z'abakungu mu nsi, era n'okuyingiza ebitongole ebitongole ebiva mu n'ebigootoogo ebyassooteebwa bya gavumenti ebippya ebippya ebippya ebyatongootongooteebwa.

[[Akawayiro:0] Ebiwandiiko byonna ebiri mu kiwandiiko ekyo byafunibwa okuva ku Tterekero ly'eggwanga.[[Aka]]

Jim Crow and System Nuration of the 15 Amerekation

Eky'okusuubiza demokulase eya brecuti eya brecutiaty tebyawangaala. Ebbanga lya 1877 eryava mu kconsoleetood ne liva mu tsaza lya Amerika ne liva mu tsaza lya Afirika ne liva mu lya bannaalyo ne liba nga lifuga. Mu myaka mitono egyaddirira, gavumenti z'obukiika ddyo zenyigidde mu kaweefube okukomyawo olukalala lw'amateeka n'okukwata ku magatte gaamu 15 (Prevenment). Baazimba ekitongole ekizinyinnyonnyola ebyava mu mateeka n'okumenya amateeka.

Muno mwe mwali n’ebintu ebikulu ebyakolebwanga mu nkola y’okulonda eya Jim Crow:

  • [[AWULA:0] Emisolo egy'ekika ekya poll:[ Emisolo egyasabibwanga okulonda abatuuze abaavu abaddugavu n'abazungu.
  • Okugezesa [[[NKULA]] Okuba nti tolina kutegeera: Kisobozese okusoma n'okutaputa ebisaanyizibwa aba puliida aba zzabuli w'ebweru okusobola okuziyiza kumpi buli Mulangira yenna akkiriza okuteekako ekigambo kye mu nnukuta.
  • [[AK:0] Jjajjaawe Claus: enteekateeka ezilemesa abantu okusoma oba okufuna ebintu singa bajjajjaabwe baalonda nga 1867, bwe kyali, mu ngeri eyo baalonda abazungu abataasoma wadde nga ne batabaamu bannaggwanga abaddu.
  • [[AK:0] Obwavu: Ekibiina eky'obufuzi ekya Democratic Party, amaanyi agafuga mu bukiikaddyo, kyayisa ekika kya nnaddala era ne kigaana abaddugavu okulonda mu kulonda okukulu, nga kikakasa nti abazungu bokka abagenda okulonda.
  • [[AKML:0] Obukazi n'okukakanya: Ebibiina bya Ku Klux Klan n'ebirala ebya bannalukalala byakozesanga obululu, okukuba, n'okukaka abantu mu by'enfuna okutiisatiisa abantu abaddugavu n'okuziyiza obutuuti bwa bannabyabufuzi.

Kkooti enkulu emirundi mingi yasobozesa okuggyawo obukuumi bwa gavumenti buno. United States v. Cruikshank (1876), kkooti yasobola okuggyawo Enknyangumya Ebikolwa, era n'esalawo nti gavumenti teyinza kubonereza bantu kinnoomu olw'okwekoba olukunkumulirwa eddembe ly'abantu. Plecty v. Ferguson[FLT] [18696]) yateekawo ekibikka ekya "Okwakuliro eky'okutujjuufu," era [[FLL:] Giless.[FLD][FLT][5:][03] yawagira amateeka agafuga okugoba obuvvugibwa, agaanjula mu ngeri enneeyisaamu mu kyasa ekyasooka ekya 20 mu Amerika. Ek'okukyusiza mu ku ku ku kukkulaawulawo.

Okufuba Okungi Okusobola Okulemesa Abakazi Okuweereza Katonda

Nnava mu Seneca ne Nva mu Kibiina ky’Amawanga

Okulwanirira abakazi kwatandika mu mwaka gwa 1848, gye bannalukalala nga mw'otwalidde Elizabeth Cady Stanton ne Lucretia Mott, baateekamu "Okutumbula Abasibe" nga mw'otwalidde n'eddembe ery'okulonda. Enteekateeka eno yeeyongera okukolebwa mu myaka egyaddirira, era n'enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo. Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olulimu, enkalubutondo yatandikawo mu kibiina ekirwanirira oba nga kiwagira enteekateeka y'ekkumi n'etaano, ekyatwalibwamu n'abasajja abadduga abaddugavu naye nga si bakazi. Enkola eno yaleetawo ebibiina by'abalabe bibiri: National Sfiffaffnge (NSA), ebikulemberwa Stan ne Susan B.

[[[Act:0] Kino kiraga engeri enkyuuka kw'empandika eya bulijjo ey'ebikolebwako gye kitegeeramu obulungi engeri egobereramu enkola y'abakazi ey'okwerinda.[[KY'OKUZIMBIRA]

Omulongo ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Enkomerero n’Eby’Abantu ab’Enjawulo

Ekibiina kino kyakola enkola ey'enjawulo: okuwangula empaka z'eggwanga nga kigendererwa okutereeza empanvu. Ebitundu by'ebugwanjuba gye byaliko ekifo ekikulu ennyo mu nsalo z'ensalo z'ensalo, bye byawa enguudo. Okukuba amasaawa kwasobozesa abakazi okufuna eddembe ery'okulonda mu 1869, Utah, Colorado, ne Idaho mu 1890s. Omwaka gwa 1918, abakazi baatuukiriza eddembe ery'okulonda mu masaza 15. Ekibiina kya Progree mu mwaka gwa 1919 kya Progreecesss, kyatandika okugaziya amaanyi mu bannaabakulembeze b'eggwanga nga Alice Paul ow'ekibiina kya Nody, eyagoberera obukujjukujjukuuti n'o okuva mu ggwanga lya Bungereza, nga bakuba ekiwandikiro, era ne bakuba ekijanja.

Kikulu nnyo okukitegeera nti Omutemwa ogw'ekkumi n'omwenda tegwasobozesa bakyala kulonda bannamerika bonna. Abakazi ba Amerika baakkirizibwa okulonda okutuusa mu 1924, era gavumenti nnyingi mu Asiya tezaabatwalanga okutuusa mu 1950. Abakazi b'omu Asiya mu Amerika baawalirizibwa okufuna obutuuze mu mateeka ag'enzaalwa okutuukira ddala mu 1952 McCarran-Walter Act. Mu South, Abalangiradakazi baayolekagananga n'okusasula emisolo, okukebeetawanya okusoma, n'okutiini nga bannaawerebwa n'abasajja abaddugavu.

Ekibiina ky’Eddembe ly’Abakungu ba Gavumenti n’Okuzza Obuggya okw’Okubiri

Okussaawo Ekitongole: Ekiwandiiko 24 n’Akakwate ka Kkooti Ek’Eddembe ly’Omuntu mu 1964

Entegeka y'eddembe ly'abantu mu kyasa ekya 20 kyali kikiikirira "Second Reconstructon", era kyakugirwa okusoomooza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okukkirizibwa mu bukulu bw'abazungu. Obuwanguzi bw'amateeka obwatuukibwako mu NAACP, nga mwe muli Smith v. Alwright[ [19444]) obwagaana ekitongole ekichena, ne [[FLY] brown v. akakiiko k'Essomero k'Enjigiriza nga mwe muli ne kaalagira okutongoza essokko, akalaga nti essomero zikkolanga obusokereza ku ku ku kutwala obululu. Okugoba emisolo mu 1964, okuggyawo obululu obutongole obunene obwava mu n'okutongoola entegeka mu mateeka. K'okkosomero zino, nga kirebwawongera okukkolanga ebitongole ebitongole ebibaziddwa mu mwaka gwa 1964 nga birebwa.

Ekitongole Ekikola ku Ddembe mu 1965: Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Pinnacle ekyakola ku nkyukakyuka

Selma n'ab'omu Maaki 1965 baayisa ebirango mu Montgomery, era ne bakuba abatambuze ku katale ku Edmund Pettus Bridge, endowooza y'eggwanga ne bawaliriza Prezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson okukaka abantu okutuula ku kaweefube. Ekyavaamu kye kyalaga nti etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu lyatongozebwa mu 1965 (VRA), kye kikolwa ekikulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Act's sce kireeba nga kimaze okumenyebwawo.

  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro eky'okulonda 2:[[[Act:1] Kiragiro kyonna mu ggwanga ekyagaananga okulonda abantu aba langi oba langi eya bulijjo okusosola mu langi.
  • [[Act:0]] Enkola ey'okukuba [[[KATANDIKI]] A "bufuge" obwalaga enfuga (nga bwenkana mu bukiikaddyo bw'amaserengeta) eyalaganga olukunkumuli lw'amasanyu era n'olw'enkola ey'okukuba akalulu.
  • [[NKULULA]. Ekiragiro 5:[[FOLT:1] A'aw'okukkirizisa" ekikkirizibwa ekitongole eky'eby'obwenkanya mu Amerika kikkirizibwa olukiiko lwa disiturikiti oba olukola ku lukalala lwa Colombia nga tekinnakola nkyukakyuka yonna ekolebwa ku mateeka oba enkola zaazo ez'okulonda.

Obulabirizi buno bwakyusa. Mu myaka ebiri egyaddirira nga mu kitundu kino, okulonda abalabi mu Mississippi kweyongera okuva ku 7% okutuuka ku 60%. Omuwendo gw'abakungu abaalondebwa abaddugavu mu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika gweyongera nnyo, era ne kikyusa engeri y'ebyobufuzi bw'ekitundu. VRA yakkirizibwa okuddamu n'obuwagizi obw'amaanyi obwa bipartistan, gye buvuddeko awo mu 2006, Consell bwe yaddamu okwewaayo okukakasa nti eddembe ery'okuvwooza terigaana kuvvuunikidwa ku lwa langi.

[[Akakiiko akafuzi] Akakwasisa amateeka ga gavumenti kakmanya ngeri gye gatuukirizaamu etteeka era n'obuzibu bwonna ebiva mu kukolera ku kakwate ka ddembe mu 1965.[[Akakiiko aka'a]

Okugaba Eddembe: Okusoomooza Emirimu Egitali Mirungi

Shelby County v. Horker (203) n'Ennaku entonotono ez'Abaami Abalabirira Obukiiko bw'Akakiiko akakulu

Ekitongole kino kyazimba bulungi era nga kyamala emyaka nga 50 nga kiziyiza nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu kulonda. Kyokka, mu lukalala olwa bulijjo 5-4 mu Shelby County v.Hamer [202013], Kkooti enkulu yaziyiza enkola y'okukwata amateeka. Kkooti ya 'Ssemba' ey'okuvvunnamu eddoosa olusembyewo olusene. Kkooti yasalawo olukusa olukalala oluggya oluva mu nkola y'ensonga nga eya bulijjo, nga ewattulira ddala ebigambo ebyasalwa emyaka nga bikyakkiriziddwa, era nga tewalimu kinnyonnyola nti obutuufu obwawula ku bufuzi bwonna obwa bulijjo.

Ebivudde mu [[NKULA] Shelby County yali tekimanyiseera mangu. Mu ssaawa nga zisooka nga kusalawo, ebitundu n'ebitundu ebyabanga bitegese byatandika okussaawo amateeka n'ebikolwa ebyali bizibiddwa oba nga binaniddwa ab'obuyinza. Ebiragiro ebyo byalimu okulonda ab'obuyinza, okusala obululu, okuseebwa kw'ebifo mu bitundu ebisinga obungi, n'okusaanuuka kw'ebivvuubibwa. Ebrenn Center for Justice ne ebibiina ebirala byalaga nti enkola eyo yali ereeteebwawo n'ebbeebbeeyi mu ku bannaafu, okuseesaawo n'okukireetera okuseenyiga ku ku bavvuunika.

Ekitongole ekikola ku misango mu kusalirako omusango kiwa obukakafu buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera okulaba engeri etteeka gye likwata ku Shelby County gye likola.[

Amateeka Agakwata ku Kusalawo n’Enkaayana Ekwata ku Kutuuka ku Bugolokofu n’Okubufuna

Akabonero ak'okuyita[[NKULA]] Ennaku ez'enjawulo mu kiseera kya Shelby County era nga kyeyoleka bulungi nti waliwo enjawukana ey'amaanyi ku nkola ez'okulonda. Abawagizi ba mateeka agakwata obululu bagamba nti kya kwetaagisa okulemesa omululu okulonda n'okukuuma obwesige mu bugolokofu bw'okulonda. Abaziyiza bawakana nti okulonda kuba ng'olulu tekuweddewo era nti amateeka gaago gakola okuko okukomya okusaawula okukkirizibwa mu ngeri ekkirizibwa okuba wansi, okusookereza, n'okutwala bannamukadde abayinza obutafunamu ngeri ze kiyinza okuzuula.

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Indiana yawagira etteeka lya nnamba ey'okulonda mu Crawford v. Marion County Board (), ekakasa nti amateeka ng'ago gago gagobererwa mu ntegeka za mateeka singa tegagoberera mateeka ga nukuta mu ngeri ya bulijjo. Mu kulonda okwa 2020, gavumenti ez'obufuzi obwa Republican ziyinza okugezaako okussaawo enzivumbo empya, okuteekawo amateeka agatumbula ebbeesa ebbeetunzi ez'okulonda obuvvuzi, okusuula obutundu obukoma obulagira obujulizi obwa kkolerwa, n'okuwereza obujulizi obwa waggulu. Abakugunjudde mu kunoonyereza okw'okunoonyereza. Abasoogezi baasaasa abawa

Olutalo olw’Okulwanirira Emitindo gya Kitongole: Act eyakolebwa John Lewis Vong Rights Adventing Rights

Nga baddamu okulaba ku kukugira okw'omulembe gwa gavumenti, Democrates mu Congress yatandikawo olukalala lw'amateeka ga gavumenti ga John Lewis Voting Rights Adveriction Act, olw'okuyisa etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu era n'egoolesa mu Edmund Pettus Bridge. Ekiragiro kino kirina ekigendererwa eky'okuzzaawo n'okutandikawo etteeka eriggyamu etteeka eriggyamu etteeka eriddamu okukubawa ebiwandiiko ebipya nga litandika amateeka okugobeesa obukwafunze era nga kinyweza enkola ey'okulonda mu kulonda munnaawula. Etteeka eryo lyayisa House of Svigassssssssssss emirundi egiwerako ebiwera naye ne lilemererwa okukulembera mu lukalala olukumbo lwa Republicaan. Ekko okuyisa essira essira amateeka agakwata ku n'okulonda enkola ya democraccutivelses.

[[AKMENTI:0] ACLU kiwa obuwayiro obwawumbako n'okwekenneenya ekitongole ekya John Lewis Voting Rights Advalution Act.

Olugero: Kikulu Nnyo Okugumiikiriza Ekibonyoobonyo Eky’Okubi

Ebyafaayo ebikwata ku ntegeka y'okulonda mu Amerika tebiraga nti okugoba obululu kwa demokulase kwakolebwa nga bannabyabufuzi bagezaako okukomyawo obuyinza bwa demokulase. Okuva ku biragiro ebyatandikawo mu kutandikawo empaka z'eby'obufuzi okutuuka ku kuyita ku Jim Crow, era ne ku ntalo z'ab'eggwanga okulwanirira okumanyisa olukalala olumanyibwa ku Kkooti esingayo obukulu bwa demokulase. Okutegeera ebyafaayo bino si ku nkola y'okulonda olukalala olwa ssekimu, franchise ekibadde ekifo ekikulu eky'empaka olw'enjawukana mu by'obufuzi. Buli mulembe gutegeezebwa okulwanirira n'okugaziyanjula abantu abalina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okwemanyisaawo. Ekiragiro kino kiwayigibwa nga kiwayigiririza obugo mu ku nsonga ezigo ezigobesesesesesene okunoonyereza. Era kiwa olukalala olwo kiwayi ng'okunoonyereza ku nsonga y'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku n'obuvugibwa, omukunguuliri mu gavumenti y'obuvubi, akavvu